Variability of Physical and Chemical Properties of TLUD Stove Derived Biochars

Biochar is a carbon-rich organic material, obtained by the thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygen-limited environment, used as a soil amendment to stimulate soil fertility and improve soil quality. There is a clear need in developing countries for access to low cost, low technology options for biochar production, for example, top-lit updraft (TLUD) stoves, which are popular and spread worldwide. However, TLUD biochars are inevitably very variable in their properties for a variety of reasons. We present laboratory triplicate tests carried out on TLUD biochars obtained from waste pinewood and a Guadua bamboo. Analyzed properties include specific surface area (A-BET), porosity, skeletal density, hydrophobicity, proximal and elemental composition, cation exchange capacity (CEC), relative liming capacity and pH. SEM images of the bamboo and wood biochars are compared. The biochars were mixed with composted human excreta at 5% and 10% biochar content, and available water content (AWC) was analyzed. Operating temperatures in the TLUD were recorded, showing different behaviors among the feedstocks during the process. Differences in operating temperatures during charring of the bamboo samples seem to have led to differences in A-BET, hydrophobicity and CEC, following unprecedented trends. For the mixtures of the biochars with compost, at 5% biochar no significant differences were observed for AWC. However, in the 10% biochar mixtures, bamboo biochar showed an unexpectedly high AWC. Overall, variations of chemical and physical properties between bamboo biochars were greater, while pinewood biochars showed similar properties, consistent with more homogeneous charring temperatures.

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Some physical and chemical properties of substrates designed for container production of spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst)

Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta ◽

10.2298/gsf0490079v ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 79-90

Author(s):

Vesna Vratusa

Keyword(s):

Woody Plants ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Foreign Markets ◽

Urban Green Spaces ◽

Nursery Production ◽

Countries In Transition ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Efficient nursery production of woody plants, as well as the level of their successful application in urban green spaces, greatly depends upon properties of substrates in which these individuals grow, develop and endure. Furthermore, quality of substrate does not only affect the quality of future product (plant individual or green space), but distinctly determines its price. This element, extremely significant for all countries in transition, thus Serbia as well, commands finding ways of making qualitative, but least expensive substrate. The most logical solution is to use mixtures/substrates of precisely defined properties, composed of domestic components. Results presented in this paper imply that it is possible to create precisely such standard mixtures from domestic resources at relatively low cost, adjusted to needs of particular species, which would ultimately lead to successful, non-expensive nursery production and application of produced stock, both on domestic and foreign markets.

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M-Polynomials and Associated Topological Indices of Sodalite Materials

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/5924409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Ghazanfar Abbas ◽

Muhammad Ibrahim ◽

Ali Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Azeem ◽

Kashif Elahi

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Topological Index ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Topological Indices ◽

Mathematical Tool ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Natural Zeolites ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Natural zeolites are commonly described as macromolecular sieves. Zeolite networks are very trendy chemical networks due to their low-cost implementation. Sodalite network is one of the most studied types of zeolite networks. It helps in the removal of greenhouse gases. To study this rich network, we use an authentic mathematical tool known as M-polynomials of the topological index and show some physical and chemical properties in numerical form, and to understand the structure deeply, we compare different legitimate M-polynomials of topological indices, concluding in the form of graphical comparisons.

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Degradation of Colored Polystyrene Films

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.254 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 930 ◽

pp. 254-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francisca Pereira de Araújo ◽

Josy Anteveli Osajima ◽

Mônica Regina Silva de Araujo ◽

Edson Cavalcanti da Silva Filho ◽

João Sammy Nery de Souza

Keyword(s):

Crystal Violet ◽

Carbonyl Compounds ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Visible Radiation ◽

No Formation ◽

Crystal Violet Dye ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Polystyrene is commercial polymer of extensive use in industrial scale due to great physical and chemical properties and low cost. Lifespan of polymer materials can be changed by incorporation of additions to polymeric matrix.The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of crystal violet dye in polystyrene matrices when irradiated by visible radiation. The samples were studied in the form of films, in which solution of crystal violet (5.0x10-4mol.L-1) was added to the PS solution (8% w / w). The films were irradiated with commercial lamp for 150 hours and analyzed with UV-Vis and FTIR. The results showed that the dye degraded at a rate of 16%, however the FTIR analysis revealed that polystyrene did not degrade under the conditions studied, since no formation of carbonyl compounds was observed.

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Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine

Soil Systems ◽

10.3390/soilsystems4020025 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Ehsan Zare ◽

Nan Li ◽

Tibet Khongnawang ◽

Mohammad Farzamian ◽

John Triantafilis

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Support Vector Machine ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Future Research ◽

Support Vector ◽

Stream Channels ◽

Supply Channel ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

The clay alluvial plains of Namoi Valley have been intensively developed for irrigation. A condition of a license is water needs to be stored on the farm. However, the clay plain was developed from prior stream channels characterised by sandy clay loam textures that are permeable. Cheap methods of soil physical and chemical characterisations are required to map the supply channels used to move water on farms. Herein, we collect apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) from a DUALEM-421 along a 4-km section of a supply channel. We invert ECa to generate electromagnetic conductivity images (EMCI) using EM4Soil software and evaluate two-dimensional models of estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ—mS m−1) against physical (i.e., clay and sand—%) and chemical properties (i.e., electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste extract (ECe—dS m−1) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC, cmol(+) kg−1). Using a support vector machine (SVM), we predict these properties from the σ and depth. Leave-one-site-out cross-validation shows strong 1:1 agreement (Lin’s) between the σ and clay (0.85), sand (0.81), ECe (0.86) and CEC (0.83). Our interpretation of predicted properties suggests the approach can identify leakage areas (i.e., prior stream channels). We suggest that, with this calibration, the approach can be used to predict soil physical and chemical properties beneath supply channels across the rest of the valley. Future research should also explore whether similar calibrations can be developed to enable characterisations in other cotton-growing areas of Australia.

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Study the Effects of Different Surfactants on Hydrophilicity of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

Volume 4: Advanced Manufacturing Processes; Biomedical Engineering; Multiscale Mechanics of Biological Tissues; Sciences, Engineering and Education; Multiphysics; Emerging Technologies for Inspection ◽

10.1115/esda2012-82399 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Hojjat Madadi ◽

Jasmina Casals-Terré

Keyword(s):

Vapour Deposition ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Vapour ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Base Material ◽

Hydrophobic Surface ◽

Fabrication Procedure ◽

Highly Hydrophobic ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

The outstanding characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) caused its extensive use as base material to manufacture microfluidic devices. PDMS has numerous advantages coming from instinct properties such as its low cost, simple fabrication procedure, and robust nature that make it a compatible material in many applications such as biological and biomedical engineering. In spite of favorable physical and chemical properties, hydrophobic surface of PDMS is sometimes debatable. Because of PDMS is highly hydrophobic, pumping aqueous solution through microchannels using only capillary forces might be difficult. Although many surface treatments methods have been proposed to modify and increase the hydrophilicity of PDMS [Oxygen plasma [1], UV-radiation [2], Silanization and Chemical vapour deposition [3],…], the use of surfactants is the most effective and easiest method to overcome the hydrophobicity compared to more complex protocols which require expensive facilities [4,5]. The hydrophilic behavior of surfactant-added PDMS and especially its biocompatibility has allowed many microfluidic bio-applications such as separation of biomolecules [6,7], blood cell separation [8] and cell-based assay [9,10]. This paper discusses about the efficiency of adding different surfactants on the wettability of PDMS.

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Sugarcane Biochar for Agricultural Use Produced in Different Conditions of Pyrolysis

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v38i430307 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Juliany Barbosa de Pinho ◽

Aloisio Bianchini ◽

Pedro Silvério Xavier Pereira ◽

Letycia Cunha Nunes ◽

Rodrigo Fernandes Daros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Raw Material ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Oxidizing Atmosphere ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Agricultural Use ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

From the pyrolysis process, biochar is a carbon rich and recalcitrant organic material with potential for long term carbon sequestration because of its aromatic structure. However, the physical and chemical properties of the biochar vary due to the diversity of raw material and the conditions of production. The present study aimed to evaluate the biochar from the sugarcane bagasse at different temperatures and under two conditions of pyrolysis. The biochar was produced at two final temperatures 200°C (1 hour); 250°C (1h) and 250°C (2h), with pyrolysis of an oxidizing and non-oxidizing atmosphere for both. PH, cation exchange capacity (CTC), carbon content (C), Nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), H:C, C:N and ash ratios were evaluated. The contents of C, H, N and the atomic ratios H:C and C:N were higher in Biochar produced in a non-oxidizing atmosphere (BNO). However, the content of ash, pH and CTC were higher in Biochar produced in oxidizing atmospheres (BO). One can conclude the direct influence of the pyrolysis condition.

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Pronamide Phytotoxicity in Ten Wisconsin Soils

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500055600 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 429-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T. E. Dutt ◽

R. G. Harvey

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Clay Content ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Mg Content ◽

The Relationship ◽

And Chemical Properties

Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-(N-1, 1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide] phytotoxicity was compared in 10 Wisconsin soils and the relationship of activity to soil physical and chemical properties appraised. Twelve soil properties were measured and correlated with pronamide I50(50% fresh weight inhibition) values using oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Portal’) as the indicator plant in bioassays conducted under greenhouse conditions. Organic matter was the soil variable most inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity. Cation exchange capacity, field moisture capacity, and Mg content were also inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity, but probably reflect changes in soil organic matter levels. Clay content did not significantly affect pronamide phytotoxicity.

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The influence of heating temperature on the physical and chemical properties of soils with different parent materials and anthropogenic uses

Spanish Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.3232/sjss.2015.v5.n3.03 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriela Sacchi ◽

Paola Campitelli ◽

Patricia Soria ◽

Silvia Ceppi

Keyword(s):

Heating Temperature ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical Property ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Parent Materials ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Although natural and controlled fires are common in natural environments of the Province of Córdoba (Argentina), the effects on the physical and chemical soil properties are not well known. Warming effects were studied in two representative soil parent materials located in the piedmont of the Sierra Chica, Córdoba, Argentina. The aim of this study was to quantify the changes caused by different heating temperatures (100 °C and 500 °C), under laboratory conditions, on physical and chemical properties of two soils with different granulometric compositions and anthropic uses. The soils were classified as Udic Haplustoll, fine loamy (alluvial soils) and Udic Argiustoll, fine silty (loessoides soils). The depth analyzed corresponded to the upper 5 cm of the surface horizon. The physical property was granulometric composition (clay, silt and sand content) and the chemical properties: pH, oxidizable carbon (Cox), total nitrogen (Nt), cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+), extractable phosphorus (Pe) and electrical conductivity (EC). These analyses included both unheated samples (control) and those heated at different temperatures. Cox, pH, EC and CEC showed similar behavior at the different heating temperatures, despite the parent materials and the soil use conditions. Cox, pH, Nt and CEC could statistically explain the differences in edaphic properties at the temperatures analyzed. At 300 °C statistically significant differences were recorded for the analyzed soil parameters, and at 500 °C changes difficult to reverse due to the inorganic colloidal fraction collapse and the decrease (90%) of the organic fraction were found.

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Nano-Structured Lignin as Green Antioxidant and UV Shielding Ingredient for Sunscreen Applications

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10020274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 274

Author(s):

Davide Piccinino ◽

Eliana Capecchi ◽

Elisabetta Tomaino ◽

Sofia Gabellone ◽

Valeria Gigli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Uv Shielding ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties ◽

Nanoscale Level

Green, biocompatible, and biodegradable antioxidants represent a milestone in cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications. Lignin is the most abundant polyphenol in nature, recovered as a low-cost waste from the pulp and paper industry and biorefinery. This polymer is characterized by beneficial physical and chemical properties which are improved at the nanoscale level due to the emergence of antioxidant and UV shielding activities. Here we review the use of lignin nanoparticles in cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications, focusing on sunscreen and antiaging formulations. Advances in the technology for the preparation of lignin nanoparticles are described highlighting structure activity relationships.

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EFFET DU DRAINAGE SOUTERRAIN SUR QUELQUES PROPRIETES DE SOLS ARGILEUX DU QUEBEC

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss80-009 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 83-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. R. DE KIMPE ◽

M. R. LAVERDIÈRE

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Soils ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Internal Drainage ◽

Sols Argileux ◽

Aeration Conditions ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Extractable Iron ◽

And Chemical Properties

Four series of agricultural soils of Quebec were sampled in the Lowlands on drained and undrained sites in order to investigate the effect of long-term internal drainage on the physical and chemical properties of the profiles. Change in structure was observed in the Ste-Rosalie soils. A massive layer found below 18 cm in the undrained profile was replaced by a more structured layer at greater depth in the drained profiles. Occurrence of mottles down to the Cg horizon reflected the better aeration conditions in the drained sites. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values were sometimes higher and sometimes lower than those measured in the undrained profiles. Below the plow layer, the two profiles drained for more than 50 yr had a cation exchange capacity 12–15% higher than the undrained profiles. Oxalate-extractable iron represented a high percentage of the dithionite-extractable iron and indicated a low rate of formation of crystalline pedogenic oxides. Mn accumulations were found in the more compact layers. The improvement of internal drainage requires a soil management that will enhance soil structure.

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