Assessment of Limestone of Ibrahim Formation in Zurbatiya Area, Eastern Iraq for Ordinary Portland Cement Industry

This work aims at maximum exploitation of petroleum waste sludge as additive to portland cement to prepare blended cements and hence increasing its production capacity without further firing. This will decrease the main cement industry problems involving environmental pollution such as releasing gases and high-energy consumption during industry and hence maximizes the production economics. Six batches of ordinary portland cement (OPC) mixed with different proportions of petroleum waste sludge (PWS) donated as C1 (control batch contains no PWS), C2 (contains 90 wt.% of OPC+10 wt.% of PWS), C3 (contains 80 wt.% of OPC+20 wt.% of PWS), C4 (contains 70 wt.% of OPC+30 wt.% of PWS), C4 (contains 60 wt.% of OPC+40 wt.% of PWS) and C6 (contains 50 wt.% of OPC+50 wt.% of PWS), were prepared and mixed individually with the suitable amount of mixing water. Cement mixes C2, C3 and C4 showed improved cementing and physicomechanical properties compared with pure cement (C1) with special concern of mix C4. Such improvement is due to the relatively higher surface area as well as the high content of kaolinite and quartz in the added PWS (high pozzalanity) favoring the hydration process evidenced by the increase in the cement hydration product (portlandite mineral (Ca (OH) 2).

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Synthesis and Characterization of a Hybrid Cement Based on Fly Ash, Metakaolin and Portland Cement Clinker

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13051084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1084 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Adriagni C. Barboza-Chavez ◽

Lauren Y. Gómez-Zamorano ◽

Jorge L. Acevedo-Dávila

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Ordinary Portland Cement ◽

Cementitious Materials ◽

Cement Industry ◽

Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Dense Matrix ◽

X Ray ◽

Reduction Of Co2

Hybrid cement has become one of the most viable options in the reduction of CO2 emissions to the environment that are generated by the cement industry. This could be explained by the reduction of the content of clinker in the final mixture and substitution of the remaining percentage with supplementary cementitious materials with the help of an alkaline activation. Following that, properties that are provided by an Ordinary Portland Cement and of a geopolymer are mixed in this type of hybrid material and could be achieved at room temperature. Thereafter, the main objective of this research was to synthesize hybrid cements reducing the clinker content of Portland Cement up to 20% and use metakaolin and fly ash as supplementary cementitious materials in different proportions. The mixtures were alkaline activated with a mixture of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide, calculating the amounts according to the percentage of Na2O that is present in each of the activators. The samples were then characterized using Compressive strength, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicated that the hybrid cements have similar mechanical properties than an Ordinary Portland Cement, and they resulted in a dense matrix of hydration products similar to those that are generated by cements and geopolymers.

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The Use of Volcanic Powder as a Cement Replacement for the Development of Sustainable Mortars

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10041460 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 1460

Author(s):

Viviana Letelier ◽

José Marcos Ortega ◽

Rosa María Tremiño ◽

Bastián I. Henriquéz-Jara ◽

Ivo Fustos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Pore Structure ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Environmental Effects ◽

Ordinary Portland Cement ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Cement Industry ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Greenhouse Gases Emissions

Currently, reduction of environmental effects of the cement industry is an issue of global interest and one of the alternatives is to replace clinker with additions such as volcanic powder. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of up to 400 hardening days of volcanic powder, obtained from the last eruption of the Calbuco volcano (Chile), on the pore structure, mechanical performance, and durability-related properties of mortars which incorporate up to 20% volcanic powder as a substitution for clinker. In addition, an evaluation of greenhouse gases emissions was performed in order to quantify the possible environmental benefits of incorporating the volcanic powder in the mortars. The results obtained indicated that mortars with contents of 10% and 20% of volcanic powder had adequate service properties and improved all durability-related properties overall as compared with those noted for ordinary Portland cement. Additionally, the use of up to 20% volcanic powder makes it possible to reduce the CO2 emissions of mortars by almost 20%, demonstrating the advantages of incorporating this addition in mortars.

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Life Cycle Assessment of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Using both Problem Oriented (Midpoint) Approach and Damage Oriented Approach (Endpoint)

10.5772/intechopen.98398 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Busola D. Olagunju ◽

Oludolapo A. Olanrewaju

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Ordinary Portland Cement ◽

Cement Industry ◽

The World ◽

Clinker Production ◽

Oriented Approach

The concern for environmental related impacts of the cement industry is fast growing in recent times. The industry is challenged with high environmental impact which spans through the entire production process. Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of product or process throughout the cycle of production. This can be done using either or both midpoint (process-oriented) and endpoint (damage-oriented) approaches of life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). This study assessed the environmental impact of 1 kg Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) using both approaches of LCIA. This analysis was carried out using a data modeled after the rest of the world other than China, India, Europe, US and Switzerland. The dataset was taken from Ecoinvent database incorporated in the SimaPro 9.0.49 software. The result of the analysis showed that clinker production phase produced the highest impact and CO2 is the highest pollutant emitter at both endpoint and midpoint approaches. This is responsible for global warming known to affect both human health and the ecosystem. Also, toxicity in form of emission of high copper affects the ecosystem as well as humans. In addition, high fossil resources (crude oil) are consumed and pose the possibility for scarcity.

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The Portland Cement Industry of the World

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican11051898-19108supp ◽

1898 ◽

Vol 46 (1192supp) ◽

pp. 19108-19109

Author(s):

Bernard L. Green

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Cement Industry ◽

The World

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PENGARUH JENIS SEMEN DAN PENAMBAHAN SILICA FUME TERHADAP KEKUATAN DAN DURABILITAS BETON

Jurnal Teknologi Bahan dan Barang Teknik ◽

10.37209/jtbbt.v2i1.20 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Ariyadi Basuki ◽

Maulana Ikhwan Sadikin

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Silica Fume ◽

Ordinary Portland Cement ◽

Composite Cement

Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan serangkaian pengujian untuk mengetahui sifat fisik dari material penyusun (agregat), yang kemudian dirancang komposisi rencana beton dengan mutu K250 (normal/kontrol) dan K250 dengan aditif Silica Fume 10% dari berat semen. Variasi campuran menggunakan tiga tipe semen yang berbeda yaitu Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)/ Semen Tipe I, Portland Composite Cement (PCC) dan Semen Tipe II. Proses dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan sampel uji silinder berukuran 15 cm x 30 cm (karakteristik kuat tekan, ketahanan sulfat), sampel uji prisma berukuran 20 cm x 20 cm x 12 cm (karakteristik permeabilitas) dan sampel uji kubus berukuran 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm (untuk penetrasi klorida). Pengamatan dilakukan untuk melihat karakteristik beton K250 dengan penambahan silica fume 10%, dibandingkan dengan beton normal sebagai acuan, serta aplikasinya dalam lingkungan normal maupun asam (Sulfat, Klor). Hasil kuat tekan memperlihatkan, bahwa campuran dengan menggunakan semen PCC memiliki nilai kuat tekan rata-rata diatas semen OPC. Penambahan silica fume pada campuran semen PCC akan menaikkan nilai kuat tekan sebesar 4,2% dibandingkan beton normal dengan produk semen yang sama, meskipun nilai rasio air-semen nya membesar menjadi 0,71 karena penambahan air. Nilai kuat tekan terbesar diperoleh untuk campuran beton dengan semen Tipe II. Campuran dengan semen PCC (2) menunjukkan nilai penetrasi yang lebih kecil dibandingkan campuran lainnya, hal ini mengindikasikan produk beton yang terbentuk memiliki kepadatan yang lebih baik dari produk campuran lainnya dan tidak porous, sehingga dapat dikatakan memiliki tingkat durabilitas yang cukup baik. Untuk ketahanan terhadap serangan sulfat, beton dengan menggunakan campuran semen tipe II mengalami tingkat pelapukan/penggerusan penampang (scaling) yang lebih besar dibandingkan campuran beton lainnya, meskipun begitu hal ini tidak mempengaruhi nilai kuat tekannya. Untuk produk dengan semen PCC, serangan sulfat tidak mempengaruhi nilai kuat tekannya, bahkan cenderung naik bila dibandingkan pada usia 28 hari.Kata kunci: aspek durabilitas, tipe semen, pemanfaatan silica fume

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Comparative study of stabilization/solidification of dredged sediments with ordinary Portland cement and calcium sulfo-aluminate cement in the framework of valorization in road construction material

Construction and Building Materials ◽

10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122447 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 279 ◽

pp. 122447

Author(s):

Rachid Zentar ◽

Hongwei Wang ◽

Dongxing Wang

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Ordinary Portland Cement ◽

Construction Material ◽

Road Construction ◽

Dredged Sediments ◽

Aluminate Cement

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A Review of the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Ecological Concretes in a Cold Climate in Comparison to Standard Ordinary Portland Cement-Based Concrete

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13163467 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 3467

Author(s):

Ankit Kothari ◽

Karin Habermehl-Cwirzen ◽

Hans Hedlund ◽

Andrzej Cwirzen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Ordinary Portland Cement ◽

Cementitious Materials ◽

Cold Climate ◽

Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽

Short Exposure ◽

Chemical Admixtures ◽

Composite Cements ◽

Alkali Activated

Most of the currently used concretes are based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) which results in a high carbon dioxide footprint and thus has a negative environmental impact. Replacing OPCs, partially or fully by ecological binders, i.e., supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) or alternative binders, aims to decrease the carbon dioxide footprint. Both solutions introduced a number of technological problems, including their performance, when exposed to low, subfreezing temperatures during casting operations and the hardening stage. This review indicates that the present knowledge enables the production of OPC-based concretes at temperatures as low as −10 °C, without the need of any additional measures such as, e.g., heating. Conversely, composite cements containing SCMs or alkali-activated binders (AACs) showed mixed performances, ranging from inferior to superior in comparison with OPC. Most concretes based on composite cements require pre/post heat curing or only a short exposure to sub-zero temperatures. At the same time, certain alkali-activated systems performed very well even at −20 °C without the need for additional curing. Chemical admixtures developed for OPC do not always perform well in other binder systems. This review showed that there is only a limited knowledge on how chemical admixtures work in ecological concretes at low temperatures and how to accelerate the hydration rate of composite cements containing high amounts of SCMs or AACs, when these are cured at subfreezing temperatures.

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Study on Waterproof and Water-Resistant Properties of Gypsum

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1585 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 476-478 ◽

pp. 1585-1588

Author(s):

Hong Pan ◽

Guo Zhong Li

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Ordinary Portland Cement ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Softening Coefficient

The comprehensively modified effect of cement, VAE emulsion and self-made acrylic varnish on mechanical and water-resistant properties of gypsum sample was investigated and microstructure of gypsum sample was analyzed. Experimental results exhibit that absolutely dry flexural strength, absolutely dry compressive strength, water absorption and softening coefficient of gypsum specimen with admixture of 10% ordinary Portland cement and 6% VAE emulsion and acrylic varnish coated on its surface can respectively reach to 5.11MPa , 10.49 MPa, 8.32% and 0.63, respectively.

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Strength Development and Elemental Distribution of Dolomite/Fly Ash Geopolymer Composite under Elevated Temperature

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13041015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1015 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Emy Aizat Azimi ◽

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽

Petrica Vizureanu ◽

Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh ◽

Andrei Victor Sandu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Ordinary Portland Cement ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Liquid Sodium ◽

Strength Development ◽

Elemental Distribution ◽

Distribution Analysis ◽

Geopolymer Composites

A geopolymer has been reckoned as a rising technology with huge potential for application across the globe. Dolomite refers to a material that can be used raw in producing geopolymers. Nevertheless, dolomite has slow strength development due to its low reactivity as a geopolymer. In this study, dolomite/fly ash (DFA) geopolymer composites were produced with dolomite, fly ash, sodium hydroxide, and liquid sodium silicate. A compression test was carried out on DFA geopolymers to determine the strength of the composite, while a synchrotron Micro-Xray Fluorescence (Micro-XRF) test was performed to assess the elemental distribution in the geopolymer composite. The temperature applied in this study generated promising properties of DFA geopolymers, especially in strength, which displayed increments up to 74.48 MPa as the optimum value. Heat seemed to enhance the strength development of DFA geopolymer composites. The elemental distribution analysis revealed exceptional outcomes for the composites, particularly exposure up to 400 °C, which signified the homogeneity of the DFA composites. Temperatures exceeding 400 °C accelerated the strength development, thus increasing the strength of the DFA composites. This appears to be unique because the strength of ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and other geopolymers composed of other raw materials is typically either maintained or decreases due to increased heat.

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