scholarly journals Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red Ginseng

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7111
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
Sullim Lee ◽  
Ji-Hwan Lee ◽  
Ki-Sung Kang ◽  
Myoung-Sook Shin
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Griess Reagent ◽  
Korean Red Ginseng ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Tnf Α

Background and Objectives: Korean red ginseng (KRG) is known as an immune-enhancing health food and has been approved by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. We analyzed the immune-enhancing activity of KRG and its polysaccharide (KRG-P) using RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Materials and Methods: The protein and mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using ELISA and qRT-PCR, respectively. Nitric oxide levels were measured using the Griess reagent. The phosphorylation and total protein levels of ERK, p38, JNK, p65, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblot assay. Results: The polysaccharide (KRG-P), but not KRG, produced nitric oxide, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 cells. KRG-P increased nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), IL-6, and TNF-α expression in RAW264.7 cells. KRG-P also increased phosphorylation of MAPKs (mitogen-activate protein kinases) including ERK, p38, JNK, and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in a concentration-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: The polysaccharide KRG-P is the active component responsible for the immune-enhancing activity of Korean red ginseng and may modulate the systemic immune system in vivo.

scholarly journals Effects of Sibseonsan as an Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Wrinkle, and Skin Whitening Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Na Young Jo
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Sibseonsan (SSS) is an effective anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkling, and whitening agent.Methods: To determine whether SSS had an anti-inflammatory effect, a murine macrophage cell line was used (RAW 264.7) and production of DPPH, NO, TNF-α, and PGE2 were measured. To ascertain potential anti-wrinkle effects of SSS in these cells, collagenase and elastase production were measured. To verify whether SSS had a whitening effect, tyrosinase activity and DOPA staining were performed using a melanoma cell line (B16/F10).Results: There was no significant reduction in survival of SSS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, up to 400 μg/mL. Free radical scavenging (23.96 ± 1.85%) was observed in RAW 264.7 cells treated with SSS at a concentration of 400 μg/mL. The SSS treatment group (400 μg/mL) significantly inhibited NO production compared with the LPS stimulated treatment group. The SSS treatment of macrophage cells appeared to reduce production of TNF-α in a concentration dependent manner. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of PGE<sub>2</sub> by about 25% in the SSS treatment (400 μg/mL) group (<i>p</i> = 0.05). Compared with the control, the production of collagenase and elastase in B16/F10 cells treated with SSS (400 μg/mL) was greater by 26.37% and 45.71%, respectively. The SSS treatment (400 μg/mL) group showed a significant reduction by about 17% in tyrosinase production in B16/F10 cells. The SSS treatment group showed little change in DOPA staining.<br>Conclusion: SSS extract may be useful for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases and may have anti-wrinkle and whitening effects. These results may support the use of SSS in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Saussurea lappa Clarke extract exhibits potent antioxidant effect and attenuates neuroinflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1911-1917
Author(s):  
Sung-Gyu Lee ◽  
Hyun Kang
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
No Production ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Saussurea Lappa ◽  
Tnf Α

Purpose: To investigate the antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory potential of Saussurea lappa Clarke (SLC-EA) extract in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells.Methods: Cell viability was measured by using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay while antioxidant activity was evaluated by using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to stimulate BV-2 microglia. Griess assay was employed to assess nitric oxide (NO) production. iNOS (inducible NO synthase) expression and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) cytokine production were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and immuno blot analysis, respectively.Results: Pretreatment of 100 mg/ml of SLC-EA (p < 0.001) was inhibited Nitric Oxide (NO) by 1 ug/ml of LPS-treated murine BV-2 cells. The expression of iNOS and TNF-α were reduced by SLC-EA concentration dependent manner (p < 0.001 at 100 mg/ml). SLC-EA were scavenged 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of approximately 51.4 μg/ml.Conclusion: The results indicate that SLC-EA extract exhibits strong antioxidant properties and inhibits excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine due probably to the antioxidant phenolic compounds present in SLC-EA extract. Further work in exploring the in-depth mechanisms of SLC-EA extract in regulating inflammatory signaling pathways in treating neuroinflammatory diseases is necessary. Keywords: Saussurea lappa, Antioxidant, Neuroinflammation, Microglia, TNF-α, iNOS

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 6-Methylcoumarin in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages via Regulation of MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (17) ◽  
pp. 5351
Author(s):  
Jin-Kyu Kang ◽  
You-Chul Chung ◽  
Chang-Gu Hyun
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Persistent inflammatory reactions promote mucosal damage and cause dysfunction, such as pain, swelling, seizures, and fever. Therefore, in this study, in order to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of 6-methylcoumarin (6-MC) and suggest its availability, macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to conduct an in vitro experiment. The effects of 6-MC on the production and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were examined. The results showed that 6-MC reduced the levels of NO and PGE2 without being cytotoxic. In addition, it was demonstrated that the increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines caused by LPS stimulation, was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner with 6-MC treatment. Moreover, Western blot results showed that the protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which increased with LPS treatment, were decreased by 6-MC treatment. Mechanistic studies revealed that 6-MC reduced the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and IκBα in the MAPK and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, respectively. These results suggest that 6-MC is a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases that inhibits inflammation via the MAPK and NF-κB pathways.

Moringa Fruit Inhibits LPS-Induced NO/iNOS Expression through Suppressing the NF-κB Activation in RAW264.7 Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (05) ◽  
pp. 1109-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo-Jin Lee ◽  
Yun-Jeong Jeong ◽  
Tae-Sung Lee ◽  
Yoon-Yub Park ◽  
Whi-Gun Chae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), a natural biologically active substance, by determining its inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Extracts from different parts of moringa (root, leaf, and fruit) reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) release in a dose-dependent manner. The moringa fruit extract most effectively inhibited LPS-induced NO production and levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The moringa fruit extract also was shown to suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Furthermore, moringa fruit extract inhibited the cytoplasmic degradation of I κ B -α and the nuclear translocation of p65 proteins, resulting in lower levels of NF -κ B transactivation. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrate that moringa fruit extract reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators including NO , IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 via the inhibition of NF -κ B activation in RAW264.7 cells. These findings reveal, in part, the molecular basis underlying the anti-inflammatory properties of moringa fruit extract.

scholarly journals New 12,23-Epoxydammarane Type Saponins Obtained from Panax notoginseng Leaves and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 3784
Author(s):  
Jingya Ruan ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Fan Sun ◽  
Lifeng Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Panax Notoginseng ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Two new 12,23-epoxydammarane-type saponins, notoginsenosides NL-I (1) and NL-J (2), were isolated and identified from Panax notoginseng leaves through the combination of various chromatographies and extensive spectroscopic methods, as well as chemical reactions. Among them, notoginsenoside NL-J (2) had a new skeleton. Furthermore, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage model was used to identify the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and mechanisms of compounds 1 and 2. Both of them exerted strong inhibition on nitric oxide (NO) productions in a concentration-dependent manner at 1, 10, and 25 μM. Moreover, these two compounds significantly decreased the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB/p65), and nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells.

scholarly journals 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammation via Suppression of MAPK, NF-κB and mTOR Activation in RAW 264.7 Cells

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanhui Kong ◽  
Bae Lee ◽  
Kun Wei
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is found in many food products including honey, dried fruits, coffee and black garlic extracts. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 5-HMF and its underlying mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 5-HMF pretreatment ranging from 31.5 to 126.0 μg/mL reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in a concentration-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, 5-HMF-pretreated cells significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of two major inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as compared with the only LPS-stimulated cells. 5-HMF suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), IκBα, NF-κB p65, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein kinase B (Akt). Besides, 5-HMF was proved to inhibit NF-κB p65 translocation into nucleus to activate inflammatory gene transcription. These results suggest that 5-HMF could exert the anti-inflammatory activity in the LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB and Akt/mTOR pathways. Thus, 5-HMF could be considered as a therapeutic ingredient in functional foods.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Ethanol Extract of Polygonum cuspidatum as a Mouthwash Component

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110052
Author(s):  
Eun-Hee Kim ◽  
Jin-Cheon Kim ◽  
Hye Kyung Kim ◽  
Young-Ah Jang
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Polygonum Cuspidatum ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) has been used as traditional Korean medicine to treat various diseases including asthma, hypertension, cancer, and arteriosclerosis. In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of PC ethanol extract. Persistent antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans for up to 23 days was observed when the extract was used at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration of PC against S. mutans was 0.2 mg/mL and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 10 mg/mL. We compared the antimicrobial activities of S. mutagens cultured with or without PC. Bacterial activity was observed only in the group where RE was not added. The anti-inflammatory effect of PC on RAW264.7 cells was assessed using the MTT assay; changes in nitric oxide (NO) production and inflammatory cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-6) were measured in the presence of PC. In lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells, PC inhibited NO production by 68.6% when used at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The expression of TNF-α and IL-6 was reduced by PC in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of PC could be used as a mouthwash component with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

scholarly journals Inhibitory effect of a formulated extract from multiple citrus peels on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 246.7 macrophages

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadahiro Etoh ◽  
Yong P. Kim ◽  
Masahiko Hayashi ◽  
Michiko Suzawa ◽  
Shiming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Citrus Peel ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
Citrus Peel Extract ◽  
Peel Extract

Background: Formulated Citrus Peel Extract (GL) made from the peels of six citrus fruits available in Japan, namely navel oranges, citrus hassaku, citrus limon, citrus natsudaidai, citrus miyauchi and satsuma, was initially developed as a cosmetic product to protect skin from UV irradiation. Anecdotal evidences of anti-cancer property of GL have been reported by consumers based on the cases such as topical application for melanoma, and oral ingestion for prostate, lung and liver cancers. Those anecdotal reports stimulated us to investigate anti-tumorigenesis activity of GL. In the previous study, we reported that the topical application of GL inhibited DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumor formation by decreasing inflammatory gene parameters.Objective: In this study, we mainly investigated the effect of GL on translocation of NF-kB together with production of nitric-oxide and TNF-α induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells.Results: This investigation showed that GL decreased the release of TNF-α and nitric oxide from macrophage RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GL suppressed the expression of iNOS and nuclear translocation of NF-kB in RAW264.7 cells, inhibited the degradation of IκB-α, and scavenged hydroxyl radicals (DMPO/OH adduct) in vitro.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that GL suppresses the inflammation in vitro, and exerts chemopreventive activity through the inhibition of production of TNF-α and iNOS proteins due to the inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-kB and oxidative stress. GL appears to be a novel functional natural product capable of preventing inflammation and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Keywords: GL, Citrus peel extract, anti-inflammation, Nitric oxide, iNOS, NF-kB, TNF-α

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Simonsinol on Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells through Inactivation of NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 3573
Author(s):  
Lian-Chun Li ◽  
Zheng-Hong Pan ◽  
De-Sheng Ning ◽  
Yu-Xia Fu
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Simonsinol is a natural sesqui-neolignan firstly isolated from the bark of Illicium simonsii. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of simonsinol was investigated with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages RAW264.7 cells model. The results demonstrated that simonsinol could antagonize the effect of LPS on morphological changes of RAW264.7 cells, and decrease the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, as determined by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, simonsinol could downregulate transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and IL-6 as measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and inhibit phosphorylation of the alpha inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα) as assayed by Western blot. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that simonsinol could inhibit inflammation response in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells through the inactivation of the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Comparing the protective effects of resveratrol, curcumin and sulforaphane against LPS/IFN-γ-mediated inflammation in doxorubicin-treated macrophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidy A. Saleh ◽  
Eman Ramdan ◽  
Mohey M. Elmazar ◽  
Hassan M. E. Azzazy ◽  
Anwar Abdelnaser
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Inos Mrna ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ

AbstractDoxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy is associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. This has been suggested to be, in part, due to DOX-mediated leakage of endotoxins from gut microflora, which activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in macrophages, causing severe inflammation. However, the direct function of DOX on macrophages is still unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that DOX alone is incapable of stimulating inflammatory response in macrophages. Then, we compared the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin (CUR), resveratrol (RES) and sulforaphane (SFN) against lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (LPS/IFN-γ)-mediated inflammation in the absence or presence of DOX. For this purpose, RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS/IFN-γ (10 ng/mL/10 U/mL) in the absence or presence of DOX (0.1 µM). Our results showed that DOX alone is incapable of stimulating an inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, after 24 h of incubation with LPS/IFN-γ, a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels was observed. Similarly, nitric oxide (NO) production and TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels were significantly upregulated. Moreover, in LPS/IFN-γ-treated macrophages, the microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-21 were significantly overexpressed. Interestingly, upon testing CUR, RES, and SFN against LPS/IFN-γ-mediated inflammation, only SFN was able to significantly reverse the LPS/IFN-γ-mediated induction of iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 and attenuate miR-146a and miR-155 levels. In conclusion, SFN, at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, exhibits potent immunomodulatory action against LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages, which may indicate SFN as a potential treatment for DOX-associated inflammation.

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