Adverse Effects of Heat Stress on the Intestinal Integrity and Function of Pigs and the Mitigation Capacity of Dietary Antioxidants: A Review

Heat stress (HS) significantly affects the performance of pigs by its induced stressors such as inflammation, hypoxia and oxidative stress (OS), which mightily strain the intestinal integrity and function of pigs. As heat stress progresses, several mechanisms in the intestinal epithelium involved in the absorption of nutrients and its protective functions are altered. Changes in these mechanisms are mainly driven by cellular oxidative stress, which promotes disruption of intestinal homeostasis, leading to intestinal permeability, emphasizing intestinal histology and morphology with little possibility of recovering even after exposure to HS. Identification and understanding of these altered mechanisms are crucial for providing appropriate intervention strategies. Therefore, it is this papers’ objective to review the important components for intestinal integrity that are negatively affected by HS and its induced stressors. With due consideration to the amelioration of such effects through nutritional intervention, this work will also look into the capability of dietary antioxidants in mitigating such adverse effects and maintaining the intestine’s integrity and function upon the pigs’ exposure to high environmental temperature.

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Effects of Dietary β-Mannanase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, Intestinal Integrity, and Immune Responses in Weaning Pigs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10040703 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 703

Author(s):

Jae-Cheol Jang ◽

Kwang Kim ◽

Young Jang ◽

Yoo Kim

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Villus Height ◽

Crypt Depth ◽

Intestinal Integrity ◽

Weaning Pigs ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

And Oxidative Stress

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, intestinal integrity, and the immunological and oxidative stress parameters in weaning pigs. A total of 64 newly weaning pigs (initial body weight: 6.96 ± 0.70 kg) were allotted to two dietary treatments in eight replicates per treatment with four pigs per pen based on body weight and sex. Dietary treatments were 1.) CON (control: corn-soybean meal based basal diet) and 2.) β-mannanase (basal diet +0.06% β-mannanase). The β-mannanase supplementation did not affect growth performance, concentrations of acute phase protein, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. However, the pigs fed the β-mannanase-supplemented diet had greater ATTD of ether extract, jejunum villus height, and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and lower crypt depth compared with those fed the CON diet (p < 0.05). The pigs fed the β-mannanase-supplemented diet tended to have the lower count of E. coli in cecum than those fed the CON diet (p = 0.08). In conclusion, dietary β-mannanase supplementation did not affect growth performance, immune response and oxidative stress of weaning pigs, whereas it increased fat digestibility and had positive effects on intestinal integrity and cecum microflora by reducing the count of E.coli.

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Mercury Exposure and Endothelial Dysfunction

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1177/1091581815589766 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 300-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Swati Omanwar ◽

M. Fahim

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Nitric Oxide ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Vascular Endothelium ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Vital Role ◽

Mercury Exposure ◽

And Function ◽

The Impact ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Vascular endothelium plays a vital role in the organization and function of the blood vessel and maintains homeostasis of the circulatory system and normal arterial function. Functional disruption of the endothelium is recognized as the beginning event that triggers the development of consequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. There is a growing data associating mercury exposure with endothelial dysfunction and higher risk of CVD. This review explores and evaluates the impact of mercury exposure on CVD and endothelial function, highlighting the interplay of nitric oxide and oxidative stress.

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Dietary phytogenic mixture for broilers reared under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions

Archiva Zootechnica ◽

10.2478/azibna-2020-0016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 101-116

Author(s):

Saracila Mihaela ◽

Panaite Tatiana Dumitra ◽

Papuc Camelia Puia ◽

Predescu Corina Nicoleta ◽

Untea Arabela

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Control Diet ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Experimental Diet ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Stress Biomarkers ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

And Oxidative Stress ◽

Protein And Lipid Oxidation

Abstract During two feeding trials, the effect of dietary phytogenic mixture on the performance and oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver of broilers reared under thermoneutral conditions (TN) and heat stress (HS) was studied. A number of 60 Cobb 500 chicks/trial were sheltered in environmentally-controlled digestibility cages. On the 14 days of age, the chicks were weighted and assigned to four groups (2 groups/trial with 30 chicks/group). In the first trial, two groups (C-TN and PM-TN) were kept in thermoneutral conditions. In the second trial, other two groups were kept (C-HS and PM-HS) in heat stress (32 ±1 °C). The structure of diets was the same in both experiments. Compared with the control diet (C), the experimental diet (PM) contained the addition of 1% phytogenic mixture (bilberry leaves, peppermint leaves, fennel leaves and sea buckthorn meal). Irrespective of temperature conditions, dietary PM did not affect broiler’s performance. The dietary supplementation of PM delayed protein and lipid oxidation in the liver tissue of broilers in both trials by increasing the hepatic catalase, glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity.

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Factors affecting the response of working boars to changing environmental temperature

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600020900 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1991 ◽

pp. 140-140

Author(s):

Angela H Cliff ◽

J H Dunne ◽

P R English ◽

J S M Hutchinson ◽

O Macpherson

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Sperm Quality ◽

Sperm Concentration ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

High Environmental Temperature ◽

Sudden Rise ◽

Sperm Output

It is well established that high environmental temperature can have adverse effects on sperm concentration and the normality of sperm in the boar. Induced abnormalities include reduced motility, abnormal heads, proximal droplets, coiled and bent tails and abnormal acrosomes (Malmgren and Larsson, 1989). While all stages of spermatogenesis can be adversely affected, the primary spermatocytes are most vulnerable to these influences. Since spermatogenesis occurs over 45 days, any adverse effects of elevated ambient temperature can affect sperm quality for around 6 weeks. The maximum period of infertility appears around weeks 3 and 4 after heat stress. Reduced levels of testosterone and sometimes of LH following heat stress are implicated in these adverse effects. There is evidence that boars subjected to high constant temperature (30°C), which have become acclimatised to such, are affected less in terms of sperm output and quality (Cameron and Blackshaw, 1980) than when boars are subject to sudden major increases in temperature from fairly low levels (15 to 30 C) e.g. during the summer months (Antonyuk et al, 1983). There also appears to be large differences between boars in their ability to adapt to exposure to high environmental temperature by minimising temperature rise and avoiding adverse effects on semen quality (Cameron and Blackshaw, 1980). These workers found that boars prone to heat stress show an acute rise in body temperature in response to elevated environmental temperature and this sudden rise has a more adverse effect on semen quality than the length of exposure to the elevated temperature. There appears to be little information available on the reasons for such important between boar differences. This study was carried out to determine rectal temperature responses of boars to varying summer temperature in an intensive pig enterprise in Scotland and to attempt to determine some of the factors associated with ‘high’ and ‘low’ responding boars.

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The effect of heat stress on hematological parameters and oxidative stress among bakery workers

Toxicology and Industrial Health ◽

10.1177/0748233719899824 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Vahid Gharibi ◽

Narges Khanjani ◽

Hamidreza Heidari ◽

Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi ◽

Majid Bagheri Hosseinabadi

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Thermal Strain ◽

Predictor Variable ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Office Workers ◽

Indoor Environments ◽

Mean Cell Volume ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Heat stress causes physiological changes, and changes in hematological parameters and hormonal levels in the human body, known as thermal strain. This study was conducted to determine the effect of exposure to heat stress on hematological parameters and oxidative stress in the bakers of Shahroud City, Iran. A total of 163 bakery workers (exposed group) and 135 office workers (unexposed group) with a minimum of 1-year working experience were selected. Exposure to heat stress was measured using ISO-7243 criteria on the hottest days of the year (late July and August). Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was calculated based on indoor environments. Oxidative stress indices including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the bakers' and office workers’ serum and hematological parameters were measured. Statistical analysis was done through independent t-test, and multivariate linear regression using SPSS v24. Analysis of hematological parameters showed that about 70% and 68% of the bakers had abnormal mean cell volume (MCV) and white blood cell (WBC) count, respectively, while only around 12% of them had abnormal mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The counts of red blood cells (RBC), WBC, lymphocytes (LYM), and MCV showed significant differences in different occupational groups ( p < 0.05). The levels of MDA and NO were significantly higher in bakers with WBGT more than the threshold value ( p < 0.05). The WBGT index for assessing heat stress can be used as a predictor variable for MDA and NO levels. In addition, heat stress exposure could be a risk factor for abnormal WBC, RBC, LYM, and MCV.

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Protective effect of nobiletin on isolated human islets survival and function against hypoxia and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-48262-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Somayeh Keshtkar ◽

Maryam Kaviani ◽

Zahra Jabbarpour ◽

Bita Geramizadeh ◽

Elahe Motevaseli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Human Islets ◽

Induced Apoptosis ◽

And Function ◽

And Oxidative Stress

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Heat Stress Activates Fission Yeast Spc1/StyI MAPK by a MEKK-Independent Mechanism

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.9.6.1339 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1339-1349 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Kazuhiro Shiozaki ◽

Mitsue Shiozaki ◽

Paul Russell

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Heat Shock ◽

Fission Yeast ◽

Phosphorylation Sites ◽

High Osmolarity ◽

Mapk Kinase ◽

Independent Mechanism ◽

Heat Shock Responses ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Fission yeast Spc1/StyI MAPK is activated by many environmental insults including high osmolarity, oxidative stress, and heat shock. Spc1/StyI is activated by Wis1, a MAPK kinase (MEK), which is itself activated by Wik1/Wak1/Wis4, a MEK kinase (MEKK). Spc1/StyI is inactivated by the tyrosine phosphatases Pyp1 and Pyp2. Inhibition of Pyp1 was recently reported to play a crucial role in the oxidative stress and heat shock responses. These conclusions were based on three findings: 1) osmotic, oxidative, and heat stresses activate Spc1/StyI in wis4 cells; 2) oxidative stress and heat shock activate Spc1/StyI in cells that express Wis1AA, in which MEKK consensus phosphorylation sites were replaced with alanine; and 3) Spc1/StyI is maximally activated in Δpyp1 cells. Contrary to these findings, we report: 1) Spc1/StyI activation by osmotic stress is greatly reduced in wis4 cells; 2)wis1-AA and Δwis1 cells have identical phenotypes; and 3) all forms of stress activate Spc1/StyI inΔpyp1 cells. We also report that heat shock, but not osmotic or oxidative stress, activate Spc1 in wis1-DDcells, which express Wis1 protein that has the MEKK consensus phosphorylation sites replaced with aspartic acid. Thus osmotic and oxidative stress activate Spc1/StyI by a MEKK-dependent process, whereas heat shock activates Spc1/StyI by a novel mechanism that does not require MEKK activation or Pyp1 inhibition.

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