scholarly journals Correlation between Metabolic Rate and Salinity Tolerance and Metabolic Response to Salinity in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3445
Author(s):  
Pathe Karim Djiba ◽  
Jianghui Zhang ◽  
Yuan Xu ◽  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Metabolic Rates

The metabolic rate could be one of the factors affecting the salinity tolerance capacity of fish. Experiment I tested whether metabolic rates correlate with the upper salinity tolerance limit among individual grass carp by daily increasing salinity (1 g kg−1 day−1). The feeding dropped sharply as the salinity reached 10 g kg−1 and ceased when salinities exceeded 11 g kg−1. The ventilation frequency decreased weakly as salinity increased from 0 to 12 g kg−1 and then increased rapidly as salinity reached 14 g kg−1. The fish survived at salinities lower than 14 g kg−1, and all fish died when salinity reached 17 g kg−1. The upper salinity tolerance limit was not correlated with metabolic rates. Therefore, a lower metabolic rate may not necessarily allow for better salinity tolerance capacity. Experiment II tested how different salinities (0, 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 g kg−1 for 2 weeks) affect the metabolic parameters of grass carp. The changes in the resting metabolic rate with increasing salinity could be explained by the relative changes in interlamellar cell mass and protruding lamellae. The maximum metabolic rate remained constant, suggesting that the salinity-induced changes in the gill surface had a minor effect on oxygen uptake capacity.

Resting and field metabolic rates of Awassi sheep and Baladi goats raised by Negev bedouin

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-437
Author(s):  
Michael Kam ◽  
Shaher El-Meccawi ◽  
Arieh Brosh ◽  
A. Allan Degen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSheep are grazers and goats are intermediate feeders. By employing O2 consumption and heart rate measurements, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and field metabolic rate (FMR) were determined in four male fat-tailed Awassi sheep (44.0 ± 3.94) and four male Baladi goats (35.5 ± 5.42 kg) that were co-grazing natural pasture in the Negev Desert. There were 67.7 ± 3.75 g DM/m2 of herbaceous vegetation biomass, which was rapidly becoming senescent and more fibrous. We hypothesized that FMR of these desert-adapted ruminants would be relatively low when compared to other sheep and goat breeds, as animals in arid areas tend to have low metabolic rates. Both sheep (n = 6) and goats (n = 6) foraged 71% of the allotted 11 h free-pasture period; however, sheep grazed more than goats (P < 0.001); whereas goats browsed more than sheep (P < 0.001). RMR was higher (P = 0.007) in sheep than in goats (529 ± 23.5 v. 474 ± 25.4 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d), but FMR did not differ between species (618 ± 55.7 v. 613 ± 115.2 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d). In addition, the cost of activities, as a proportion of FMR, did not differ between sheep and goats; FMR increased by 89 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d or 17% in sheep and by 138 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d or 29% in goats. In comparing FMRs of sheep and goats in this study with these species in other studies, differences were inconsistent and, therefore, our hypothesis was not supported.

scholarly journals SUMMIT METABOLISM OF NEWBORN CALVES WITH AND WITHOUT COLOSTRUM FEEDING

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. OKAMOTO ◽  
J. B. ROBINSON ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Colostrum Feeding ◽  
Time Required

Resting and summit metabolic rates were measured in 13 newborn (2.5–15 h old) male Holstein calves exposed to warm and cold tempertures in a water immersion system. Six calves were bottle fed 1 kg of colostrum 30 min before the measurements commenced. In the remaining seven calves, colostrum was withheld until after the end of the measurement period. There were no significant effects of colostrum feeding on resting or summit metabolic rates or the time required for rectal temperature to drop to 35 °C when the calves were immersed in cold water. The time required for rectal temperature to drop to 35 °C increased as the body weight of the calves increased; for each kilogram additional body weight, cooling was delayed for an extra 2.9 min. The resting metabolic rate averaged for both feeding treatments was 2.0 ± 0.1 W kg−1 while mean rectal temperature was 39.1 ± 0.2 °C. Mean summit metabolic rate was 7.2 ± 0.4 W kg−1 and occurred at a mean rectal temperature of 35.4 ± 0.3 °C. The average ratio of the summit to resting metabolic rate was 3.7 ± 0.2. Cooling via water immersion was associated with increases in plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids. The feeding of 1 kg of colostrum 30 min prior to exposure to acute cold did not improve the apparent resistance of the calves to hypothermia. Key words: Newborn calf, summit metabolism, cold tolerance

Metabolic strategies for winter survival by Svalbard reindeer

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1787-1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Cuyler ◽  
N. A. Øritsland
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Activity Budget ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Svalbard Reindeer

Lying and standing metabolic rates were determined for two tame Svalbard reindeer while the animals were in their winter lethargic state during January and February. Mean nonfasting metabolic rates for the 59-kg animals were 1.25 W∙kg−1 for lying and 1.64 W∙kg−1 for standing at rest. So the metabolic rate for standing at rest was about 1.3 times the lying resting metabolic rate (RMR). For Svalbard reindeer the lying RMR was 66–78% of the values for other reindeer/caribou, and was 78–89% of the predicted value. The standing RMR was 44–88% of the values from other reindeer/caribou. Total body thermal conductance was 1.95 ± 0.17 W∙°C−1 for lying and 3.08 ± 0.77 W∙°C−1 for standing at rest. The daily energy expenditure during winter was estimated to be about 9654 kJ∙day−1 or 112 W, and was 1.5 times Kleiber's predicted basal metabolic rate. By remaining lying 45% of the time rather than 35% Svalbard reindeer may conserve the equivalent of about 15 days' energy requirement over the winter. With locomotion at 2% of the winter daily activity budget, the Svalbard reindeer conserve about 21 days' energy expenditure, more than that if locomotion were 8.2% of the budget as in caribou (Boertje 1985). Thus, their low energy expenditures for lying and standing and their sedentary activity budget may be considered energy-saving and survival strategies. It is possible that disturbances, which cause the animals to increase activity, may have a detrimental effect on their overall winter energy balance.

Metabolic rates of Neomysis americana (Smith, 1873) (Mysida: Mysidae) from a temperate estuary vary in response to summer temperature and salinity conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-454
Author(s):  
Rosaura J Chapina ◽  
Christopher L Rowe ◽  
Ryan J Woodland
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The mysid Neomysis americana (Smith, 1873) is native to shallow shelf waters and estuaries of the western Atlantic coast of North America. Despite the important role mysids such as N. americana play in estuarine ecosystems as both consumers and as prey for higher trophic levels, there is limited information on how metabolism influences their spatial ecology and habitat requirements. In tributaries of Chesapeake Bay, MD, USA, previous research has shown that summer water temperatures can approach the lethal upper tolerance limit for N. americana. We measured the per capita metabolic rate (µgO2 min–1) of N. americana from the upper Patuxent River near Benedict, MD, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay in the laboratory to evaluate the metabolic response to salinity and temperature conditions that mysids experience in natural habitats. Sex-specific and diel patterns in metabolic rate were quantified. Metabolic rates did not differ between night and day and there was no significant difference in metabolic rate between males and females, exclusive of gravid females. Metabolic rates were lowest in salinity treatments of 2 and 8 at 29 °C, and highest in the salinity 2 treatment at 22 °C. Only temperature had a statistically significant, albeit unexpected, effect. This study shows that the metabolic response of N. americana to temperature and salinity conditions is complex and plastic, and that metabolic rates can vary 3–4 fold within realistic summer temperature and salinity conditions. As environmental conditions continue to change, understanding metabolic response of mysids to realistic salinity and temperature conditions is necessary for understanding their distributions in temperate estuaries.

Developmental and seasonal changes in resting metabolic rates of captive female grey seals

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 1781-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Boily ◽  
David M. Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Predicted Values

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) data obtained from five juvenile and three adult female grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in captivity over a period of 3.5 years were examined for developmental and seasonal changes. Three juveniles exhibited a significant relationship between log10 RMR and log10 mass, with individual slopes ranging from 0.42 to 1.62. Two of these exhibited a significant relationship between log10 RMR and log10 age. The remaining two juveniles and the three adults exhibited no significant relationship between RMR and body mass. With increasing size and age, RMRs of juveniles approached predicted values for adult mammals, but the large variation made it difficult to establish the precise age at which they achieved an adult-like RMR. RMRs of adults and juveniles exhibited marked seasonal changes. In juveniles, seasonal changes in RMR were limited to the annual moult, when the average RMR was 35% higher than during the rest of the year. In adults, changes in RMR were not limited to the time of the annual moult; rather, RMR was lower (by up to 50%) in the summer than during other seasons.

COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONAL AND THERMAL ACCLIMATION IN WHITE RATS: I. METABOLIC AND INSULATIVE CHANGES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Héroux ◽  
F. Depocas ◽  
J. S. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Physiological Adjustments

Physiological adjustments to cold temperature have been compared in white rats exposed either to the outdoor fluctuating environmental conditions or to the indoor constant temperature conditions. While the metabolic adjustments such as increased peak metabolism and decreased shivering were similar in outdoor and indoor rats exposed to cold, the adjustments in insulation and thermoneutral metabolic rates were quite different. The pelage insulation increased in the rats kept outside during the winter but remained unchanged in the rats kept in a constant temperature room maintained at 6 °C. The resting metabolic rate measured at 30 °C increased in the 6 °C acclimated rats but not in the winter-exposed animals. Over the temperature range +30 °C to −15 °C, while the indoor cold-acclimated rats had a higher metabolic rate than their controls acclimated to 30 °C, the winter rats had a lower metabolism than their summer controls.

The ontogeny of metabolic rate and thermoregulatory capabilities of northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, pups in air and water

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Donohue ◽  
D.P. Costa ◽  
M.E. Goebel ◽  
J.D. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Callorhinus Ursinus ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Northern Fur Seal ◽  
Fur Seal

Young pinnipeds, born on land, must eventually enter the water to feed independently. The aim of this study was to examine developmental factors that might influence this transition. The ontogeny of metabolic rate and thermoregulation in northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, pups was investigated at two developmental stages in air and water using open-circuit respirometry. Mean in-air resting metabolic rate (RMR) increased significantly from 113+/−5 ml O(2)min(−)(1) (N=18) pre-molt to 160+/−4 ml O(2)min(−)(1) (N=16; means +/− s.e.m.) post-molt. In-water, whole-body metabolic rates did not differ pre- and post-molt and were 2.6 and 1.6 times in-air RMRs respectively. Mass-specific metabolic rates of pre-molt pups in water were 2.8 times in-air rates. Mean mass-specific metabolic rates of post-molt pups at 20 degrees C in water and air did not differ (16.1+/−1.7 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1); N=10). In-air mass-specific metabolic rates of post-molt pups were significantly lower than in-water rates at 5 degrees C (18.2+/−1.1 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1); N=10) and 10 degrees C (19.4+/−1.7 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1); N=10; means +/− s.e.m.). Northern fur seal pups have metabolic rates comparable with those of terrestrial mammalian young of similar body size. Thermal conductance was independent of air temperature, but increased with water temperature. In-water thermal conductance of pre-molt pups was approximately twice that of post-molt pups. In-water pre-molt pups matched the energy expenditure of larger post-molt pups while still failing to maintain body temperature. Pre-molt pups experience greater relative costs when entering the water regardless of temperature than do larger post-molt pups. This study demonstrates that the development of thermoregulatory capabilities plays a significant role in determining when northern fur seal pups enter the water.

scholarly journals Metabolic rates of aggressive/submissive phenotypes are colour blind in the polymorphic Gouldian finch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Buttemer ◽  
Vincent Careau ◽  
Mark A. Chappell ◽  
Simon C. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
First Year ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Maximal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Gouldian Finch ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Colour Morphs ◽  
Metabolic Indices

Evidence from a number of species suggests behaviours associated with social rank are positively correlated with metabolic rate. These studies, however, are based on metabolic measurements of isolated individuals, thereby ignoring potential effects of social interactions on metabolic rates. Here, we characterised three pertinent metabolic indices in the two predominant genetic colour morphs of the Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae): diurnal resting metabolic rate (RMR), nocturnal basal metabolic rate (BMR), and exercise-induced maximal metabolic rate (MMR). Research reveals red-headed morphs consistently dominate the less aggressive black-headed morphs and the two morphs to differ in other behavioural and physiological traits. We measured daytime RMR of intermorph naïve birds (first-year virgin males maintained in total isolation from opposite colour morphs) and their metabolic responses to viewing a socially unfamiliar bird of each colour. Subsequently each bird was placed in a home cage with an opposite colour morph (intermorph exposed) and the series of measurements repeated. Daytime RMR was indistinguishable between the two morphs, whether intermorph naïve or intermorph exposed. However, both red- and black-headed birds showed a greater short-term increase in metabolic rate when viewing an unfamiliar red-headed bird than when seeing a black-headed bird, but only when intermorph naïve. Measurements of BMR and exercise-induced MMR did not differ between the two morphs, and consequently aerobic scope was indistinguishable between them. We propose that the suite of behavioural differences between these two sympatric morphs are functionally complementary and represent evolutionary stable strategies permitting establishment of dominance status in the absence of metabolic costs.

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