scholarly journals Warming Reduces Net Carbon Gain and Productivity in Medicago sativa L. and Festuca arundinacea

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1601
Author(s):  
Vinod Jacob ◽  
Haiyang Zhang ◽  
Amber C. Churchill ◽  
Jinyan Yang ◽  
Brendan Choat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Leaf Dark Respiration ◽  
The Impact

High temperature stress imposes constraints on the productivity of agricultural systems, such as pastures, and predicted increases in global temperatures are set to exacerbate these limitations. Here, we sought to understand the impact of warmer growth temperature on gas exchange and net primary productivity for two widely cultivated pasture species. We grew a C3 legume, Medicago sativa (lucerne), and a C3 grass, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (tall fescue), in a climate-controlled facility exposed to two temperature treatments (ambient: 26 °C, aT; elevated: 30 °C, eT). Soil water was maintained at non-limiting conditions in both temperature treatments to control for the confounding effects of warming on soil moisture. We found that warming reduced photosynthetic capacity and increased leaf dark respiration (Rdark) in lucerne, while tall fescue showed little physiological change at the leaf level, but increased ecosystem respiration (Reco). Growth temperature had no significant impact on the thermal optimum of photosynthesis (Topt) or water use efficiency in either species. Both species exhibited significant reductions in productivity with warming; lucerne had greater reductions in shoot biomass, while tall fescue had greater reductions in root biomass. Our results highlight the potential for significant declines in pasture productivity associated with even modest increases in average temperature and highlights the need for suitable management strategies and implementation of more heat-resistant cultivars. Improvements in photosynthetic performance for greater heat tolerance in lucerne, and traits associated with biomass allocation and root performance at higher temperatures in tall fescue, should be the focus for improving high temperature resistance in these plant species.

scholarly journals Impact of Mowing Height and Nitrogen Fertility on Crabgrass Cover in ‘RTF' Tall Fescue1

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-107
Author(s):  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey Derr ◽  
David McCall ◽  
Adam Nichols ◽  
Brandon Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Virginia Beach ◽  
Nitrogen Fertility ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Schedonorus Phoenix

Abstract Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) has exceptional utility as a low maintenance lawn in the transition zone. However, during the summer smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] infestations can reduce the aesthetic value and function of the turf and lead to a thinning of the tall fescue stand, noticeable after the crabgrass plants have senesced. Research was conducted to evaluate the impact of mowing height and nitrogen fertility on smooth crabgrass plant counts and tall fescue cover in Virginia Beach, VA. Plots were mowed at either 6 cm (2.5 in) or 10 cm (4 in) and received 49, 171, or 220 kg of nitrogen annually per hectare (44, 152, and 196 lb.A−1). Mowing at 10 cm with the highest level of fertility resulted in the most turfgrass cover among all the treatment combinations. Mowing at 10 cm as opposed to 6 cm resulted in less smooth crabgrass plants, regardless of nitrogen fertilization rate. Index words: fertilization, turfgrass, weed control. Species used in this study: Smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.]; tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Shreb. synonym Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub].

Relative Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) to Flucarbazone

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Gregory K. Breeden
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Sequential Treatments

Flucarbazone controls certain grassy weeds in wheat and may have potential for controlling perennial ryegrass in tall fescue turf. The objective of these experiments was to investigate perennial ryegrass and tall fescue tolerance to flucarbazone at two application timings. In field experiments, flucarbazone applications in May were more injurious to both species than in February and March. Single applications of flucarbazone from 30 to 60 g ai ha−1in May injured both species 35 to 50% and sequential treatments increased injury approximately twofold. Two applications of flucarbazone at 60 g ha−1in May injured both grasses > 90%, similar to sequential applications of trifloxysulfuron at 29 g ai ha−1. In growth chamber experiments, injury from flucarbazone on both grasses increased as temperature increased from 10 to 30 C. Flucarbazone reduced total shoot biomass of both grasses at all temperatures after 4 wk. Overall, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are tolerant to flucarbazone at moderate temperatures (10 to 20 C). However, injury increased substantially under warmer conditions (30 C), suggesting flucarbazone could control perennial ryegrass and tall fescue during late spring and early summer.

scholarly journals Colorant Application Volume and Color Persistence on a ‘Chisholm’ Zoysiagrass Lawn

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Braun ◽  
Jack Fry ◽  
Megan Kennelly ◽  
Dale Bremer ◽  
Jason Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Application Volume

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia sp.) is a warm-season turfgrass that requires less water and fewer cultural inputs than cool-season grasses, but its widespread use by homeowners in the transition zone may be limited because of its extended duration of brown color during dormancy. Turf colorants are an option for improving zoysiagrass winter color. Our objective was to quantify the impact of colorants applied in autumn at three application volumes on persistence of green color on lawn-height ‘Chisholm’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica). The commercial colorants Green Lawnger, Endurant, and Wintergreen Plus were applied in Oct. 2013 in Manhattan, KS, and Haysville, KS, in solutions with water at 80, 160, or 240 gal/acre at a 1:6 dilution (colorant:water) and evaluated through late 2013 and Spring 2014. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), a cool-season turfgrass commonly used in home lawns in the transition zone, was included for comparison. Persistence of green color increased with application volume, but differences among colorants were limited. Colorants provided acceptable color (i.e., a visual rating ≥6 on a 1 to 9 scale) for 55 to 69 days at 80 gal/acre, 69 to 118 days at 160 gal/acre, and 118 to 167 days at 240 gal/acre. Compared with tall fescue, colorant-treated zoysiagrass had significantly higher color ratings for 98 to 112 days at 80 gal/acre, 112 to 154 days at 160 gal/acre, and 138 to 154 days at 240 gal/acre. Colorants increased turfgrass canopy temperature by up to 12.1 °F, but did not accelerate spring green-up. Duration of acceptable color on ‘Chisholm’ zoysiagrass lawns can be enhanced by increasing colorant application volume.

scholarly journals Aerenchyma Formation in Adventitious Roots of Tall Fescue and Cocksfoot under Waterlogged Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2487
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Mui ◽  
Meixue Zhou ◽  
David Parsons ◽  
Rowan William Smith
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

The formation of aerenchyma in adventitious roots is one of the most crucial adaptive traits for waterlogging tolerance in plants. Pasture grasses, like other crops, can be affected by waterlogging, and there is scope to improve tolerance through breeding. In this study, two summer-active cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars, Lazuly and Porto, and two summer-active tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum Schreb., syn. Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars, Hummer and Quantum II MaxP, were selected to investigate the effects of waterlogging on root growth and morphological change. Cultivars were subjected to four periods of waterlogging treatments (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), while comparable plants were kept under free drained control conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split–split plot design, with waterlogging treatments (waterlogged, control) considered as main plots, time periods (days of waterlogging) as subplots and cultivars as sub-subplots. Plants began to show signs of waterlogging stress 14–21 days after the onset of waterlogging treatments. There were no significant differences in shoot biomass between the waterlogged and control plants of any cultivar. However, waterlogging significantly reduced root dry matter in all cultivars, with greater reduction in cocksfoot (56%) than in tall fescue (38%). Waterlogging also led to increased adventitious root and aerenchyma formation in both species. Cocksfoot cultivars showed a greater increase in adventitious roots, while tall fescue cultivars had a greater proportion of aerenchyma. Both cultivars within each species showed similar responses to waterlogging treatments. However, an extended screening program is needed to identify whether there are varietal differences within species, which could be used to discover genes related to aerenchyma or adventitious root formation (waterlogging tolerance) for use in breeding programs.

Siduron Effects on Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Emergence, Growth, and High Temperature Injury

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Shearman ◽  
E. J. Kinbacher ◽  
K. A. Reierson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Percent Germination

Spring establishment of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. ‘Kentucky 31’) is preferred over fall for turfs in Nebraska. Siduron [1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea] is commonly used for weed control in spring-seeded tall fescue. Siduron application rates of 6.8, 13.6, 27.2, and 40.8 kg/ha were compared with an untreated control in this study. All siduron applications reduced stand development. The 6.8 kg/ha rate nearly doubled the number of days for seedling emergence. Abnormal seedlings increased with increasing application rates and percent germination decreased with increasing rates. Tiller number declined at rates of 13.6 kg/ha and above. Plants treated with 6.8 kg/ha were 1.3 cm shorter than those growing in the untreated control. Plant and root dry matter production decreased with increasing application rates. Root weight was reduced more than plant weight. Degree of wilting and drought injury increased at 13.6 kg/ha. Water use declined with increased siduron application rates. The amount of water lost before wilting occurred also declined as siduron application rates increased. High temperature injury on seedlings was reduced with increasing rates of siduron. Reduction in high temperature injury was significantly correlated (r = 0.98) to reduced plant tissue moisture.

scholarly journals The impact of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) endophyte (Neotyphodium spp) on non target soil microorganisms

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sayer ◽  
G. Burch ◽  
S.U. Sarathchandra
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
The Impact

The impact of two strains of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) endophyte (Neotyphodium spp) (E) on the rhizoplane and rhizosphere soil microorganisms was examined at two sites (Lincoln endophytefree (E) and the endophyte strain AR501; and Aorangi E AR501 and a second strain AR542) Rhizosphere and rhizoplane populations of bacteria and fungi functional diversity root fungi and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were measured Most characteristics measured showed no differences between E and E samples indicating that the presence of endophytes had no impact on nontarget soil microorganisms At Aorangi soil microbial biomass C and N were significantly greater (Plt;005) in AR542 than E1 and AR501 soils Culturable fungal populations from both the rhizoplane and rhizosphere soil were significantly greater (Plt;005) in the E than the AR501 samples at Lincoln but not at Aorangi There were no differences in the functional diversity of rhizoplane microorganisms due to endophyte

Shade performance of a range of turfgrass species improved by trinexapac-ethyl

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Tegg ◽  
P. A. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
The Impact

The increased use of enclosed sports stadiums produces shade conditions that seriously affect the quality of turfgrass surfaces, by encouraging undesirable excess vertical succulent growth. Plant growth regulators offer an opportunity to modify a plant’s growth habit, to enable it to be better adapted to a shady environment. To examine growth response to the plant growth regulator, trinexapac-ethyl, cool-season temperate turfgrasses (Kentucky bluegrass–perennial ryegrass, Poa pratensis L./Lolium perenne L.; creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds.; supina bluegrass, Poa supina Schrad.; and tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and a warm-season species (Bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L.) were established in a field experiment. Main treatments were 4 levels of shade (0, 26, 56 or 65% shade), with or without trinexapac-ethyl at a rate of 0.5 kg/ha. A pot experiment measured the vertical shoot growth rates of Kentucky bluegrass–perennial ryegrass and tall fescue under 0, 56 or 65% shade, with and without trinexapac-ethyl. Both experiments were conducted under ambient conditions. Light readings taken in full sunlight, at midday through summer and autumn (major period of assessment), ranged from 1350 to 1950 μmol/m2.s. Trinexapac-ethyl reduced vertical growth of all turfgrass species. This resulted in decreased clipping weights and in clipping material having an increased dry matter percentage (i.e. reduced succulence). The impact of trinexapac-ethyl on sward quality and colour was dependent on shade level, for all species. At 56 and 65% shade, quality and colour improvement was maximised with trinexapac-ethyl application; the magnitude of improvement was dependent on species, with Kentucky bluegrass–perennial ryegrass and bentgrass showing the most benefit. It was concluded that trinexapac-ethyl improved the shade performance of a number of turfgrass species commonly used in high quality turf surfaces. It may offer the potential to reduce costs of managing turf in such an environment.

scholarly journals The impact of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) endophyte (Neotyphodium spp) on nontarget soil nematodes

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.L. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Neotyphodium Endophyte ◽  
Nematode Abundance ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Nematode Fauna

Nontarget effects of Neotyphodium endophyte infection in fieldsown tall fescue were studied as a model for investigating nontarget effects of geneticallymodified plants Two strains of Neotyphodium endophyte (AR501 and AR542) in tall fescue at a site near Palmerston North (Aorangi) and one strain (AR501) at a site near Lincoln were sampled in March and April 2002 respectively The only consistent effect of either endophyte strain on nematode abundance was an increase of large omnivorous nematodes beneath AR501 tall fescue at both sites This was reflected in omnivorous nematodes constituting a significantly greater proportion of the nematode fauna over the two sites The nematode results show that relatively minor effects on this component of soil biota were observed as a result of plant changes associated with endophyteinfection even after longterm growth in field plots

Field experience with new pasture cultivars in Canterbury

1990 ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Over the last 10 years Canterbury farmers have started to diversify their pasture base in order to optimise their stock production. While ryegrass is still the base grass of our pastoral system, it is unsuited to many sites where pasture must generate high stock growth rates despite seasonally low rainfall, high soil temperatures and pasture pest challenge. On such sites, pastures based on cocksfoot, (Dactylis glomerata L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L . ) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) or prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth, cv. 'Grasslands Matua') or lucerne (Medicago sativa) or chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) have lifted net farming returns. Keywords ryegrass, endophyte, tall fescue, phalaris, cocksfoot, prairie grass, chicory, pasture pests, rainfall, stock production, pasture persistence

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