scholarly journals An Overview of the Use of Genotyping Techniques for Assessing Genetic Diversity in Local Farm Animal Breeds

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2016
Author(s):  
Anna Olschewsky ◽  
Dirk Hinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Farm Animal ◽  
Genomic Information ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Main Technique ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Local Farm ◽  
Shed Light

Globally, many local farm animal breeds are threatened with extinction. However, these breeds contribute to the high amount of genetic diversity required to combat unforeseen future challenges of livestock production systems. To assess genetic diversity, various genotyping techniques have been developed. Based on the respective genomic information, different parameters, e.g., heterozygosity, allele frequencies and inbreeding coefficient, can be measured in order to reveal genetic diversity between and within breeds. The aim of the present work was to shed light on the use of genotyping techniques in the field of local farm animal breeds. Therefore, a total of 133 studies across the world that examined genetic diversity in local cattle, sheep, goat, chicken and pig breeds were reviewed. The results show that diversity of cattle was most often investigated with microsatellite use as the main technique. Furthermore, a large variety of diversity parameters that were calculated with different programs were identified. For 15% of the included studies, the used genotypes are publicly available, and, in 6%, phenotypes were recorded. In conclusion, the present results provide a comprehensive overview of the application of genotyping techniques in the field of local breeds. This can provide helpful insights to advance the conservation of breeds.

Genetic rescue by augmenting gene flow

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Frankham ◽  
Jonathan D. Ballou ◽  
Katherine Ralls ◽  
Mark D. B. Eldridge ◽  
Michele R. Dudash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Outbreeding Depression ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inbred Populations ◽  
Harmful Effects

Inbreeding is reduced and genetic diversity enhanced when a small isolated inbred population is crossed to another unrelated population. Crossing can have beneficial or harmful effects on fitness, but beneficial effects predominate, and the risks of harmful ones (outbreeding depression) can be predicted and avoided. For crosses with a low risk of outbreeding depression, there are large and consistent benefits on fitness that persist across generations in outbreeding species. Benefits are greater in species that naturally outbreed than those that inbreed, and increase with the difference in inbreeding coefficient between crossed and inbred populations in mothers and zygotes. However, benefits are similar across invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. There are also important benefits for evolutionary potential of crossing between populations.

Allozyme variation and an estimate of the inbreeding coefficient in the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Borsa ◽  
D. Pierre Gingerich
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Hypothenemus Hampei ◽  
Coffee Berry ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
High Degree

AbstractSeven presumed Mendelian enzyme loci (Est-2, Est-3, Gpi, Idh-l, Idh-2, Mdh-2 and Mpi) were characterized and tested for polymorphism in coffee berry borers, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), sampled in Côte d′Ivoire, Mexico and New Caledonia. The average genetic diversity was H = 0.080. Two loci, Mdh-2 and Mpi were polymorphic, and thus usable as genetic markers. The population structure of H. hampei was analysed using Weir & Cockerham's estimators of Wright's F-statistics. A high degree of inbreeding (f = 0.298) characterized the elementary geographic sampling unit, the coffee field. The estimate of gene flow between fields within a country was Nm = 10.6 and that between countries was Nm = 2. The population genetic structure in H. hampei could be related to its known population biological features and history.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity among Farmed Stocks of Oreochromis spp. (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Madagascar

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Nicolas Hubert ◽  
Elodie Pepey ◽  
Jean-Michel Mortillaro ◽  
Dirk Steinke ◽  
Diana Edithe Andria-Mananjara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Food System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Well Differentiated

The fast development of aquaculture over the past decades has made it the main source of fish protein and led to its integration into the global food system. Mostly originating from inland production systems, aquaculture has emerged as strategy to decrease malnutrition in low-income countries. The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was introduced to Madagascar in the 1950s, and is now produced nationally at various scales. Aquaculture mostly relies on fry harvested from wild populations and grow-out in ponds for decades. It has recently been diversified by the introduction of several fast-growing strains. Little is known how local genetic diversity compares to recently introduced strains, although high and comparable levels of genetic diversity have previously been observed for both wild populations and local stocks. Our study compares DNA barcode genetic diversity among eight farms and several strains belonging to three species sampled. DNA-based lineage delimitation methods were applied and resulted in the detection of six well differentiated and highly divergent lineages. A comparison of DNA barcode records to sequences on the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) helped to trace the origin of several of them. Both haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices highlight high levels of mitochondrial genetic diversity, with several local strains displaying higher diversity than recently introduced strains. This allows for multiple options to maintain high levels of genetic diversity in broodstock and provides more options for selective breeding programs.

scholarly journals The Italian Wine Sector: Evolution, Structure, Competitiveness and Future Challenges of an Enduring Leader

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Pomarici ◽  
Alessandro Corsi ◽  
Simonetta Mazzarino ◽  
Roberta Sardone
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Italian Wine ◽  
Diamond Model ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Wine Sector ◽  
European Policies ◽  
Average Size

AbstractThe Italian wine supply chain has performed well in recent decades both in terms of profitability and success on the domestic and international markets. This is despite the fact that it is fragmented in terms of products, prices and consumption context, and, in particular, despite the fact that it is characterised by an organisation that hinders the full exploitation of economies of scale. This paradox has not been investigated in literature. We propose several elements in support of the hypothesis that the Italian wine sector’s success is linked to favourable elements of the Porter Diamond Model (5 out of 6) but also to the “district” nature of a large part of the sector. The presence of numerous networks, some of which are formal and others informal, gives most Italian local production systems specialising in grapes and wine the characteristics of industrial districts, due to the local social capital that is stratified there. These networks include operators such as Cooperatives and Consorzi di Tutela, upstream and downstream industries and services, tourism, research and educational bodies. Such networks can overcome the weakness represented by the low concentration and small average size of the operators. To support this hypothesis, we analyse the historical evolution of the sector and its drivers, the structural features of the different phases of the wine chain (grape growing, winemaking, bottling and distribution), the market relationships within the chain and the national and European policies favouring the sector. This analysis also underlines the differences between the Italian sector and its competitors from the Old and New World.

scholarly journals Brazilian Citizens’ Opinions and Attitudes about Farm Animal Production Systems

Animals ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Yunes ◽  
Marina von Keyserlingk ◽  
Maria Hötzel
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Farm Animal ◽  
Animal Production Systems

scholarly journals Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mostafa ◽  
Elsayed Abdelwhab ◽  
Thomas Mettenleiter ◽  
Stephan Pleschka
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Animal Hosts

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) possess a great zoonotic potential as they are able to infect different avian and mammalian animal hosts, from which they can be transmitted to humans. This is based on the ability of IAV to gradually change their genome by mutation or even reassemble their genome segments during co-infection of the host cell with different IAV strains, resulting in a high genetic diversity. Variants of circulating or newly emerging IAVs continue to trigger global health threats annually for both humans and animals. Here, we provide an introduction on IAVs, highlighting the mechanisms of viral evolution, the host spectrum, and the animal/human interface. Pathogenicity determinants of IAVs in mammals, with special emphasis on newly emerging IAVs with pandemic potential, are discussed. Finally, an overview is provided on various approaches for the prevention of human IAV infections.

Forest Conservation Genetics

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Young ◽  
David Boshier ◽  
Timothy Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Conservation Genetics ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Logical Sequence

Forest management must be sustainable not only in ecological, economic and social, but also genetic terms. Many forest managers are advocating and developing management strategies that give priority to conserving genetic diversity within production systems, or that recognise the importance of genetic considerations in achieving sustainable management. Forest Conservation Genetics draws together much previously uncollected information relevant to managing and conserving forests. The content emphasises the importance of conserving genetic diversity in achieving sustainable management. Each chapter is written by a leading expert and has been peer reviewed. Readers without a background in genetics will find the logical sequence of topics allows easy understanding of the principles involved and how those principles may impact on day-to-day forest planning and management decisions. The book is primarily aimed at undergraduate students of biology, ecology, forestry, and graduate students of forest genetics, resource management policy and/or conservation biology. It will prove useful for those teaching courses in these fields and as such help to increase the awareness of genetic factors in conservation and sustainable management, in both temperate and tropical regions.

scholarly journals The Bible in Arabic: Digital Resources and Future Challenges

Open Theology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Schulthess
Keyword(s):  
Full Potential ◽  
Digital Resources ◽  
Bible Studies ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Current State ◽  
Digital Scholarship ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Manuscript Collections ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract The aim of this article is to discuss the current state of Arabic Bible studies from a Digital Humanist perspective. It presents an overview of the current existing digital resources, such as digital manuscript collections, and underlines the importance of developing digital projects for the study of Arabic versions of the Bible with a focus on the New Testament. It will also shed light on future challenges and the urgent needs of the scientific field in order to harness the full potential of digital scholarship.

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