Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Exogenously Applied Selenium for Alleviating Destructive Impacts Induced by Salinity Stress in Bread Wheat

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that poses great obstacles to wheat production, especially in arid regions. The application of exogenous substances can enhance plant salt tolerance and increase its productivity under salinity stress. This work aimed to assess the mechanisms of selenium (Se) at different concentrations (2, 4 and 8 μM SeCl2) to mitigate hazardous impacts of salt toxicity at physiological, biochemical and agronomic levels in bread wheat. The results displayed that Se foliar application increased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, relative water content, membrane stability index, excised leaf water retention, proline, total soluble sugars, Ca content, K content, antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds compared to untreated plants. On the other hand, Se application decreased the content of Na, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide contents. Accordingly, our findings recommend exogenous Se application (in particular 8 μM) to alleviate the deleterious effects induced by salinity stress and improve wheat yield attributes through enhancing antioxidant defense systems and photosynthetic capacity.

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Integrated Application of Selenium and Silicon Enhances Growth and Anatomical Structure, Antioxidant Defense System and Yield of Wheat Grown in Salt-Stressed Soil

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10061040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1040

Author(s):

Ragab S. Taha ◽

Mahmoud F. Seleiman ◽

Ashwag Shami ◽

Bushra Ahmed Alhammad ◽

Ayman H. A. Mahdi

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Stability Index ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Antioxidant Defense System ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Real Field ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Sod Activity

Selenium (Se) and silicon (Si) are considered advantageous elements to induce plants’ tolerance to various environmental stresses. Wheat yield is negatively affected by salinity stress, especially in dry and semi-dry areas. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of Se, Si and their combinations (0 as control, Se15, Se30, Si15, Si30, Se15 + Si15, and Se30 + Si30 mM) in alleviating the deleterious effects of salinity stress (7.61 dS m−1, real field conditions) on anatomical characteristics as well as the physio-biochemical and productivity parameters of wheat plants. The selenium and silicon treatments and their combinations caused significant amelioration in growth, anatomical and physiological attributes, and grain yields of salinity-stressed wheat in comparison with the untreated plants (control treatment). The integrated application of Se30 + Si30 significantly increased plant growth (i.e., plant height 28.24%, number of tillers m−2 76.81%, fresh weight plant−1 80.66%, and dry weight plant−1 79.65%), Fv/Fm (44.78%), performance index (PI; 60.45%), membrane stability index (MSI; 36.39%), relative water content (RWC; 29.39%), total soluble sugars (TSS; 53.38%), proline (33.74%), enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., CAT activity by 14.45%, GR activity by 67.5%, SOD activity by 35.37% and APX activity by 39.25%) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., GSH content by 117.5%, AsA content by 52.32%), yield and its components (i.e., number of spikelets spike−1 29.55%, 1000-grain weight 48.73% and grain yield ha−1 26.44%). The anatomical traits of stem and leaves were improved in wheat plants treated with Se30 + Si30. These changes resulting from the exogenous applications of Se, Si or their combinations, in turn, make these elements prospective in helping wheat plants to acclimate successfully to saline soil.

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Productive and qualitative performance of tomato plants as a function of the application of plant growth regulators and mineral nutrients

Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas ◽

10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.7575 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 416-424

Author(s):

Marília Caixeta Sousa ◽

Luan Fernando Ormond Sobreira Rodrigues ◽

Mônica Bartira da Silva ◽

Janaina Oliveira Cruz ◽

Marla Silvia Diamante ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Ascorbic Acid Content ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Macro And Micronutrients

The tomato fruit is rich in antioxidant compounds and has great nutritional and economic importance, annually promoting research on the nutritional and productive characteristics. The present study aimed to evaluate whether foliar application of commercial products based on growth regulators [auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin (Ax+CK+GA)], micronutrients [cobalt and molybdenum (Mi)] and mixtures of macro and micronutrients [nitrogen, boron, copper, molybdenum and zinc (Ma+Mi)], isolated and in combination, increase productivity and improve the post-harvest quality of tomato fruits (Predador F1). The experiment design used randomized blocks, with seven treatments and four repetitions, which were (T1) control; (T2) Ax+CK+GA; (T3) Ma+Mi; (T4) Mi; (T5) Ax+CK+GA + (Ma+Mi); (T6) Ax+CK+GA + Mi; and (T7) Ax+CK+GA + Mi + (Ma+Mi). The variables production, precocity, soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), ratio (SS/TA), pH, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid and weight loss were evaluated. The Ax+CK+GA application, isolated or in combination with Ma+Mi, promoted the precocity, and the use of isolated Ax+CK+GA and Mi improved the tomato plant productivity. The growth regulators, macro and micronutrients, isolated or in combination, increased the ascorbic acid content in the fruits.

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Mitigation of Salinity Stress Effects on Growth, Physio-Chemical Parameters and Yield of Snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by Exogenous Application of Glycine Betaine

International Letters of Natural Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.76.60 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 ◽

pp. 60-71

Author(s):

El Sayed M. Desoky ◽

Seham A. Ibrahim ◽

Abdel Rahman M. Merwad

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Glycine Betaine ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Stability Index ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Membrane Stability Index ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Stress Effects ◽

Relative Water

Pots experiment was carried out during season 2017 at greenhouse of the Agric. Bot. Dep., Fac. of Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt to evaluate the effect of glycine betaine (GB) application under salinity stress (50 and100 mM NaCl) on growth, physio-chemical analysis and yield of snap bean cv. Bronco. A complete randomized blocks design was used in this search with three replications. Growth parameters, chlorophyll content and green pod yield were significantly decreased with subjecting plants to NaCl. However foliar application of GB detoxified the stress generated by NaCl and significantly improved the above mention parameters. Salinity stress increased the electrolyte leakage (EL) and decreased membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC). While foliar application of GB was improved MSI and RWC and minimized EL. Proline content and antioxidant enzymes significantly increased in the response to NaCl stress as well as GB application.

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Exogenous Myo-inositol Alleviates Salt Stress by Enhancing Antioxidants and Membrane Stability via the Upregulation of Stress Responsive Genes in Chenopodium quinoa L.

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10112416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2416

Author(s):

Amina A. M. Al-Mushhin ◽

Sameer H. Qari ◽

Marwa A. Fakhr ◽

Ghalia S. H. Alnusairi ◽

Taghreed S. Alnusaire ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Membrane Stability ◽

Central Position ◽

Exogenous Application

Myo-inositol has gained a central position in plants due to its vital role in physiology and biochemistry. This experimental work assessed the effects of salinity stress and foliar application of myo-inositol (MYO) on growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, antioxidant system, osmolyte accumulation, and gene expression in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L. var. Giza1). Our results show that salinity stress significantly decreased growth parameters such as plant height, fresh and dry weights of shoot and root, leaf area, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and Fv/Fm, with a more pronounced effect at higher NaCl concentrations. However, the exogenous application of MYO increased the growth and photosynthesis traits and alleviated the stress to a considerable extent. Salinity also significantly reduced the water potential and water use efficiency in plants under saline regime; however, exogenous application of myo-inositol coped with this issue. MYO significantly reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, reduced lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage concomitant with an increase in the membrane stability index. Exogenous application of MYO up-regulated the antioxidant enzymes' activities and the contents of ascorbate and glutathione, contributing to membrane stability and reduced oxidative damage. The damaging effects of salinity stress on quinoa were further mitigated by increased accumulation of osmolytes such as proline, glycine betaine, free amino acids, and soluble sugars in MYO-treated seedlings. The expression pattern of OSM34, NHX1, SOS1A, SOS1B, BADH, TIP2, NSY, and SDR genes increased significantly due to the application of MYO under both stressed and non-stressed conditions. Our results support the conclusion that exogenous MYO alleviates salt stress by involving antioxidants, enhancing plant growth attributes and membrane stability, and reducing oxidative damage to plants.

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Changes in antioxidative systems and membrane stability index of canola in response to saline soil and fertilizer treatment application

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.001392 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 508-515

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Stability Index ◽

Membrane Stability ◽

Antioxidant Systems ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Membrane Stability Index ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Treatment Application

<div> The ability of fertilizer treatments (O (Optimum level), OP (Optimum level + twice amount of K+), OZ (Optimum level + twice amount of Zn2+) and OZP (Optimum level + twice amount of K+ + twice amount of Zn2+)) to ameliorate salinity stress was studied in canola plants. In addition, fertilizer treatments; O, OZ and OZP couldn’t increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11). When these plants were treated with OP treatment, the inhibitory effects of salinity stress were decreased by increasing the membrane stability index and antioxidant enzyme activities by ameliorating the salinity injury. These results suggested that 500 (mg kg-1) potassium has an important role in the enhancement of plant antioxidant systems and resistance to salinity in canola plants. </div>

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Effectiveness of different methods of salicylic acid application on growth characteristics of tomato seedlings under salinity

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture ◽

10.1186/s40538-019-0169-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mohammad Kazem Souri ◽

Ghasem Tohidloo

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Salinity Tolerance ◽

Tomato Plant ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Growth Characteristics ◽

Nacl Salinity ◽

Tomato Seedlings

Abstract Background Soil salinity is a real challenge in nowadays crop production in many regions. Various strategies have been applied to increase plant salinity tolerance. Salicylic acid (SA) frequently has been reported to increase plant salinity tolerance; however, the comparative efficiency of soil (root) or foliar application of SA has not been well tested yet. In this study, the effects of root or leaf pretreatment, and leaf treatment with 100 mg L−1 salicylic acid were evaluated on growth characteristics of tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) under salinity stress. The plants were grown 3 weeks in sand that were fed with Hoagland nutrient solution with or without 100 mM NaCl. Results The results showed that salinity significantly reduced tomato seedling growth and traits of plant height, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, and nutrient concentration of potassium, calcium, iron and zinc compared to control plants. However, leaf SPAD value, root fresh and dry weights, leaf concentration of sodium, proline and soluble sugars were significantly increased under 100 mM NaCl salinity compared to control plants. Application of salicylic acid particularly by foliar pretreatment increased the tomato plant growth and those traits that were reduced by NaCl salinity. Application of SA, particularly foliar pretreatment, also increased the root fresh and dry weights, leaf proline and soluble sugars concentrations as compared with salinity alone. Foliar SA pretreatment significantly increased leaf K and Fe concentrations, whereas leaf Ca was significantly increased by either root or leaf pretreatment with SA under salinity. Conclusion The results indicate that the most to least effective method of SA application was leaf pretreatment, root pretreatment and leaf treatment, respectively, to recover the reduced growth parameters of tomato plant under salinity stress.

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Heterosis for yield and physio-biochemical traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different environmental conditions

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v49i3.49618 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 515-520

Author(s):

Vijay Sharma ◽

Kamaluddin

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Stability Index ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Diallel Mating Design ◽

Significant Difference

The heterosis study for grain yield and yield attributes was carried out in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through half diallel mating design in four environments. The pooled analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the environments for all the characters, indicating that environments had significant effect on the expression of different characters. The variance due to parents and F1 was also significant for all the characters, indicating significant difference between parents and hybrids and average heterosis was there. The magnitude of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis altered for all the crosses and for all the characters. For the traits viz., total protein content, chlorophyll content, proline content, chlorophyll stability index and grain yield per plant quite a large number of crosses manifested positive significant heterosis over the checks. The hybrids HI 1544 × HD 2987, Raj 4037 × HD 2987, PBW 175 × HD 2987, HD 2932 × Raj 4079 and PBW 175 × Lok 1 exhibited the highest, significant and positive heterotic effect and mean performance for grain yield per plant and some of its important component traits. This could be exploited commercially for heterosis breeding in wheat.

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Effect of Balance Fertilizers application on Yield and Economics of Wheat

Journal of AgriSearch ◽

10.21921/jas.v3i2.11276 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Saurabh Sharma ◽

RK Singh ◽

Dhananjai Singh

Keyword(s):

Wheat Yield ◽

Test Weight ◽

Standard Of Living ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Recommended Practices

Wheat yield advantage of 20.07 % was obtained under recommended practices over farmers practices, consequently farmers gain additional profit in term of monetary of Rs 7150 and Rs 10248 /ha. This was due to significant increase in yield attributes viz. No. of effective tiller/plant, No. grains/ear, test weight (1000 grains) and yield q/ha 10.5,6.3,2.23 and 20.07 % respectively were recorded under recommended practice as compared to farmers practice. Percentage returns to fertilizers 3.7 to 4.8 % during 2008-2010 which is beneficial in future to farmers and improve their standard of living as per FAI expectation.

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The Potential of the Synthetic Strigolactone Analogue GR24 for the Maintenance of Photosynthesis and Yield in Winter Wheat under Drought: Investigations on the Mechanisms of Action and Delivery Modes

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10061223 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1223

Author(s):

Mojde Sedaghat ◽

Yahya Emam ◽

Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli ◽

Saeid Hazrati ◽

Claudio Lovisolo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Future Research ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Synthetic Analog ◽

Practical Applications ◽

New Family ◽

Harsh Environmental Condition

Strigolactones (SLs) have been implicated in many plant biological and physiological processes, including the responses to abiotic stresses such as drought, in concert with other phytohormones. While it is now clear that exogenous SLs may help plants to survive in harsh environmental condition, the best, most effective protocols for treatment have not been defined yet, and the mechanisms of action are far from being fully understood. In the set of experiments reported here, we contrasted two application methods for treatment with a synthetic analog of SL, GR24. A number of morphometric, physiological and biochemical parameters were measured following foliar application of GR24 or application in the residual irrigation water in winter wheat plants under irrigated and drought stress conditions. Depending on the concentration and the method of GR24 application, differentiated photosynthesis and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, antioxidant enzyme activities and yield in drought conditions were observed. We present evidence that different methods of GR24 application led to increased photosynthesis and yield under stress by a combination of drought tolerance and escape factors, which should be considered for future research exploring the potential of this new family of bioactive molecules for practical applications.

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