scholarly journals Identification and Comparison of Colletotrichum Secreted Effector Candidates Reveal Two Independent Lineages Pathogenic to Soybean

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1520
Author(s):  
Thaís R. Boufleur ◽  
Nelson S. Massola Júnior ◽  
Ísis Tikami ◽  
Serenella A. Sukno ◽  
Michael R. Thon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Soybean Anthracnose ◽  
Encoding Genes

Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathogenic genus of fungi due to its scientific and economic impact. A wide range of hosts can be infected by Colletotrichum spp., which causes losses in crops of major importance worldwide, such as soybean. Soybean anthracnose is mainly caused by C. truncatum, but other species have been identified at an increasing rate during the last decade, becoming one of the most important limiting factors to soybean production in several regions. To gain a better understanding of the evolutionary origin of soybean anthracnose, we compared the repertoire of effector candidates of four Colletotrichum species pathogenic to soybean and eight species not pathogenic. Our results show that the four species infecting soybean belong to two lineages and do not share any effector candidates. These results strongly suggest that two Colletotrichum lineages have acquired the capability to infect soybean independently. This study also provides, for each lineage, a set of candidate effectors encoding genes that may have important roles in pathogenicity towards soybean offering a new resource useful for further research on soybean anthracnose management.

scholarly journals Identification and Comparison of Colletotrichum Secreted Effector Candidates Reveal Two Independent Lineages Pathogenic to Soybean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís Regina Boufleur ◽  
Nelson Sidnei Massola Júnior ◽  
Ísis Tikami ◽  
Serenella Ana Sukno ◽  
Michael Ronald Thon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Effector ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Soybean Anthracnose ◽  
Encoding Genes

Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathogenic genera of fungi due to its scientific and economic impact. Colletotrichum spp. can infect a wide range of hosts, causing losses in crops of major importance worldwide, such as soybean. In the past, soybean anthracnose was mainly caused by C. truncatum, but during the last decade, other species have been identified at an increasing rate, becoming one of the most important limiting factors to soybean production in several regions. To gain a better understanding of the evolutionary origin of soybean anthracnose, we compared the repertoire of effector candidates of four Colletotrichum species pathogenic to soybean and eight pathogens of other hosts. Our results show that the four species infecting soybean belong to two lineages and do not share any of the lineage specific effector candidates identified. These results strongly suggest that two Colletotrichum lineages have acquired the capability to infect soybean independently. This study also provides, for each lineage, a set of candidate effectors encoding genes that may have important roles in pathogenicity towards soybean offering a new resource useful for further research on soybean anthracnose management.

scholarly journals Species Diversity in Colletotrichum Causing Anthracnose of Aromatic and Ornamental Lamiaceae in Italy

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guarnaccia ◽  
Gilardi ◽  
Martino ◽  
Garibaldi ◽  
Gullino
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp

Species of Colletotrichum are considered important plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes on a wide range of host plants. In Italy, several Colletotrichum species have been reported in glasshouse environments. In this study, we have explored the occurrence, diversity, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. associated with aromatic and ornamental plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Surveys were carried out during the 2011–2018 period in Liguria and Piedmont, Italy. A total of 19 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from symptomatic leaves and seeds of Ocimum basilicum (basil), Origanum vulgare (oregano) and different Salvia spp. A multi-locus phylogeny was established based on the basis of four genomic loci (ITS, GAPDH, ACT and TUB2). The aggressiveness of selected, representative isolates were tested. Colletotrichum isolates were identified as being members of three major species complexes: C. acutatum, C. destructivum, and C. gloeosporioides. Colletotrichum fioriniae, C. bryonicola, and C. fructicola were found in association with leaf lesions on Salvia leucantha, S. nemorosa, and S. greggii, respectively. Colletotrichum nigrum was isolated from twig lesions of S. greggii. Moreover, C. fioriniae and C. ocimi were found to be responsible for causing leaf anthracnose of oregano and basil, respectively. All the tested isolates were pathogenic and reproduced identical symptoms to those observed in commercial glasshouses. The present study improves our understanding of Colletotrichum species associated with several hosts belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which are cultivated extensively throughout Italy for different purpose, and provides information that may be useful for an effective disease management program.

scholarly journals Colletotrichum spp. from Soybean Cause Disease on Lupin and Can Induce Plant Growth-Promoting Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1130
Author(s):  
Louisa Wirtz ◽  
Nelson Sidnei Massola Júnior ◽  
Renata Rebellato Linhares de Castro ◽  
Brigitte Ruge-Wehling ◽  
Ulrich Schaffrath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Isolate ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Growth Promoting

Protein crop plants such as soybean and lupin are attracting increasing attention because of their potential use as forage, green manure, or for the production of oil and protein for human consumption. Whereas soybean production only recently gained more importance in Germany and within the whole EU in frame of protein strategies, lupin production is already well-established in Germany. The cultivation of lupins is impeded by the hemibiotrophic ascomycete Colletotrichum lupini, the causal agent of anthracnose disease. Worldwide, soybean is also a host for a variety of Colletotrichum species, but so far, this seems to not be the case in Germany. Cross-virulence between lupin- and soybean-infecting isolates is a potential threat, especially considering the overlap of possible soybean and lupin growing areas in Germany. To address this question, we systematically investigated the interaction of different Colletotrichum species isolated from soybean in Brazil on German soybean and lupin plant cultivars. Conversely, we tested the interaction of a German field isolate of C. lupini with soybean. Under controlled conditions, Colletotrichum species from soybean and lupin were able to cross-infect the other host plant with varying degrees of virulence, thus underpinning the potential risk of increased anthracnose diseases in the future. Interestingly, we observed a pronounced plant growth-promoting effect for some host–pathogen combinations, which might open the route to the use of beneficial biological agents in lupin and soybean production.

scholarly journals Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose Disease in Tropical Fruit Crops—A Review

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Latiffah Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Dragon Fruit ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Fruit Plantations

In tropical fruit crops, anthracnose is mainly caused by species belonging to the fungal genus, Colletotrichum. These phytopathogens can infect several parts of the fruit crops; however, infection during postharvest or ripening stages is responsible for major economic losses. Due to the formation of black to dark brown sunken lesions on the fruit surface, anthracnose reduces fruit quality and marketability. Among the most common tropical fruit crops susceptible to anthracnose are mango, papaya, banana, avocado, guava, and dragon fruit; these are economically relevant products in many developing countries. It is important to document that the newly recorded Colletotrichum spp. associated with fruit anthracnose can infect multiple hosts, but some species may be host-specific. By using multiple markers, many phylogenetic species of Colletotrichum have been reported as anthracnose-causing pathogens. Taking into account that disease management strategies strongly rely on adequate knowledge of the causative agents, updated information on Colletotrichum species and the hazard posed by the most recently identified species in tropical fruit plantations and harvested fruits becomes vital. Besides, the newly recorded species may be important for biosecurity and should be listed as quarantine pathogens, considering that tropical fruits are traded worldwide.

scholarly journals Role of salicylic acid in acclimation to low temperature

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pál ◽  
O. Gondor ◽  
T. Janda
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
Related Compounds

Low temperature is one of the most important limiting factors for plant growth throughout the world. Exposure to low temperature may cause various phenotypic and physiological symptoms, and may result in oxidative stress, leading to loss of membrane integrity and to the impairment of photosynthesis and general metabolic processes. Salicylic acid (SA), a phenolic compound produced by a wide range of plant species, may participate in many physiological and metabolic reactions in plants. It has been shown that exogenous SA may provide protection against low temperature injury in various plant species, while various stress factors may also modify the synthesis and metabolism of SA. In the present review, recent results on the effects of SA and related compounds in processes leading to acclimation to low temperatures will be discussed.

scholarly journals The Economic Impact of Critical National Infrastructure Failure Due to Space Weather

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Oughton
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Satellite Communications ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infrastructure Failure ◽  
National Infrastructure

Space weather is a collective term for different solar or space phenomena that can detrimentally affect technology. However, current understanding of space weather hazards is still relatively embryonic in comparison to terrestrial natural hazards such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or tsunamis. Indeed, certain types of space weather such as large Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are an archetypal example of a low-probability, high-severity hazard. Few major events, short time-series data, and the lack of consensus regarding the potential impacts on critical infrastructure have hampered the economic impact assessment of space weather. Yet, space weather has the potential to disrupt a wide range of Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) systems including electricity transmission, satellite communications and positioning, aviation, and rail transportation. In the early 21st century, there has been growing interest in these potential economic and societal impacts. Estimates range from millions of dollars of equipment damage from the Quebec 1989 event, to some analysts asserting that losses will be in the billions of dollars in the wider economy from potential future disaster scenarios. Hence, the origin and development of the socioeconomic evaluation of space weather is tracked, from 1989 to 2017, and future research directions for the field are articulated. Since 1989, many economic analyzes of space weather hazards have often completely overlooked the physical impacts on infrastructure assets and the topology of different infrastructure networks. Moreover, too many studies have relied on qualitative assumptions about the vulnerability of CNI. By modeling both the vulnerability of critical infrastructure and the socioeconomic impacts of failure, the total potential impacts of space weather can be estimated, providing vital information for decision makers in government and industry. Efforts on this subject have historically been relatively piecemeal, which has led to little exploration of model sensitivities, particularly in relation to different assumption sets about infrastructure failure and restoration. Improvements may be expedited in this research area by open-sourcing model code, increasing the existing level of data sharing, and improving multidisciplinary research collaborations between scientists, engineers, and economists.

scholarly journals Improvement Salt Tolerance of Safflower Plants by Endophytic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 38-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khulod A. Hemida ◽  
Amany M.M. Reyad
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance

Salinity is one of the most dangerous environmental limiting factors of the plant productivity. A wide range of adaptation strategies is required to overcome salinity stress. However, such strategies seem to be long drawn and cost-intensive. It has been confirmed in recent years that plant growth promoting endophytes (PGPEs) that have the ability to further build a symbiotic association with their host to improve host plant salt tolerance. In our investigation try to improve plant salt tolerance using different species of endophytic bacteria. From the total eight endophytic bacterial species were isolated from root, stem, and leaf of Carthamustinctorius (safflower) plant, two isolates were capable of using 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) as a sole nitrogen source, and they are of positive results for (ACC) deaminase activity and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. The bacterial isolates were identified using 16S ribosomal DNA technique as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus aerius and had accession numbers MG708176 and MG711593 respectively, by submitting their sequences in GenBank database. This study showed that the bacterial strains B. cereus and B. aerius are valuable biological plant growth promoters that could enhance salt tolerance in Safflower plants under 100, 200, and 300mMNaCl levels resulting in an increase in plant growth and ascorbate-glutathione redox cycle, in comparison with the non-inoculated controls. Our findings reported that the co-inoculation of the two selected endophytic bacteria strains were successfully isolated from Safflower seedlings significantly alleviated the harmful effects of salt stress, promoted plant growth and biomass yield.

scholarly journals the Prevalence of UGT1A1*93 and ABCC5 Polymorphisms in Cancer Patients Receiving Irinotecan-Based Chemotherapy at Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Ahmed F. Al_talkani ◽  
Sarmed H. Kathem
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Topoisomerase I ◽  
Antineoplastic Agent ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Heterozygous Mutation ◽  
Homozygous Mutation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Wide Range

Irinotecan (CPT-11) is a semisynthetic derivative of the antineoplastic agent camptothecin used in a wide range as an anti-cancer agent in many solid tumors because of its cytotoxic effect through the interaction with the topoisomerase I enzyme. The major limiting factors for irinotecan treatment are its association with potentially life-threatening toxicities including neutropenia and acute or delayed-type diarrhea, results from distinct interindividual and interethnic variability due to gene polymorphism. This is a cross sectional pharmacogentics study was conducted on 25 cancer patients to estimate the prevalence of UGT1A1*93 and ABCC5 allele single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Iraqi cancer patients treated with irinotecan-based therapy at Middle Euphrates Cancer Center. Four drops of venous blood was drawn for each patient and was applied onto the FTA classic card to perform a genotyping assay for the 2 SNPs. After DNA isolation and purification, real time PCR was performed to detect the SNPs of each gene. Results of this study showed the prevalence of one allele variant (heterozygous mutation) of UGT1A1*93 was 64% compared to 36% of patients were wild type to this SNP. No patient (0%) could be detected with homozygous polymorphism of the UGT1A1*93. For the ABCC5 polymorphism, results revealed that 32% of patients have one polymorphic allele (heterozygous), while 28% of them have two polymorphic alleles (homozygous mutation). Wild type ABCC5 gene constitutes 40% of patients.   As a conclusion, high prevalence of UGT1A1*93 and ABCC5 polymorphic alleles were detected in patients at Middle Euphrates Cancer Center which may explain the high toxicity features associated with irinotecan therapy. 

Cavitation in a high-speed aviation axial piston pump over a wide range of fluid temperatures

2021 ◽  
pp. 095765092110469
Author(s):  
Qun Chao ◽  
Zi Xu ◽  
Jianfeng Tao ◽  
Chengliang Liu ◽  
Jiang Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Pressure Pulsation ◽  
Piston Pump ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Axial Piston Pump ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Axial Piston

The axial piston pump in aerospace applications needs to operate over a wide range of fluid temperatures from −54°C to 135 °C. The fluid properties at such extreme temperatures will significantly affect the cavitation that is one of the major limiting factors for the efficiency and reliability of aviation axial piston pumps. However, it appears that very little of the existing literature studies the effects of extreme fluid temperatures on the pump cavitation. This paper aims to examine the temperature effects on the cavitation in an aviation axial piston pump. First, we develop a three-dimensional (3D) transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to investigate the pump cavitation and validate it experimentally. Second, we use the validated CFD model to investigate the temperature effects on the pump cavitation by changing the fluid properties including viscosity, density, and bulk modulus. The numerical results show that low fluid temperature makes the aviation axial piston pump suffer serious cavitation due to high viscosity, leading to delivery flow breakdown, unacceptable pressure pulsation, and delayed pressure built up. In contrast, high fluid temperatures have minor effects on the cavitation although they increase the pressure pulsation and built-up time slightly.

Economic Impact of Digital Media

2018 ◽  
pp. 1262-1292
Author(s):  
George L. Boggs
Keyword(s):  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technological Educational

Digitization by computers, like steam power and internal combustion, is widely recognized as a pervasive, disruptive engine powering new ways of living and affecting all aspects of economic life. Research on its economic impact cannot be entirely disentangled from powerful cultural stories connecting technological, educational, and economic progress. As cracks appear in the narratives of constant progress through technology, science, civilization, and economic prosperity, research on the economic impact of digital media develops nuance. This review of literature examines a wide range of perspectives on the economic impact of digital media as a basis for suggesting areas of further research and implications for education, civic, engagement, and policy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document