scholarly journals Visual Performance Assessment of Videos—A Case Study of the Game “Spot the Difference”

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7628
Author(s):  
Po-Hung Lin ◽  
Hung-Jen Chen ◽  
Zhi-Qian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Simple Game ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Scan Path ◽  
Scan Paths ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
Better Than

“Spot the Difference” is a well-known game where players must find subtle differences between two almost identical pictures. If “Spot the Difference” is designed for videos, what is the difference between videos and pictures? If the performance of videos is measured by an eye tracker, what scan paths will be conducted? In this study, we explored this game using a video to conduct a visual performance evaluation. Twenty-five subjects were recruited in a full-factorial experiment to investigate the effect of background (with background, without background), video type (animation, text), and arrangement (left-to-right, top-to-bottom) on searching, eye tracking performance, and visual fatigue. The results showed that the video type had a significant effect on the accuracy and subjective visual fatigue, with the accuracy and subjective visual fatigue for animation being better than for text. The results also indicated that the arrangement had a significant effect on the number of fixations, where top-to-bottom arrangement brought a higher number of fixations. The background had a significant effect on accuracy and subjective visual fatigue, where the accuracy and subjective visual fatigue without a background was better than with a background. For the analysis of the scan path, a denser scan path was found in text than in animation, in top-to-bottom arrangement than in left-to-right arrangement, and without a background than with a background. In the future, game manufacturers should use the results of this research to design different “Spot the Difference” videos. When designing a simple game, an animation without a background and involving a left-to-right arrangement was recommended. When designing a difficult game, the opposite settings should be used.

scholarly journals Daylight: What makes the difference?

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Knoop ◽  
O Stefani ◽  
B Bueno ◽  
B Matusiak ◽  
R Hobday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Behavioural Economic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

Light is necessary for vision; it enables us to sense and perceive our surroundings and in many direct and indirect ways, via eye and skin, affects our physiological and psychological health. The use of light in built environments has comfort, behavioural, economic and environmental consequences. Daylight has many particular benefits including excellent visual performance, permitting good eyesight, effective entrainment of the circadian system as well as a number of acute non-image forming effects and the important role of vitamin D production. Some human responses to daylight seem to be well defined whilst others require more research to be adequately understood. This paper presents an overview of current knowledge on how the characteristics of daylight play a role in fulfilling these and other functions often better than electric lighting as conventionally delivered.

Estimation of Visual Performance in Children with and without Binocular Anomalies by Means of a Computerised Coding Test

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 313-313
Author(s):  
T A Podugolnikova ◽  
G I Rozhkova ◽  
I S Kondakova
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Test Objects ◽  
Better Than

Coding tests are regularly used to estimate the capacity for mental work in children entering school and for younger schoolchildren. The task of the child is to fill a special form by putting conventional symbols (codes) under the rows of test objects in accordance with a sample. The results of such testing reflect both visuomotor and intellectual capabilities since, on one hand, a subject has to perform fast eye and hand movements comparing test objects with the sample and drawing codes but, on the other hand, it is not forbidden to memorise codes and to use an optimal strategy for filling the form. In order to make the coding test more suitable for estimating purely visual capabilities, we evolved a computerised version in which codes were changing at each step, thus making their memorisation useless. Such a coding test was used in an examination of 22 children (age 6 – 7 years) with binocular anomalies (strabismus, amblyopia) from special kindergartens and 190 normal children (aged 6 – 9 years) (63 from kindergartens and 127 from school forms 1 – 3). The difference between children with binocular anomalies and normal children of the same age was statistically significant ( p<0.005). The average indices for normal children of different ages differed significantly increasing from 11.8 (at 6 years) to 24.6 (at 9 years) symbols per minute. The effect of learning was also evident: the indexes of 7-year-old children from the first school form were better than in children of the same age from a kindergarten. The correlation between coding indexes and reading rate was positive but rather weak (0.28) in 52 first-form children tested.

scholarly journals An Eye Tracking Analysis on Diagnostic Performance of Digital Fundus Photography Images between Ophthalmologists and Optometrists

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin ◽  
Azalia Razali
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Fundus Photography ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Scan Path ◽  
Scan Paths ◽  
Fundus Photographs

To investigate the parameters of eye movement between ophthalmologists and optometrists while diagnosing digital fundus photographs, sixteen participants (eight ophthalmologists and eight optometrists) were recruited in this study. Every participant’s eye movement during diagnosis of a randomized set of fundus photographs displayed on an eye tracker were recorded. Fixation metrics (duration, count and rate) and scan path patterns were extracted from the eye tracker. These parameters of eye movement and correct diagnosis score were compared between both groups. Correlation analyses between fixation metrics and correct diagnosis score were also performed. Although fixation metrics between ophthalmologists and optometrists were not statistically different (p > 0.05), these parameters were statistically different when compared between different area of interests. Both participant groups had a similar correct diagnosis score. No correlation was found between fixation metrics and correct diagnosis score between both groups, except for total fixation duration and ophthalmologists’ diagnosis score of diabetic retinopathy photographs. The ophthalmologists’ scan paths were simpler, with larger saccades, and were distributed at the middle region of the photographs. Conversely, optometrists’ scan paths were extensive, with shorter saccades covering wider fundus areas, and were accumulated in some unrelated fundus areas. These findings indicated comparable efficiency and systematic visual search patterns between both the groups. Understanding visual search strategy could expedite the creation of a novel training routine for interpretation of ophthalmic diagnostic imaging.

scholarly journals Comparison Of Number Of Diffusion Gradient Direction In Brain Imaging Diffusion Tensor; Case Study Of Tumor Brain

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Afif Rofiky ◽  
Paulus Rahardjo ◽  
Didik Soeharmanto
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Scanning Time ◽  
Gradient Direction ◽  
Scan Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Dti

Background : Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), namely MRI sequence which is the diffusion of water analysis that shows the complex structure of brain tissue. The weakness of this sequence is scanning time. Number of Diffusion Gradient Direction (NDGD) is one of parameter that effect scanning time. Purpose: This study has aim to compare between NDGD 25 and NDGD 15 in brain tumor. Methods: This study used observational analytic study with prospective approach. Five patients were examined using DTI sequence with NDGD 25 and NDGD 15. The parameter for evaluating the quality image is of Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Fiber Tracking (FT). Result: Image with NDGD 25 was better than NDGD 15, but the difference was not significantly. Conclusion: It can be concluded that NDGD 15 can be solution to get informative image with short scan time when DTI sequence is used to examine brain tumor.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN PERFORMA REPRODUKSI KAMBING SAANEN DAN PERANAKAN ETAWA (KASUS DI BBPTU-HPT BATURRADEN) Reproduction of Saanen and Peranakan Etawa Goat Performance Comparative Analysis (Case Study at BBPTU-HPT Baturaden)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
R. Rizki El Akbar ◽  
Heni Indrijani ◽  
Lia Budimulyati Salman
Keyword(s):  
Research Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Saanen Goat ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Days Open ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

Abstrak Kambing Saanen dan Peranakan Etawa (PE) merupakan dua jenis kambing perah yang terkenal unggul dalam produksi dan kualitas susu diantara jenis kambing penghasil susu lainnya. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui perbandingan performa reproduksi (Service per Conception, Days Open, Kidding Interval dan Umur Kawin Pertama) kambing Saanen dan PE. Penelitian dilakukan di Balai Besar Pembibitan Ternak Unggul–Hijauan Pakan Ternak (BBPTU-HPT) Baturraden-Purwokerto Jawa Tengah. Metode penelitian adalah studi kasus. Data yang digunakan adalah data reproduksi yang berasal dari 61 ekor kambing Saanen dan 56 ekor kambing PE. Uji t digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan rataan nilai tampilan reproduksi kambing Saanen dengan PE. Hasil penelitian menunjukan performa reproduksi kambing Saanen lebih baik dari PE dilihat dari Service per Conception (1,15 vs 1,61), Days Open (136,46 hari vs 189,07 hari), kidding interval (284,27 hari vs 338,71 hari) dan umur kawin pertama (275,38 hari vs 393,63 hari). ¬Kata Kunci : Saanen, Peranakan Etawa, Reproduksi Abstract Saanen and Peranakan Etawa (PE) were two popular dairy goats which were superior in the production and milk quality compared to the other kinds of dairy goats. This research’s purpose was to compare the performance of those two dairy goats (Saaneen and PE) in terms of reproduction (Service per Conception, Days Open, Kidding Interval and First Age of Breeding). This research has done at Balai Besar Pembibitan Ternak Unggul-Hijauan Pakan Ternak (BBPT-HMT) Baturraden-Purwokerto, Central Java. The methodology of this research was a case study. This research data was taken from 61 Saanen Goats and 56 PE Goats. This research was using t-test to know the difference of average value from Saanen and PE goats’ reproduction. The result shows that the reproduction performance of Saanen goat was better than PE goat based on Service per Conception (1,15 vs 1,61), Days Open (136,46 days vs 189,07 days), Kidding Interva (284,27 days vs 338,71 days) and First Age of Breeding (275,38 hari vs 393,63 days). Keywords: Saanen, PE, reproduction

Factors-driven comparison between BIM-based and traditional 2D quantity takeoff in construction cost estimation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Wahab ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Level Of Details ◽  
Significant Comparison ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

PurposeQuantity Takeoff (QTO) is an integral part of the decision-making process. Currently, QTO is mostly done using manual or 2D method, and practitioners are considering the use of BIM quantity takeoff as an effective alternative to the traditional 2D software takeoff. However, the existing literature does not have adequate studies to confirm that the use of BIM-based QTO is better than the 2D method. Therefore, this paper aims to expand and improve the existing literature into a more detailed analysis of each element to investigate that BIM is indeed a better option of the two QTO methods.Design/methodology/approachA total of 19 factors in four broad categories, i.e. timely decision making, accuracy, collaboration, and level of details were identified to draw a significant comparison between the two procedures, i.e. BIM-based quantity takeoff and traditional 2D takeoff. Surveys and case study are used to collect data for analysis to achieve the research goals.FindingsThe questionnaire survey showed that using BIM for the QTO process has significant benefits in achieving higher productivity on takeoff, accuracy, clarity and collaboration among the team members. The case study results also showed improvement in BIM-based QTO by achieving higher accuracy and productivity.Originality/valueUnderstanding the difference between the two QTO processes is a challenging task; therefore, this paper contributes to drawing a comparison line between the two processes by introducing the factors that affect the QTO process.

Removal of inelastically scattered electrons substantially increases phase contrast on frozen-hydrated molecules

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 652-653
Author(s):  
John P. Langmore ◽  
Brian D. Athey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Biological Structure ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

Although electron diffraction indicates better than 0.3nm preservation of biological structure in vitreous ice, the imaging of molecules in ice is limited by low contrast. Thus, low-dose images of frozen-hydrated molecules have significantly more noise than images of air-dried or negatively-stained molecules. We have addressed the question of the origins of this loss of contrast. One unavoidable effect is the reduction in scattering contrast between a molecule and the background. In effect, the difference in scattering power between a molecule and its background is 2-5 times less in a layer of ice than in vacuum or negative stain. A second, previously unrecognized, effect is the large, incoherent background of inelastic scattering from the ice. This background reduces both scattering and phase contrast by an additional factor of about 3, as shown in this paper. We have used energy filtration on the Zeiss EM902 in order to eliminate this second effect, and also increase scattering contrast in bright-field and dark-field.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD DENGAN PENDEKATAN RME UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS IX SMP MUHAMMADIYAH PADANG LUAS KECAMATAN TAMBANG KABUPATEN KAMPAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Zainur Zainur
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

This research was motivated by the low learning outcomes of grade IX SMP Muhammadiyah Padang LuasKecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. This study aims to improve learning outcomes in mathematicslearning through STAD type cooperative learning with the RME approach in class IX SMP MuhammadiyahPadang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. The subjects of this study were all classes IX in SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar totaling 26 people. The form ofresearch is classroom action research. This research instrument consists of performance instruments and datacollection instruments in the form of teacher activity observation sheets and activities. The results of the studystated that there were significant differences between students' mathematics learning outcomes before applyingthe STAD type cooperative learning model with the RME approach with after applying the STAD typecooperative learning model with the RME approach. The difference shows student learning outcomes after theaction is better than before the action with completeness reaching 80.77% or 21 completed. Based on the resultsof the study and discussion it can be concluded that the application of STAD type learning model with RealisticMathematic Education (RME) approach can improve the learning outcomes of grade IX students of SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar on statistical material.

EVALUASI PROYEKSI DEMAND BARANG DAN PENUMPANG PELABUHAN DI PROVINSI MALUKU

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Adrian Firdaus ◽  
M. Dwi Yoga Sutanto ◽  
Rajin Sihombing ◽  
M. Weldy Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Projection Method ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Port Development ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Existing Data

Abstract Every port in Indonesia must have a Port Master Plan that contains an integrated port development plan. This study discusses one important aspect in the preparation of the Port Master Plan, namely the projected movement of goods and passengers, which can be used as a reference in determining the need for facilities at each stage of port development. The case study was conducted at a port located in a district in Maluku Province and aims to evaluate the analysis of projected demand for goods and passengers occurring at the port. The projection method used is time series and econometric projection. The projection results are then compared with the existing data in 2018. The results of this study show that the econometric projection gives adequate results in predicting loading and unloading activities as well as the number of passenger arrival and departure in 2018. This is indicated by the difference in the percentage of projection results towards the existing data, which is smaller than 10%. Whereas for loading and unloading activities, time series projections with logarithmic trends give better results than econometric projections. Keywords: port, port master plan, port development, unloading activities  Abstrak Setiap pelabuhan di Indonesia harus memiliki sebuah Rencana Induk Pelabuhan yang memuat rencana pengem-bangan pelabuhan secara terpadu. Studi ini membahas salah satu aspek penting dalam penyusunan Rencana Induk Pelabuhan, yaitu proyeksi pergerakan barang dan penumpang, yang dapat dipakai sebagai acuan dalam penentuan kebutuhan fasilitas di setiap tahap pengembangan pelabuhan. Studi kasus dilakukan pada sebuah pelabuhan yang terletak di sebuah kabupaten di Provinsi Maluku dan bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi ter-hadap analisis proyeksi demand barang dan penumpang yang terjadi di pelabuhan tersebut. Metode proyeksi yang dipakai adalah proyeksi deret waktu dan ekonometrik. Hasil proyeksi selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan data eksisting tahun 2018. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa proyeksi ekonometrik memberikan hasil yang cukup baik dalam memprediksi aktivitas bongkar barang serta jumlah penumpang naik dan turun di tahun 2018. Hal ini diindikasikan dengan selisih persentase hasil proyeksi terhadap data eksisting yang lebih kecil dari 10%. Sedangkan untuk aktivitas muat barang, proyeksi deret waktu dengan tren logaritmik memberikan hasil yang lebih baik daripada proyeksi ekonometrik. Kata-kata kunci: pelabuhan, rencana induk pelabuhan, pengembangan pelauhan, aktivitas bongkar barang

Municipal wastewater treatment with pond–constructed wetland system: a case study

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Wang ◽  
X. Bai ◽  
J. Qiu ◽  
B. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Oxidation Pond ◽  
System A ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Wetland System ◽  
Oxidation Ponds ◽  
Better Than

The performance of a pond–constructed wetland system in the treatment of municipal wastewater in Kiaochow city was studied; and comparison with oxidation ponds system was conducted. In the post-constructed wetland, the removal of COD, TN and TP is 24%, 58.5% and 24.8% respectively. The treated effluent from the constructed wetland can meet the Chinese National Agricultural and Irrigation Standard. The comparison between pond–constructed wetland system and oxidation pond system shows that total nitrogen removal in a constructed wetland is better than that in an oxidation pond and the TP removal is inferior. A possible reason is the low dissolved oxygen concentration in the wetland. Constructed wetlands can restrain the growth of algae effectively, and can produce obvious ecological and economical benefits.

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