scholarly journals Apelin System in Mammary Gland of Sheep Reared in Semi-Natural Pastures of the Central Apennines

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Mercati ◽  
Margherita Maranesi ◽  
Cecilia Dall’Aglio ◽  
Linda Petrucci ◽  
Rolando Pasquariello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Food Supplementation ◽  
System Control ◽  
Receptor System ◽  
Apelin Receptor ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Grassland Biodiversity ◽  
Shed Light

Sheep are the most bred species in the Central Italy Apennine using the natural pastures as a trophic resource and grazing activity is fundamental to maintain the grassland biodiversity: this goal can be reached only ensuring an economical sustainability to the farmers. This study aimed to investigate the apelin/apelin receptor system in ovine mammary gland and to evaluate the differences induced by food supplementation, in order to shed light on this system function. A flock of 15 Comisana x Appenninica adult dry ewes were free to graze from June until pasture maximum flowering (MxF). From this period to pasture maximum dryness (MxD), in addition to grazing, the experimental group (Exp) was supplemented with 600 g/day/head of cereals. Apelin and apelin receptor were assessed by Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry on the mammary glands of subjects pertaining to MxF, MxD and Exp groups. They were detected in alveolar and ductal epithelial cells. The pasture maximum flowering group showed significant differences in apelin expression compared with experimental and MxD groups. Apelin receptor expression significantly differed among the three groups. The reduced apelin receptor expression and immunoreactivity levels during parenchyma involution enables us to hypothesize that apelin receptor plays a modulating role in the system control.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Endothelin/Endothelin Receptor System by Interleukin-1β in Human Myometrial Cells

Endocrinology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (11) ◽  
pp. 4878-4886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Breuiller-Fouché ◽  
Catherine Morinière ◽  
Emmanuelle Dallot ◽  
Stéphanie Oger ◽  
Régis Rebourcet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Receptor System ◽  
Myometrial Cell ◽  
Myometrial Cells ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Eta Receptor ◽  
Etb Receptor

Proinflammatory cytokines produced at the fetomaternal interface, such as IL-1β, have been implicated in preterm and term labor. The present study was performed to evaluate the influence of IL-1β on the endothelin (ET)/ET receptor system in human myometrial cells. We report that myometrial cells under basal conditions not only respond to but also secrete ET-1, one of the main regulators of uterine contractions. Prolonged exposure of the cells to IL-1β led to a decrease in prepro-ET-1 and ET-3 mRNA correlated with a decrease in immunoreactive ET-1 and ET-3 levels in the culture medium. Whereas ETA receptor expression at both protein and mRNA levels was not affected by IL-1β treatment, we demonstrated an unexpected predominance of the ETB receptor subtype under this inflammatory condition. Whereas the physiological function of ETB remains unclear, we confirmed that only ETA receptors mediate ET-1-induced myometrial cell contractions under basal conditions. By contrast, prolonged exposure of the cells to IL-1β abolished the contractile effect induced by ET-1. Such a regulation of IL-1β on the ET release and the balance of ETA to ETB receptors leading to a loss of ET-1-induced myometrial cell contractions suggest that complex regulatory mechanisms take place to constraint the onset of infection-induced premature contractions.

Abstract 638: Urotensin II Promotes Calcification in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Albanese ◽  
Zhipeng You ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Bianca Barratt ◽  
Dominique Shum-Tim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Urotensin Ii ◽  
Aortic Valves ◽  
Receptor System ◽  
Positive Correlations

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in Western societies. Vasoactive peptide urotensin II (UII) is upregulated in atherosclerosis and several other cardiovascular diseases however further research is required to develop a complete understanding of UII’s role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that UII stimulates calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells and that UII, urotensin II related peptide (URP) and UT receptor expression are upregulated in calcified aortic valves. Methods and Results: Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) were cultured in phosphate media (2.6mmol/L) for 13 days in the presence of varying concentrations of UII (0, 10, 50, 100nm) and the amount of calcium was measured with a calcium assay kit. Protein was extracted and measured with a protein assay kit. HASMC calcification was assessed as the ratio of calcium (μg)/protein (mg). HASMC calcification increased with increasing UII concentration and was significantly elevated in 100nm of UII (N=6, P<0.05) 13 days after incubation. We also examined UII, URP and UT protein expression in 90 carotid endarterectomies and 87 mitral, non-calcified and calcified aortic valves by immunohistochemistry. Multivariant Spearman correlation analyses in carotids revealed significant positive correlations between UII, URP and UT overall staining with calcification, remodeling and inflammation (P<0.05). In valves there was significant positive correlations between UII, URP and UT overall staining with calcification, fibrosis, remodeling, inflammation, lipid score and microvessels (P<0.05). Conclusion: The stimulatory effect of UII on vascular smooth muscle cell calcification as well as the upregulated expression of UII, URP and UT in calcified aortic valves suggests that the UT receptor system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and valve calcification.

scholarly journals The Effect of Humor-Integrated Pictures Using Quizlet on Vocabulary Learning of EFL Learners

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Mehdi Solhi Andarab
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Shed Light

The recent improvements in technology and their integration in language learning have played a facilitating role invocabulary acquisition. Quizlet, an online teacher-/student-friendly tool, is one of the leading applications invocabulary acquisition. Along with the effectiveness of visualization in acquiring vocabulary, humor has been alsoextensively indicated to carry a significant role in language learning. With all its facilitating features, the integrationof technology, humor, and vocabulary can be achieved via Quizlet. In this study, the visual integration of humoraccompanying vocabulary on Quizlet was taken into scrutiny to see to what extent humor-integrated pictures onQuizlet account for the retention of vocabulary acquisition. With this purpose, this study examined the effect ofhumor-integrated pictures on vocabulary acquisition of 45 intermediate English as a foreign language (EFL) learnerson Quizlet. In so doing, the experimental group received a series of unknown vocabulary items for which theintegrated pictures were humorous, while the vocabulary items assigned for the control group were identical, but innon-humorous contexts. At the end, an independent samples t-test applied on the scores achieved from a posttestindicated a significant difference in scores of the control group and that of the experimental group. In fact, thelearners in the experimental group significantly outperformed their counterparts in the control group. The resultsindicated that linking vocabulary items with humorous pictures is more effective than using non-humorous context inlearning vocabulary. Apparently, as the results indicate, the significant effectiveness of technology in vocabularylearning can be boosted with the help of humorous context. The findings shed light on the importance of technologyin language learning and its linking with humor in vocabulary learning.

scholarly journals Dynamics of insulin-like factor 3 and its receptor expression in boar testes

2014 ◽  
Vol 220 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itaru Minagawa ◽  
Dai Sagata ◽  
Ali Mohammed Pitia ◽  
Hiroshi Kohriki ◽  
Masatoshi Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Paracrine Factor ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Receptor System ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Testis Descent

Relaxin-like factor (RLF), now mainly known as insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3), is essential for testis descent during fetal development; however, its function in the adult testis is still being elucidated. As a major step toward understanding the as-yet-unknown function of INSL3 in boars, this study aimed to develop a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for boar INSL3, characterize the dynamics of INSL3 expression during development, and demonstrate the expression of the INSL3 hormone–receptor system in the testis. All samples were collected from Duroc boars. The sensitivity of the assay system established was 8.2 pg/well (164 pg/ml), and no cross-reactivity with other hormones, such as porcine relaxin, was observed. Circulating INSL3 was shown to increase progressively during development. INSL3 secreted from the Leydig cells was released not only into the blood circulation but also into the interstitial and seminiferous compartments in sufficient concentrations. A testicular fractionation study revealed that its receptor RXFP2 transcripts were expressed mainly in testicular germ cells. In addition, INSL3 bound to the germ cell membranes in a hormone-specific and saturable manner. These results reveal that INSL3 secreted into the interstitial compartment from the Leydig cells is transported into the seminiferous compartments, where its receptor RXFP2 is expressed mainly in the germ cells to which INSL3 binds, suggesting that INSL3 functions as a paracrine factor on seminiferous germ cells.

scholarly journals Early exposure of the rat mammary gland to estrogen and progesterone blocks co-localization of estrogen receptor expression and proliferation

2001 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Sivaraman ◽  
SG Hilsenbeck ◽  
L Zhong ◽  
J Gay ◽  
OM Conneely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Positive ◽  
Er Positive

An early single full-term pregnancy induces a long-lasting protective effect against mammary tumor development in humans and rodents. This protective effect can be mimicked in rats by short-term administration of estrogen and progesterone hormones prior to carcinogen administration. The hormones of pregnancy are able to induce a proliferative block upon carcinogen challenge that is not observed in the age-matched virgin. We wished to determine whether carcinogen is needed to induce a paracrine-to-autocrine shift of proliferation in steroid receptor positive cells or if such a cell population already exists in the age-matched virgin mammary gland. Here we show that estrogen receptor positive (ER+) proliferating cells are rare in the developing mammary gland of the virgin rat but represent the majority of the proliferating cells in the mature (96-day-old) mammary gland of the virgin rat. As the majority of the proliferating cells before carcinogen challenge were ER positive, the ER+ proliferating cells in the mature mammary gland may represent the target cells for carcinogen-induced transformation. Importantly, prior exposure of the mammary gland to pregnancy levels of estrogen/progesterone blocked this positive association. This ability to block the proliferation of the ER+ cells may be one factor by which pregnancy induces protection against breast cancer.

scholarly journals IGF-I Regulates Pheochromocytoma Cell Proliferation and Survival In Vitro and In Vivo

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (8) ◽  
pp. 3724-3734 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Celia Fernández ◽  
Marcela Venara ◽  
Susana Nowicki ◽  
Héctor E. Chemes ◽  
Marta Barontini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Vascular Density ◽  
Receptor System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Tumor Phenotype ◽  
The Impact

IGFs are involved in malignant transformation and growth of several tissues, including the adrenal medulla. The present study was designed to evaluate the impact of IGF-I on pheochromocytoma development. We used a murine pheochromocytoma (MPC) cell line (MPC4/30) and an animal model with a reduction of 75% in circulating IGF-I levels [liver-IGF-I-deficient (LID) mice] to perform studies in vitro and in vivo. We found that, in culture, IGF-I stimulation increases proliferation, migration, and anchorage-independent growth, whereas it inhibits apoptosis of MPC cells. When injected to control and to LID mice, MPC cells grow and form tumors with features of pheochromocytoma. Six weeks after cell inoculation, all control mice developed sc tumors. In contrast, in 73% of LID mice, tumor development was delayed to 7–12 wk, and the remaining 27% did not develop tumors up to 12 wk after inoculation. LID mice harboring MPC cells and treated with recombinant human IGF-I (LID+) developed tumors as controls. Tumors developed in control, LID, and LID+ mice had similar histology and were similarly positive for IGF-I receptor expression. The apoptotic index was higher in tumors from LID mice compared with those from control mice, whereas vascular density was decreased. In summary, our work demonstrates that IGF-I has a critical role in maintaining tumor phenotype and survival of already transformed pheochromocytoma cells and is required for the initial establishment of these tumors, providing encouragement to carry on research studies to address the IGF-I/IGF-I receptor system as a target of therapeutic strategies for pheochromocytoma treatment in the future.

scholarly journals Prolactin receptor expression in the epithelia and stroma of the rat mammary gland

2001 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
IG Camarillo ◽  
G Thordarson ◽  
JG Moffat ◽  
KM Van Horn ◽  
N Binart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Stromal Compartment ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Epithelial Compartment ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Tissues

The importance of prolactin (PRL) in regulating growth and differentiation of the mammary gland is well known. However, it is not well established whether PRL acts solely on the mammary epithelia or if it can also directly affect the mammary stroma. To determine where PRL could exert its effects within the mammary gland, we investigated the levels of expression and the localization of the PRL receptor (PRLR) in the epithelia and stroma of the rat mammary gland at different physiological stages. For these studies, we isolated parenchymal-free 'cleared' fat pads and intact mammary glands from virgin, 18-day-pregnant and 6-day-lactating rats. In addition, intact mammary tissues were enzymatically digested to obtain epithelial cells, free of stroma. The mammary tissues, intact gland, stroma and isolated epithelia, were then used for immunocytochemistry, protein extraction and isolation of total RNA. PRLR protein was detected in tissues using specific polyclonal antisera (PRLR-l) by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Messenger RNA for PRLR was measured by ribonuclease protection assay. Immunocytochemistry and Western blots with the PRLR-1 antisera detected PRLR in wild-type rat and mouse tissues, whereas the receptor protein was absent in tissues from PRLR gene-deficient mice. PRLR was found to be present both in the epithelia and stroma of mammary glands from virgin, pregnant and lactating rats, as determined by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Western blots revealed the predominance of three bands migrating at 88, 90 and 92 kDa in each of the rat mammary samples. These represent the long form of the PRLR. During pregnancy and lactation, PRLR protein increased in the epithelial compartment of the mammary gland but did not change within the stromal compartment at any physiological stage examined. We also found PRLR mRNA in both the epithelia and stroma of the mammary gland. Again, the stroma contained lower levels of PRLR mRNA compared with the epithelia at all physiological stages examined. Also, the PRLR mRNA levels within the stroma did not change significantly during pregnancy or lactation, whereas PRLR mRNA within the epithelia increased twofold during pregnancy and fourfold during lactation when compared with virgin rats. We conclude from this study that PRLR is expressed both in the stromal and epithelial compartment of the mammary gland. This finding suggests PRL may have a direct affect on the mammary stroma and by that route affect mammary gland development.

scholarly journals Терапевтична ефективність застосування FORTICEPT UDDER FORTE за маститу у корів

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (82) ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Zhuk ◽  
S.S. Derkach ◽  
O.А. Valchuk ◽  
A.M. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Therapeutic Effectiveness ◽  
The Third ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Milk Treatment

The article presents the results of our own research on the therapeutic effectiveness of the use of FORTICEPT UDDER FORTE for post-milk treatment of cows with subclinical mastitis.As is known, one of the reasons for the emergence of mastitis of cows is the lack of proper sanitary-hygienic treatment of breast milk after milking. Taking into consideration the fact after milking, according to various authors, remains open for 30 minutes to 2 hours, it leads to the infection of the mammary gland with the microflora causing its inflammation.The study of the effectiveness of using FORTICEPT UDDER FORTE after milking treatment of cow's doses was performed in comparison with other existing agents: on the basis of chlorhexidine and iodine.The use of FORTICEPT UDDER FORTE for post-milking treatment of cow's dug reduces their incidence by subclinical mastitis by 30–40%.The therapeutic efficacy of using FORTICEPT UDDER FORTE in cows in the first experimental group was 20.1% higher than the other animals (chlorhexidine-based agent) and 13% in the third group (iodine-based). 

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