scholarly journals Species Diversity in Colletotrichum Causing Anthracnose of Aromatic and Ornamental Lamiaceae in Italy

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guarnaccia ◽  
Gilardi ◽  
Martino ◽  
Garibaldi ◽  
Gullino
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp

Species of Colletotrichum are considered important plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes on a wide range of host plants. In Italy, several Colletotrichum species have been reported in glasshouse environments. In this study, we have explored the occurrence, diversity, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. associated with aromatic and ornamental plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Surveys were carried out during the 2011–2018 period in Liguria and Piedmont, Italy. A total of 19 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from symptomatic leaves and seeds of Ocimum basilicum (basil), Origanum vulgare (oregano) and different Salvia spp. A multi-locus phylogeny was established based on the basis of four genomic loci (ITS, GAPDH, ACT and TUB2). The aggressiveness of selected, representative isolates were tested. Colletotrichum isolates were identified as being members of three major species complexes: C. acutatum, C. destructivum, and C. gloeosporioides. Colletotrichum fioriniae, C. bryonicola, and C. fructicola were found in association with leaf lesions on Salvia leucantha, S. nemorosa, and S. greggii, respectively. Colletotrichum nigrum was isolated from twig lesions of S. greggii. Moreover, C. fioriniae and C. ocimi were found to be responsible for causing leaf anthracnose of oregano and basil, respectively. All the tested isolates were pathogenic and reproduced identical symptoms to those observed in commercial glasshouses. The present study improves our understanding of Colletotrichum species associated with several hosts belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which are cultivated extensively throughout Italy for different purpose, and provides information that may be useful for an effective disease management program.

scholarly journals Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose on ornamental plants in northern Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimiro Guarnaccia ◽  
Ilaria Martino ◽  
Giovanna Gilardi ◽  
Angelo Garibaldi ◽  
M. Lodovica Gullino
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ceanothus Thyrsiflorus ◽  
Mahonia Aquifolium

Abstract Species of Colletotrichum are considered among the most important plant pathogens, saprobes and endophytes on a wide range of ornamentals, fruits and vegetables. Several Colletotrichum species have been reported in nurseries and public or private gardens in northern Italy. In this study, the occurrence, diversity and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. associated with several ornamental hosts was explored. Survey were carried out during the 2013–2019 period in Piedmont, Italy. A total of 22 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from symptomatic leaves and stems of two Campanula spp., Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cyclamen persicum, Hydrangea paniculata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Mahonia aquifolium and Rhyncospermum jasminoides. A multi-locus phylogeny was established based on the basis of three genomic loci (gapdh, act and tub2). The pathogenicity of selected, representative isolates was tested. Colletotrichum isolates were identified as members of four important species complexes: Acutatum, Gloeosporioides, Dematium and Destructivum. Colletotrichum fioriniae, C. nymphaeae and C. fuscum were found in association with leaf lesions of Mahonia aquifolium, Campanula rapunculoides and Coreopsis lanceolata, respectively. Colletotrichum lineola, C. grossum and C. cigarro were isolated from Campanula trachelium, Rhyncospermum jasminoides and Liquidambar styraciflua, respectively. Colletotrichum fructicola was found to be responsible of anthracnose of Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Hydrangea paniculata, Cyclamen persicum and Liquidambar styraciflua. All the tested isolates were pathogenic and reproduced identical symptoms to those observed in private gardens and nurseries. The present study improves our understanding of Colletotrichum spp. associated with different ornamental hosts and provides useful information for an effective disease management programme.

The problem of Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche spp. and their management in Iran

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-564
Author(s):  
Iraj Nosratti ◽  
Ahmadreza Mobli ◽  
Gholamreza Mohammadi ◽  
Ali Reza Yousefi ◽  
Peyman Sabeti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Chick Pea ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Subsequent Crop

AbstractBroomrape species (Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche spp.) pose a tremendous threat to economically important crops in Iran; however, there is little information on the country’s major broomrape species, their distribution and host ranges, and the subsequent crop losses they cause. The literature from Iran describes Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.), hemp broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.), Phelipanche nana (Reut.) Beck, and Orobanche cumana Wallr. as the major species of broomrape infesting agricultural fields. Solanaceae crops are among the most susceptible crops to infestation by broomrape in the country, and farmers are either shifting production to crops with lesser value or abandoning crop production entirely. Among infested crops, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most susceptible and widely infested, resulting in annual crop yield reductions of up to 40%. Chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) are also highly susceptible to broomrape infestation. Current control methods (physical, agronomical, biological, and chemical) have not proven to be effective or economic. The microscopic size of broomrape seeds and the presence of a wide range of host plants (weeds and crops) have promoted the spread of broomrape to new areas of Iran. Hence, the familiarization of farmers with the biology of broomrape would be highly effective in finding suitable control measures and in preventing its further distribution.

scholarly journals Endophytic Microorganisms as an Alternative for the Biocontrol of Phytophthora spp.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernando José Bolivar-Anillo ◽  
Victoria E. González-Rodríguez ◽  
Giovanna Reyes Almeida ◽  
Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno ◽  
Javier Moraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Endophytic Microorganisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fungicide Activity ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The genus Phytophthora with more than 100 described species and 58 officially recognized, phylogenetically distributed in ten clades, are important pathogenic oomycete chromists that cause important diseases in agricultural crops, trees and forests worldwide. This genus is known as \"The Plant Destroyer” which causes great economic losses with costs between 2 and 7 billion dollars per year in agricultural systems and unquantifiable losses in natural ecosystems. The host plants of the genus Phytophthora can vary from a wide range in some species to only one host, however, the host plants of the new species are still being determined and therefore the range continues to expand, that makes control exceedingly difficult. Plant damage can range from alterations in roots, fruits, trunks, stems, foliage and crown to invasive processes in highly susceptible species. Considering the wide range of hosts and organs that can be affected by Phytophthora, the use of endophytic microorganisms for the biocontrol of this phytopathogen can be an alternative to avoid losses of both crops and forests worldwide. Endophytes are microorganisms that live inside plant tissues without causing disease under any circumstances. The fact that endophytic microorganisms are able to colonize an ecological niche similar to that of some plant pathogens qualifies them as potential biocontrol agents. This chapter describes the endophytic bacteria and fungi isolated from different plant species that have shown antagonistic activity against different species of Phytophthora, as well as the metabolites isolated from these microorganisms that have shown fungicide activity and other biocontrol strategies (enzyme production, siderophores, substrate competition, among others) against Phytophthora.

scholarly journals Identification and Comparison of Colletotrichum Secreted Effector Candidates Reveal Two Independent Lineages Pathogenic to Soybean

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1520
Author(s):  
Thaís R. Boufleur ◽  
Nelson S. Massola Júnior ◽  
Ísis Tikami ◽  
Serenella A. Sukno ◽  
Michael R. Thon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Soybean Anthracnose ◽  
Encoding Genes

Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathogenic genus of fungi due to its scientific and economic impact. A wide range of hosts can be infected by Colletotrichum spp., which causes losses in crops of major importance worldwide, such as soybean. Soybean anthracnose is mainly caused by C. truncatum, but other species have been identified at an increasing rate during the last decade, becoming one of the most important limiting factors to soybean production in several regions. To gain a better understanding of the evolutionary origin of soybean anthracnose, we compared the repertoire of effector candidates of four Colletotrichum species pathogenic to soybean and eight species not pathogenic. Our results show that the four species infecting soybean belong to two lineages and do not share any effector candidates. These results strongly suggest that two Colletotrichum lineages have acquired the capability to infect soybean independently. This study also provides, for each lineage, a set of candidate effectors encoding genes that may have important roles in pathogenicity towards soybean offering a new resource useful for further research on soybean anthracnose management.

scholarly journals Multigene phylogeny reveals three new records of Colletotrichum spp. and several new host records for the mycobiota of Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Arzanlou ◽  
Mounes Bakhshi ◽  
Keivan Karimi ◽  
Mohsen Torbati
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
New Records ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
New Host ◽  
Sambucus Ebulus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
West Azerbaijan ◽  
New Host Records

Abstract The genus Colletotrichum comprises a number of plant pathogens of major importance which cause anthracnose diseases on a wide range of woody and herbaceous plants worldwide. With the advent of molecular studies, it has been shown that most of the previously known species e.g. C. boninense, C. acutatum, and C. gloeosporioides have been split into several species. In the present study, the identity of Colletotrichum isolates from the northern and northwestern zone of Iran were determined based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combination of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta tubulin (TUB), histone H3 (HIS), calmodulin (CAL), and actin (ACT) loci, clustered our isolates into three clades, including C. salicis on Salix sp., Colletotrichum sp. (C. fuscum sensu lato) within the C. destructivum species complex on Viola sp., and C. fructicola on Citrus sinensis, Malus domestica, Gleditsia caspica, and Sambucus ebulus. These three species are new for mycobiota of Iran. According to these results, Viola sp. from West Azerbaijan (Khoy-Firouragh) is a new host for Colletotrichum sp. in the C. destructivum species complex. Furthermore, C. sinensis from Mazandaran (Behshahr), and G. caspica, and S. ebulus from Guilan (Talesh), are new host records for C. fructicola.

scholarly journals Characterization of fungal symbiotic lifestyle expression in Colletotrichum and generating non-pathogenic mutants that confer disease resistance, drought tolerance, and growth enhancement to plant hosts

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Rodriguez ◽  
Stanley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Gene Disruption ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Homologous Gene ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
The Us

Fungal plant pathogens are responsible for extensive annual crop and revenue losses throughout the world. To better understand why fungi cause diseases, we performed gene-disruption mutagenesis on several pathogenic Colletotrichum species and demonstrated that pathogenic isolates can be converted to symbionts (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) expressing non-pathogenic lifestyles. The objectives of this proposal were to: 1- generate crop-specific mutants by gene disruption that express mutualistic lifestyles, 2- assess the ability of the mutualists to confer disease resistance, drought tolerance, and growth enhancement to host plants, 3- compare fslm1 sequences and their genomic locations in the different species, and 4- document the colonization process of each Colletotrichum species.It was demonstrated that wildtype pathogenic Colletotrichum isolates, can be converted by mutation from expressing a pathogenic lifestyle to symbionts expressing non-pathogenic lifestyles. In the US, mutants of Colletotrichum were isolated by homologous gene disruption using a vector containing a disrupted FSlm1 sequence while in Israel, C. acutatum mutants were selected by restriction enzyme mediated integration (REMI) transformation. One group (US) of non-pathogenic mutants conferred disease protection against pathogenic species of Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Phytophthora; drought tolerance; and growth enhancement to host plants. These mutants were defined as mutualists and disease resistance correlated to a decrease in the time required for hosts to activate defense systems when exposed to virulent fungi. The second group (Israel) of non-pathogenic mutants did not confer disease resistance and were classified as commensals. In addition, we demonstrated that wildtype pathogenic Colletotrichum species can express non-pathogenic lifestyles, including mutualism, on plants they colonize asymptomatically. The expected long term contribution of this research to agriculture in the US and Israel is threefold. Host-specific mutualists will be utilized in the various crops to confer (1) disease resistance to reduce dependence on chemical fungicides; (2) drought tolerance to reduce water consumption for irrigation; (3) growth enhancement to increase yields.   

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of the Plant Pathogens Dickeya solani RNS 08.23.3.1.A and Dickeya dianthicola RNS04.9

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Slimane Khayi ◽  
Pauline Blin ◽  
Teik Min Chong ◽  
Kévin Robic ◽  
Kok-Gan Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complete Genome ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dickeya Solani

ABSTRACT Dickeya spp. are bacterial pathogens causing soft-rot and blackleg diseases on a wide range of ornamental plants and crops. In this paper, we announce the PacBio complete genome sequences of the plant pathogens Dickeya solani RNS 08.23.3.1.A (PRI3337) and Dickeya dianthicola RNS04.9.

scholarly journals Phytopathogenic species of fungi and fungal-like organisms identified in plant samples delivered to the Plant Disease Clinic in 2018–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Disease Clinic

One of the conditions for effective management of farm is an access to quick diagnostics of plant pathogens in order to reduce the occurrence of plant diseases. The Plant Diseases Clinic receives samples of infected plants supplied by growers and gardeners from all over Poland. In the years 2018–2020, a total of 274 samples were tested at the Clinic for the presence of fungi and fungal-like organisms pathogenic for plants. The tests were carried out using the microscopic method, and in case of doubt, the result was confirmed by molecular tests. The most frequently studied plant was tomato (26%), followed by strawberry (9%), cucumber (5%) and tobacco, sugar beet, onion, blueberry, raspberry, lettuce, cauliflower and potato. Conifers were also a large group, such as: thujas, cypresses and pines; a total of 17 host plants. Single species of ornamental plants were very numerous, e.g. gerbera, anthurium, aster, geranium, phlox, chrysanthemum and others. The fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. constituted about 38% of infections. This was followed by Alternaria spp. (26%), Botrytis cinerea (11%) and Cladosporium sp. (10%). The remaining diseases were caused by Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Colletotrichum sp., Ulocladium sp., Pestalotia sp. and Phytophthora sp. In recent years, the greatest threat to tomatoes and strawberries has been the fungi of the Fusarium genus, and the pathogens of the Pythium genus to cucumbers.

scholarly journals The Role of Plant Hormones in the Interaction of Colletotrichum Species with Their Host Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12454
Author(s):  
Thomas Svoboda ◽  
Michael R. Thon ◽  
Joseph Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Auxin Production ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Common Infection

Colletotrichum is a plant pathogenic fungus which is able to infect virtually every economically important plant species. Up to now no common infection mechanism has been identified comparing different plant and Colletotrichum species. Plant hormones play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions regardless whether they are symbiotic or pathogenic. In this review we analyze the role of ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, auxin and salicylic acid during Colletotrichum infections. Different Colletotrichum strains are capable of auxin production and this might contribute to virulence. In this review the role of different plant hormones in plant—Colletotrichum interactions will be discussed and thereby auxin biosynthetic pathways in Colletotrichum spp. will be proposed.

scholarly journals Endophytic Colletotrichum Species from Aquatic Plants in Southwest China

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Hua Zheng ◽  
Zefen Yu ◽  
Xinwei Jiang ◽  
Linlin Fang ◽  
Min Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Species Complexes

Colletotrichum species are plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes in many economically important hosts. Many studies have investigated the diversity and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species in common ornamentals, fruits, and vegetables. However, Colletotrichum species occurring in aquatic plants are not well known. During the investigation of the diversity of endophytic fungi in aquatic plants in southwest China, 66 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from aquatic plants there, and 26 of them were selected for sequencing and analyses of actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and β-tubulin (TUB2) genomic regions. Based on morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, 13 Colletotrichum species were recognized, namely, C. baiyuense sp. nov., C. casaense sp. nov., C. demersi sp. nov., C. dianense sp. nov., C. fructicola, C. garzense sp. nov., C. jiangxiense, C. karstii, C. philoxeroidis sp. nov., C. spicati sp. nov., C. tengchongense sp. nov., C. vulgaris sp. nov., C. wuxuhaiense sp. nov. Two species complexes, the C. boninense species complex and C. gloeosporioides species complex, were found to be associated with aquatic plants. Pathogenicity tests revealed a broad diversity in pathogenicity and aggressiveness among the eight new Colletotrichum species.

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