scholarly journals Organo-Mineral Interactions Involved in Herbicide Sorption on Soil Amended with Peats of Different Maturity Degree

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
José Dorado ◽  
Gonzalo Almendros
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Colloidal Properties ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Maturity Degree ◽  
Different Characteristics

The sorption of three herbicides (alachlor, atrazine and linuron) on samples from six peats of progressive degree of maturity (fibric, hemic or sapric types) and soil samples (dryland agricultural Calcic Luvisol amended with the peats) was determined. The extent of the sorption was examined in terms of peat maturity (up to 220 analytical descriptors of the peat material). In most cases, a sorption enhancement effect was observed in the peat–soil system compared with the sum of the sorption in peat and soil alone, i.e., a positive interaction leading to an increase in soil matrix reactive sites. The analytical characteristics of humic and bitumen peat subfractions were useful in forecasting sorption performance. This was the case for high molecular weight hydrophobic fractions, the extent of the alkyl domain in humic substances and oxygen-containing groups. Correspondence analysis illustrated how different characteristics of the peats played a distinct role in sorption in the herbicide–peat system or in the soil–peat–herbicide system. In the former system, there was a relevant bearing of parameters indicating low peat maturity, whereas in the second the sorption was mainly explained by peat colloidal properties, including the concentration and base saturation of oxygen-containing functional groups.

Toxicity assessment of the extract of compost as a final product from Bio-Toilet

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kakimolo ◽  
Y. Imai ◽  
N. Funamizu ◽  
T. Takakuwa ◽  
M. Kunimoto
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Inorganic Matter ◽  
Bio Assay

Bio-Toilet is the name of a dry closet or composting toilet using sawdust as an artificial soil matrix for bioconversion of human excrement into compost. Since feces and urine contain several chemicals such as pharmaceutical residues and endocrine disruptors and they may still remain in compost after biological reaction in the Bio-Toilet, it is required to examine the possibility of soil and/or groundwater pollution by applying compost to a soil system in farmland. In this study, toxicity of Bio-Toilet compost was evaluated by measuring the viability of human neuroblast (NB-1). The bio-assay was applied to the water extract of compost from the Bio-Toilets which are in practical use in Japan. The assay results showed that (1) the extract of feces showed no toxicity, and the extracts of unused sawdust had no or low level toxicity and (2) the extracts of composts had heavier toxicity than unused sawdust. These results implied that some chemicals that have toxicity were generated by biological reactions or accumulated in toilet system. The bio-assay results with fractionated organic matter by its molecular weight showed that the small molecular weight fraction had stronger toxicity than other fractions. The effect of inorganic matter on toxicity was examined by comparing the dose-response relationship of the extracts of compost with positive control with 1M of sodium chloride solution. The comparison showed that sodium concentration in the extract was too low to develop the toxicity and the effect of inorganic matter could be neglected in this study.

scholarly journals Properties of Humic Acids in Meadow Soils Irrigated With the Slope-And Flooding System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Banach-Szott ◽  
Andrzej Dziamski
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties ◽  
Irrigation Ditch ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Degree Of Maturity

Abstract The aim of the research has been to determine the effect of many-year irrigation of unique grasslands on the properties of humic acids defining the quality of organic matter. The research was performed based on the soil (Albic Brunic Arenosol, the A, AE and Bsv horizons) sampled from Europe’s unique complex of permanent grasslands irrigated continuously for 150 years, applying the slope-and-flooding system; the Czerskie Meadows. The soil samples were assayed for the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the particle size distribution. HAs were extracted with the Schnitzer method and analysed for the elemental composition, spectrometric parameters in the UV-VIS range, hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the infrared spectra were produced. The research results have shown that the HAs properties depended on the depth and the distance from the irrigation ditch. The HAs of the A horizon of the soils were identified with a lower “degree of maturity”, as reflected by the values of atomic ratios (H/C, O/C, O/H), absorbance coefficients, and the FT-IR spectra, as compared with the HAs of the Bsv horizon. The HAs molecules of the soils sampled furthest from the irrigation ditch were identified with a higher degree of humification, as compared with the HAs of the soils sampled within the closest distance. The results have demonstrated that many-year grassland irrigation affected the structure and the properties of humic acids.

In situ immobilization of metals in contaminated or naturally metal-rich soils

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
B R Singh ◽  
L Oste
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
In Situ Immobilization ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Alum Shale

The chemical behaviour of metals is primarily governed by their retention and release reactions of solute with the soil matrix. Liming increased the soil pH, resulting in increased adsorption of Zn, Cu, and Cd in soils, which in consequence decreased the concentration of easily soluble Cd fraction in the soils and the uptake of this metal by wheat (Triticum aestivum) and carrots (Daucus carota). Metal adsorption also depended on the presence of clay and organic matter, and thus the soils having highest amounts of clay (e.g., alum shale) and (or) organic matter (e.g., peat soil) showed the highest adsorption for these metals. Among the materials (Fe and Mn oxides and aluminosilicates) having high binding capacity for metals, the immobilizing capacity of birnessite (MnO2) was higher than that of other materials. Addition of synthetic zeolites significantly reduced the metal uptake by plants. Application of zeolite to a soil resulted in increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the leachate, which in consequence increased the leaching of Cd and Zn. Addition of beringite (an aluminosilicate) to a Zn-contaminated soil resulted in increased shoot length and leaf area of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and a significant reduction in Zn concentration in leaves (from 350 to 146 mg kg-1). Cadmium concentration in ryegrass and the concentrations of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)- extractable Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the soil decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing amounts of organic matter (peat soil and cow manure) added to soils. These effects were assumed to be related to immobilization of metals due to formation of insoluble metal--organic complexes and increased cation exchange capacity (CEC). An overview of the results showed that the products tested (lime, Fe/Mn-containing compounds, aluminosilicates, and organic matter products) can reduce the solubility and the plant uptake of metals but their immobilizing capacity is limited (sometimes through their side effects). Key words: aluminosilicates, contaminated soils, in situ immobilization, leaching, metal oxides, organic matter, plant uptake.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PENURUNAN VOLUME AIR DENGAN PEMAMPATAN GAMBUT PADA TINGKAT KEMATANGAN YANG BERBEDA DI KAWASAN GAMBUT BERENGBENGKEL KALIMANTAN TENGAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabiatul Wahdah
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Specific Pore Volume ◽  
Peat Area

Gambut merupakan lahan yang tergenang sepanjang tahun, persoalan kemudian muncul manakala lahan gambut alamiah dialihfungsikan. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah mengetahui pemampatan gambut akibat penurunan volume air pada tingkat kematangan yang berbeda, dengan sampel tanah yang digunakan diambil di kawasan gambut Berengbengkel Kalimantan Tengah masing-masing 30 sampel tanah terusik dan tak terusik untuk analisa kadar lengas, berat volume, kadar serat, dan rapat optik yang mana data akan diolah menggunakan program Ms. Excell.  Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif yang menjelaskan hubungan penurunan volume air dengan pemampatan gambut pada tingkat kematanagn yang berbeda di Kawasan Gambut Berengbengkel Kalimantan Tengah Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan volume air atau kadar lengas menyebabkan hilangnya volume spesifik pori sehingga mengakibatkan pemampatan tanah gambut. Pemampatan yang terjadi berbeda disetiap tingkat kematangan. Pemampatan pada setiap kematangan berbeda, gambut mentah (fibrik) akan lebih cepat atau mudah mengalami pemampatan dan melambat pada tanah gambut yang sudah mengalami kematangan, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penurunan volume air atau kadar lengas yang hilang dapat menyebabkan pemampatan dan subsiden pada tanah gambut  Kata Kunci : kematanagan gambut, kadar lengas, kadar serat, rapat optik . Peatlands are areas waterlogged throughout the year. The problems arise when natural peatlands are converted. The aim of the study was to find out the compression of peat due to a decrease in the volume of water at some different levels of maturity. The soil samples were taken from the peat area of Berengbengkel, Central Kalimantan. Each of 30 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples was analyzed for its moisture content, volumetric weight, fiber content, and optical density. The data were then processed using the program of Ms. Excell. The method used in the study was a descriptive method describing relationship between decrease in water volume and compression of peat at different maturity levels in peat area of berengbengkel, central kalimantan. The results showed that the decrease in water volume or moisture content led to the loss of specific pore volume, resulting in compression of peat. The compressions occurring at each maturity level were different from one another. Raw peat (fibric) was quicker or easier to experience compression than the peat soil that had already undergone maturation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the decrease in water volume or moisture content can cause compression and subsidence in peat soil. Keywords: fiber content, moisture content, peat maturity, optical density.

scholarly journals Preliminary Screening of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs); Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) and Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) Flame Retardants in Municipal Dumpsite in Delta State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Oghenekohwiroro Edjere ◽  
Chukwunonso Elvis Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Decabromodiphenyl Ether ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Detectable Range ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Bde 209

Aims: This study is aimed at determining the concentration of two widely used BFRs; Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) and Tetrabromo Bisphenol-A (TBBPA) in sediment and leachate samples. Place and Duration of Study: Field sampling were carried out from five major dumpsites around Warri Municipality, Delta State, Nigeria. Analyte extraction was done in 2017 at the Science laboratory, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun Delta State, Nigeria and quantification done in Switzerland by Bachema Analytical Laboratories in 2017. Methods: Three soil samples were collected from each site 15cm from the soil surface. Also, three leachate samples from three different trial pits done for each site. Collected soil samples were stored in glass bottles and labelled. While the leachate samples are stored using glass containers and labelled. The BFRs were extracted using Aceton and cyclohexane for each soil matrix and cyclohexane for the leachate samples, then the extract was analysed using GC coupled with an ECD supplied by Thermo Trace GC Ultra, Italy. Results: The results showed the average concentration for TBBPA in the sediments was 0.0234 g/kg and that of the BDE-209 was recorded as 0.1828 g/kg. Results from the leachate sample were below the detectable range of the analytical equipment, TBBPA (0.02 g/kg) and BDE (0.1 g/kg). There is no statistical difference between the mean concentration of TBBPA for the sediment in each of the locations (P>.05) and no difference (P>.05) for BDE-209 for the sediment in each of the locations (P>.05). Conclusion: Findings from this study holds that the concentration of TBBPA and BDE-209 in sediment is higher when compared with concentrations presented in other literatures studied in this report and this calls for immediate action due to the health risk associated with exposure in these municipalities.

scholarly journals Uncovering a hidden diversity: optimized protocols for the extraction of bacteriophages from soil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline C. Göller ◽  
Jose M. Haro-Moreno ◽  
Francisco Rodriguez-Valera ◽  
Martin J. Loessner ◽  
Elena Gómez-Sanz
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Soil Matrix

AbstractBackgroundBacteriophages are the most numerous biological entities on earth and play a crucial role in shaping microbial communities. Investigating the bacteriophage community from soil samples will shed light not only on the yet largely unknown phage diversity, but also may result in novel insights into phage biology and functioning. Unfortunately, the study of soil viromes lags far behind any other ecological model system, due to the heterogeneous soil matrix that rises major technical difficulties in the extraction process. Resolving these technical challenges and establishing a standardized extraction protocol is therefore a fundamental prerequisite for replicable results and comparative virome studies.ResultsWe here report the optimization of protocols for extraction of bacteriophage DNA from soil preceding metagenomic analysis such that the protocol can equally be harnessed for phage isolation. As an optimization strategy, soil samples were spiked with a viral community consisting of phages from different families (106 PFU/g soil): Listeria phage ΦA511 (Myovirus), Staphylococcus phage Φ2638AΔLCR (Siphovirus), and Escherichia phage ΦT7 (Podovirus). The efficacy of bacteriophage (i) elution, (ii) filtration, (iii) concentration, and (iv) DNA extraction methods was tested. Successful extraction routes were selected based on spiked phage recovery and low bacterial 16S rRNA gene contaminants. Natural agricultural soil viromes were then extracted with the optimized methods and shotgun sequenced. Our approach yielded sufficient amounts of inhibitor-free viral DNA for non-amplification dependent sequencing and low 16S rRNA gene contamination levels (≤ 0.2 ‰). Compared to previously published protocols, the number of bacterial read contamination was decreased by 65 %. In addition, 468 novel circularized soil phage genomes in size up to 235 kb were obtained from over 29,000 manually identified viral contigs, promising the discovery of a large, previously inaccessible viral diversity.ConclusionWe have shown a dramatically enhanced extraction of the soil phage community by protocol optimization that has proven robustness in both a culture-depended as well as through metaviromic analysis. Our huge data set of manually curated soil viral contigs roughly doubles the amount of currently available soil virome data, and provide insights into the yet largely undescribed soil viral sequence space.

LIBS TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION PB CONCENTRATION IN SOIL SAMPLES NEAR CONTAMINATION SITE

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Arab ◽  
Noriah Bidin ◽  
Ida Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown ◽  
Heavy Metal Element ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper reports the analysis of heavy metal from contamination soil using laser ablation technique. The soil samples were taken at various distances (200-1000 m) and depths (10-50 cm) from Port Dickson power station area in Negeri Sembilan-Malaysia. All samples were dried and pelletized prior to excitation. Calibration was carried out by injected pure powder of Pb into the soil matrix. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was employed to ablate the sample. Maya spectrometer with resolution of 0.2 nm was utilized to record the emission spectrum of fluorescence beam. The quantitative results of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique were validate via flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) analysis which shown in a good agreement. The detected heavy metal element of lead also identified to be lower than the threshold limit set by DOE and Europe standard and yet the studied area is established to be among the lowest pollutant area in worldwide.

The Adaptive Fractional Order Differential Model for Image Enhancement Based on Segmentation

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (03) ◽  
pp. 1854005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suqin Chen ◽  
Fengqun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Image Enhancement ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Optimal Order ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Differential Model ◽  
Enhancement Method ◽  
Fractional Differential ◽  
Object Area ◽  
Different Characteristics

For image enhancement method based on the fractional order differential, it is difficult to artificially give the optimal order of the fractional differential which can make the image enhancement effect better, and it is hard to ensure the enhancement of the target object while preserving the information of background pixels if the entire image is filtered by a fixed differential order. In order to solve this problem, the image is segmented into the object area and the background area according to the Otsu threshold algorithm based on Markov Random Field firstly. On the basis of the principle of the fractional differential for image enhancement, a piecewise function is established by combining with the different characteristics of pixels in each area, then the best order of fractional differential in the two areas can be determined adaptively. Thus, a novel adaptive fractional order differential algorithm for image enhancement on the basis of segmentation is put forward. Several fog-degraded traffic images are selected for experiments and processed by three other algorithms. The results of comparison exhibit the superiority of our algorithm.

scholarly journals Ethylene Removal at Low Temperatures under Biofilter and Batch Conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 3878-3882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Elsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Microbial C ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Ethylene Removal

ABSTRACT Removal of the plant hormone ethylene (C2H4) is often required by horticultural storage facilities, which are operated at temperatures below 10�C. The aim of this study was to demonstrate an efficient, biological C2H4 removal under such low-temperature conditions. Peat-soil, acclimated to degradation of C2H4, was packed in a biofilter (687 cm3) and subjected to an airflow (∼73 ml min−1) with 2 ppm (μl liter−1) C2H4. The C2H4 removal efficiencies achieved at 20, 10, and 5�C, respectively, were 99.0, 98.8, and 98.4%. This corresponded to C2H4levels of 0.022 to 0.032 ppm in the biofilter outlet air. At 2�C, the average C2H4 removal efficiency dropped to 83%. The detailed temperature response of C2H4removal was tested under batch conditions by incubation of 1-g soil samples in a temperature gradient ranging from 0 to 29�C with increments of 1�C. The C2H4 removal rate was highest at 26�C (0.85 μg of C2H4 g [dry weight]−1 h−1), but remained at levels of 0.14 to 0.28 μg of C2H4 g (dry weight)−1 h−1 at 0 to 10�C. At 35 to 40�C, the C2H4 removal rate was negligible (0.02 to 0.06 μg of C2H4 g [dry weight]−1 h−1). TheQ 10 (i.e., the ratio of rates 10�C apart) for C2H4 removal was 1.9 for the interval 0 to 10�C. In conclusion, the present results demonstrated microbial C2H4 removal, which proceeded at 0 to 2�C and produced a moderately psychrophilic temperature response.

scholarly journals Isolation and identification of avirulent strains of Bacillus anthracis from environmental samples in Central Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
Ully Apriliana ◽  
Hendra Wibawa ◽  
Endang Ruhiat ◽  
Tri Untari ◽  
Soedarmanto Indarjulianto
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Central Java Province

Background and Aim: Anthrax is a non-contagious infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. The bacteria form spores that are resistant to extreme conditions and can contaminate the environment for decades. This study aimed to detect and characterize B. anthracis found in endemic areas of anthrax in Yogyakarta and Central Java province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Soil samples were collected from Gunungkidul regency, Yogyakarta province (n=315) and Boyolali regency, Central Java province (n=100). Additional soil samples (n=10) and straw samples (n=5) were obtained from Pati regency, Central Java province. The isolation and identification of B. anthracis were performed using conventional methods: Morphology of bacteria colony in solid media, Gram staining, capsule staining, spores staining, and motility test. Isolates were further identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) against Ba813, lef (pXO1), and capC (pXO2) gene. An avirulent vaccine strain of B. anthracis (strain 34F2) was used as a control. Results: Only four samples grew on blood agar with a ground-glass appearance, white-gray colony (Gunungkidul and avirulent strain) or yellowish (Boyolali and Pati). All were Gram-positive, presented chains, square-ended rods, spores, and were then identified as B. anthracis. Boyolali, Pati, and avirulent strain isolates had slightly different characteristics, including the growth of non-mucoid in the bicarbonate agar medium, and their uncapsulated form. The PCR showed two Gunungkidul isolates which amplified three genes, including Ba813, lef, and capC. Contrarily, the other isolates did not amplify the capC gene. Conclusion: Gunungkidul isolates were identified as virulent strains of B. anthracis while Boyolali and Pati isolates were proposed as avirulent strains. This is the first report of isolation and identification of avirulent strains of B. anthracis in Central Java, Indonesia.

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