Rearing of Hermetia Illucens on Different Organic By-Products: Influence on Growth, Waste Reduction, and Environmental Impact

The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of three by-products as growing substrates for Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly (BSF)) larvae: okara, maize distiller, brewer’s grains, and a control hen diet. The study focused on larval growth and bioconversion performance, production of methane by larvae and environmental burden of larvae production, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on a lab scale. Chemical composition of substrates differed: okara had the highest crude protein and ether extract contents, while brewer’s grains showed the highest fiber content. Larvae fed on a hen diet and maize distiller exhibited the highest final weights (2.29 and 1.97 g, respectively). Larvae grown on okara showed the highest indexes for waste reduction and efficiency of conversion of the ingested feed. The BSF larvae did not produce any detectable traces of CH4. LCA evaluation showed that larvae production on a hen diet resulted in the most impact for most of environmental categories, for the inclusion of soybean meal in the diet (for climate change, 5.79 kg CO2 eq/kg dry larvae). Feed production activities resulted in the main contributions to environmental impact. In order to compare the larvae production obtained on all substrates, an environmental impact was attributed to okara and brewer’s grain through a substitution method, and, by this approach, the best sustainable product resulted from the larvae grown on the maize distiller.

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Effect of Processed Beverage By-Product-Based Diets on Biological Parameters, Conversion Efficiency and Body Composition of Hermetia illucens (L) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12050475 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 475

Author(s):

Vassilios Sideris ◽

Maria Georgiadou ◽

Georgios Papadoulis ◽

Konstantinos Mountzouris ◽

Antonios Tsagkarakis

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Larval Density ◽

Mass Reduction ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Spent Grains ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

By Products

The effect of spent coffee grounds (SCG), brewer’s spent grains (BSG) and their mixtures with the addition of brewer’s yeast (BY) were tested in two rearing densities of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.). Different treatments were investigated on larval development, survival, yield, protein conversion (PrCR) and bioconversion rate (BCR), substrate mass reduction and body composition of the insect. BSF larvae were able to develop sufficiently in all diets, except on sole SCG. The addition of BY enhanced the performance properties of diets, especially in the case of SCG, where larvae underperformed. Substrate mass reduction, PrCR and BCR were affected only by feed and exhibited higher values on reference feed, followed by BSG and SCG+BSG enriched with BY. Density did not have a significant effect on various larval nutrients, except for fat, which was higher on larvae fed enriched feeds with BY and in the 300 larval density. The interaction between feed and density strongly affected the nitrogen and protein levels, larval yield and ash. Generally, diets which contained SCG exhibited high larval crude protein levels. Our results illustrate that low value beverage by-products can be successfully utilized as constituents of a successful BSF diet.

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Nutritional diversity of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products for ruminant feeding

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s0102-09352012000500024 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 1246-1255 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J.A.G. Azevêdo ◽

S.C. Valadares Filho ◽

D.S. Pina ◽

E. Detmann ◽

L.G.R. Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Content ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Nitrogenous Compounds ◽

Fiber Digestibility ◽

Nutritional Characteristics ◽

By Products

Fifty-seven by-products were collected from regions throughout Brazil. Chemical composition, in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were determined with the objective of grouping by-products with similar nutritional characteristics. The by-products belonging to group one (G1) presented the highest content of neutral detergent fiber exclusive of ash and nitrogenous compounds [aNDFom(n)] and lowest energy content, with 42.5% and 38.8% of IVNDFD and TDN, respectively. A new cluster analysis was carried in order to better characterize G2 by-products, six subgroups (SGs) were established (SG1 to SG6). SG1 by-products had the highest and the lowest values for lignin and TDN, respectively. SG2 by-products had the highest aNDFom(n) value, with TDN and IVNDFD values greater than 600 and 700g/kg, respectively, and crude protein (CP) value below 200g/kg in dry matter (DM). Among all the subgroups, SG3 had the highest TDN (772g/kg) and IVNDFD (934g/kg) values and the lowest lignin (23g/kg in DM) value. The ether extract was what most influenced the hierarchical establishment of residual grouping in SG4. SG5 by-products had the highest concentration of non-fibrous carbohydrate. Different from the other subgroups, SG6 by-products had the highest value of available CP.

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The nutritive value of dried spent hops

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600008960 ◽

1927 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 380-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

W. L. Davies ◽

R. S. Sullivan

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Linseed Cake ◽

Spent Hops ◽

By Products ◽

Very High

Dried spent hops possess a high absorptive capacity, and attention is drawn to its use as a “filler” to absorb such by-products as molasses and treacle.The material possesses a high crude protein value and its ether extract is very high for a fibrous food, while the amount of crude fibre is the same as in good meadow hay. There is a high percentage of mineral matter present.The digestibility of the material has been determined by feeding with hay chaff and linseed cake meal to three sheep. The spent hops were not readily eaten and could only be included in a ration in an amount equal to one-seventh of the dry weight of the total ration.Its digestibility is low, a fifth of the crude protein and the nitrogenfree extractives, one-half of the ether extract, one-twentieth of the crude fibre and one-fifth of the total organic matter only being digestible. The production starch equivalent was 24.5.

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Valorisation of organic waste material: growth performance of wild black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) reared on different organic wastes

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2017.0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 193-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

E.M. Nyakeri ◽

H.J.O. Ogola ◽

M.A. Ayieko ◽

F.A. Amimo

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Organic Wastes ◽

Protein Source ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Alternative Protein ◽

Extract Content ◽

Black Soldier Fly Larvae

Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) are currently being promoted as an alternative protein source for animals and organic waste management agents. To play the dual roles sustainably, there is need to reduce reliance on wild BSF and develop an appropriate farming methodology for the insect. This study aimed at improving larvae production in a black soldier fly colony previously established from the wild in Kenya. The study explored the effect of four locally available organic wastes as feedstocks for production the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on faecal sludge (FS), banana peelings (BP), brewer’s waste (BW) and restaurant food waste (FR) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight, total prepupal yield in grams, crude protein and lipid (ether extract) content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and therefore reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. Results showed that BSF larvae fed on FR had significantly higher (P<0.05) total mean yield and average individual weight of 196.9±4.0 g and 0.101±0.002 g, respectively, followed by BW (154.8±6.5 g, 0.078±0.02 g), FS (138.7±5.0 g, 0.070±0.001 g) and with BP the lowest (108.9±5.6 g, 0.055±0.002 g). The harvested BSF larvae crude protein was significantly higher for FS and BW at 45.4±0.1% and 43.0±1.0%, respectively. However, ether extract content was variable and dependent on feedstock used with lower values reported for FS and BW (18.1±0.3% and 27.2%, respectively), and highest for food remains prepupa (36%). Dry matter reduction ranged between 50.3-81.8% with corresponding bioconversion and feed conversion rates ranging from 14.9-20.8% and 2.6-4.5, respectively, was achieved for the substrates used. These results indicated the potential of utilising BSF composting in valorisation of the local organic wastes for their bioremediation from the environment. Due to their availability in large quantities and their low cost, these organic wastes can form important feedstock resources for the sustainable production of BSF larvae as a future alternative protein source for both animal feeds at farm level and industrial scale. In conclusion, embracing nutrient recycling through BSF technology by resource-constrained farmers in Kenya will contribute to food security through supply of proteins for production of poultry and fish.

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Distillers dried by-products from barley as protein source for ruminants

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72174 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 213-219

Author(s):

Matti Näsi

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Lysine Content ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Distillers Dried Grains ◽

Limited Protein ◽

By Products ◽

In Sacco

The nutritive value of barley-derived distillers dried grains (BDDG) and distillers dried grains with solubles (BDDGS) was assessed in digestibility and in sacco rumen degradability experiments. The crude protein contents of BDDG and BDDGS were 26.4 % and 29.9 %, and the crude fibre contents 19.9 % and 17.4 % in DM, respectively. The ADF and NDF contents averaged 33 % and 67 % and the lignin 7.6 % of DM. The digestibilities of the nutrients were measured with four rams in both trials and the distillers by-products were given at two levels, 33 % and 66 %, in hay-based rations. The digestibilities in BDDG and BDDGS were, respectively, 43.1 % and 47.7 % for organic matter, 64.5 % and 66.5 % for crude protein, and 86.7 % and 87.9 % for ether extract. Due to the low digestibilities, the energy values of the two products were low, 0.58 FU/kg DM and 8.0 MJ/kg for both, and DCP/FU 295g for BDDG and 347 g for BDDGS. The rumen degradability of the crude protein of BDDG and BDDGS was found to be low and significantly lower than the degradability of wheat distillery by-products (P < 0.05). Fine grinding gave more rapid degradability. Due to the low total digestibility and reduced lysine content, BDDG and BDDGS may have limited protein availability when given as supplements.

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Effect of Three Husbandry Systems on Environmental Impact of Organic Pigs

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10103796 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 3796 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gwendolyn Rudolph ◽

Stefan Hörtenhuber ◽

Davide Bochicchio ◽

Gillian Butler ◽

Roland Brandhofer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Environmental Impacts ◽

Live Weight ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Farm Size ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Feed Production ◽

Pig Husbandry ◽

By Products

This study examined the environmental impact of the three common organic pig husbandry systems, indoor (n = 24), partly outdoor (n = 30), and outdoor (n = 10), in eight European countries. Global warming (GWP), acidification (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP) was assessed per 1000 kg pig live weight on 64 farrow-to-finish pig production chains (cradle to farm gate). GWP, AP, and EP varied greatly, and the most important source was feed production, followed by housing. GWP did not differ between systems (p = 0.934), but AP in indoor systems and EP in outdoor systems were higher than in partly outdoor systems (p = 0.006 and p = 0.010, respectively). The higher AP in indoor systems can mainly be explained by NH3 arising from manure spreading, while PO4-eq arising from feed consumption and emissions on pasture accounted for the higher EP in outdoor systems. Associations of farm characteristics with (reduced) environmental impacts were mainly found for AP and EP, and included: (Increasing) farm size, numbers of piglets born and weaned per litter, (bought-in) mineral feed, and high-protein by-products, the latter probably connected to beneficial effects of appropriate dietary digestible lysine levels and feed conversion ratio. Increasing carcass weights and dietary cereal proportions were associated with higher environmental impacts. Overall, variation was mostly higher within than between systems, and measures to mitigate environmental impact were identified.

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Brewery’s waste streams as a valuable substrate for Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research ◽

10.4081/jear.2019.8876 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Jucker ◽

M.G. Leonardi ◽

I. Rigamonti ◽

D. Lupi ◽

S. Savoldelli

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Control Diet ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Mass Rearing ◽

Developmental Time ◽

Biological Traits ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Spent Grain ◽

By Products ◽

Brewery Wastes

The growing population and, consequently, the demand for food, has led to an increase in the agro-food activities, causing irreversible exploitation of natural resources. The use of insects for the management and recycling of by-products of the agro-food industry and for the production of proteins is growing. The Diptera Hermetia illucens is of particular interest as larvae are able to grow rapidly on numerous organic matters and are rich in proteins and fats. The identification of a low-cost and low-impact substrate suitable for the mass rearing of H. illucens is consequently of great interest. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of brewery wastes, spent grain and trub (used separately or mixed), as rearing substrate for the larvae. We evaluated the effect of these diets on preimmaginal performance (survival, developmental time, and weight reached) and adult traits (sex-ratio, dimension, and female fertility). As a result, the different substrates significantly impacted different biological traits. Best results, both for larvae and adults, were reported when the brewery wastes were provided together, leading to similar results obtained in a control diet and comparable to other previous studies. We conclude that brewery by-products can be valuable substrate for larval growth and in this way can be efficiently recycled and valorised.

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Preliminary results of the optimization of biogas production at the biogas station of the national research institute of animal production in Grodziec Sląski – Kostkowice

Agricultural science and practice ◽

10.15407/agrisp2.03.026 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 26-31

Author(s):

K. Węglarzy ◽

Yu. Shliva ◽

B. Matros ◽

G. Sych

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Production ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Organic Mass ◽

National Research Institute ◽

Digestion Process ◽

By Products

Aim. To optimize the methane digestion process while using different recipes of substrate components of ag- ricultural origin. Methods. The chemical composition of separate components of the substrate of agricultural by-products, industrial wastes, fats of the agrorefi nery and corn silage was studied. Dry (organic) mass, crude protein (fat) fi ber, loose ash, nitrogen-free exhaust were estimated in the components and the productivity of biogas was determined along with the methane content. These data were used as a basis for daily recipes of the substrate and the analysis of biogas production at the biogas station in Kostkowice. Results. The application of by-products of agricultural production solves the problem of their storage on boards and in open containers, which reduces investment costs, related to the installation of units for their storage. Conclusions. The return on investment for obtaining electric energy out of agricultural biogas depends considerably on the kind of the substrate used and on technological and market conditions.

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Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700100067 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 113-117

Author(s):

G. L. Mabey ◽

R. Rose Innes

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

Nutritive Values ◽

Digestible Crude Protein ◽

Accra Plains

SummaryDigestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.

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Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010001000020 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (10) ◽

pp. 2237-2245 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Edney Pereira da Silva ◽

Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello ◽

Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽

Jorge Victor Ludke ◽

Michele Bernardino de Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Matter Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Ether Extract ◽

High Fat ◽

Collection Method ◽

Gross Energy

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.

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