scholarly journals Design, Manufacture and Wind Tunnel Test of a Modular FishBAC Wing with Novel 3D Printed Skins

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
Andrés E. Rivero ◽  
Stephane Fournier ◽  
Rafael M. Heeb ◽  
Benjamin K. S. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Lift Coefficient ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Morphing Wing ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Skin Panels

This paper introduces a new modular Fish Bone Active Camber morphing wing with novel 3D printed skin panels. These skin panels are printed using two different Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) formulations: a soft, high strain formulation for the deformable membrane of the skin, reinforced with a stiffer formulation for the stringers and mounting tabs. Additionally, this is the first FishBAC device designed to be modular in its installation and actuation. Therefore, all components can be removed and replaced for maintenance purposes without having to remove or disassemble other parts. A 1m span, 0.27m chord morphing wing with a 25% chord FishBAC was built and tested mechanically and in a low-speed wind tunnel. Results show that the new design is capable of achieving the same large changes in airfoil lift coefficient (approximate ΔCL≈0.55) with a low drag penalty seen in previous FishBAC work, but with a much simpler, practical and modular design. Additionally, the device shows a change in the pitching moment coefficient of ΔCM≈0.1, which shows the potential that the FishBAC has as a control surface.

scholarly journals Wind Tunnel Test of the S814 Thick Root Airfoil

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Somers ◽  
J. L. Tangler
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Lift Coefficient ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Roughness Effects ◽  
Root Region ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Thick Airfoil

The objective of this wind-tunnel test was to verify the predictions of the Eppler Airfoil Design and Analysis Code for a very thick airfoil having a high maximum lift coefficient designed to be largely insensitive to leading-edge roughness effects. The 24 percent thick S814 airfoil was designed with these characteristics to accommodate aerodynamic and structural considerations for the root region of a wind-turbine blade. In addition, the airfoil’s maximum lift-to-drag ratio was designed to occur at a high lift coefficient. To accomplish the objective, a two-dimensional wind tunnel test of the S814 thick root airfoil was conducted in January 1994 in the low-turbulence wind tunnel of the Delft University of Technology Low Speed Laboratory, The Netherlands. Data were obtained with transition free and transition fixed for Reynolds numbers of 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 × 106. For the design Reynolds number of 1.5 × 106, the maximum lift coefficient with transition free is 1.32, which satisfies the design specification. However, this value is significantly lower than the predicted maximum lift coefficient of almost 1.6. With transition fixed at the leading edge, the maximum lift coefficient is 1.22. The small difference in maximum lift coefficient between the transition-free and transition-fixed conditions demonstrates the airfoil’s minimal sensitivity to roughness effects. The S814 root airfoil was designed to complement existing NREL low maximum-lift-coefficient tip-region airfoils for rotor blades 10 to 15 meters in length.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Controlling a Small Mars Plane

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiki Chiba ◽  
Mikio Waki
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Power Control ◽  
High Power ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Martian Atmosphere ◽  
Planetary Exploration ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Dielectric Elastomers

Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are lightweight and high-power, making them ideal for power control in a planetary exploration spacecraft. In this chapter, we will discuss the control of an exploration airplane exploring the surface of Mars using DEs. This airplane requires lightweight and powerful actuators to fly in the rare Martian atmosphere. DEs are a possible candidate for use as actuator controlling the airplane since they have high power, and high efficiency. A structural model of a wing having a control surface, a DE, and a linkage was built and a wind tunnel test of a control surface actuation using a DE actuator was carried out.

Development of a Morphing Wing Actuated by Shape Memory Alloys and Its Wind Tunnel Test

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017.66 (0) ◽  
pp. 810
Author(s):  
Tadashige IKEDA ◽  
Toshiyuki KOJIMA ◽  
Masato TAMAYAMA ◽  
Hitoshi ARIZONO ◽  
Atsuhiko SENBA
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Shape Memory Alloys ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Morphing Wing

Wind Tunnel Testing of Composite Wing Flutter Speed due to Control Surface Excitation

2013 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahzan Muhammad Iyas ◽  
Muhamad Sallehuddin ◽  
Mat Ali Mohamed Sukri ◽  
Mansor Mohd Shuhaimi
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Wind Tunnel Testing ◽  
Structural Stiffness ◽  
Wing Flutter ◽  
Flutter Speed ◽  
Surface Excitation ◽  
Composite Wing

Flutter is a dynamic instability problem represents the interaction among aerodynamic forces and structural stiffness during flight. The study was conducted to investigate whether deflecting the control surface will affect the flutter speed and the flutter frequency. A wind tunnel test was performed using a flat plate wing made of composite material. It was found that by deflecting the control surface at 45°, the wing entered flutter state at wind speed of 28.1 m/s instead of 33.4 m/s. In addition, the flutter frequency also reduced from 224.52 Hz to 198.96 Hz. It was concluded that by deflecting the control surface, the wing experienced flutter at lower speed and frequency.

Composite Wing Flutter Speed and Frequency due to Variable Control Surface Deflection in Low Speed Wind Tunnel

2013 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Muhammad Iyas Mahzan ◽  
Sallehuddin Muhamad ◽  
Sa’ardin Abdul Aziz ◽  
Mohamed Sukri Mat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Wing Flutter ◽  
Flutter Speed ◽  
Surface Deflection ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Low Speed Wind Tunnel ◽  
The Relationship

Flutter is a dynamic instability problem represents the interaction among structural, aerodynamic, elastic and inertial forces and occurred when the energy is continuously transformed by the surrounding fluids to a flying structure in the form of kinetic energy. The study was conducted to investigate the relationship of the control surface deflection angle to the flutter speed and the flutter frequency. A wind tunnel test was performed using a flat plate wing made of composite material. It was found that by deflecting the control surface up to 45°, the flutter speed reduced almost linearly from 35.6 m/s to 22.7 m/s. The flutter frequency greatly reduced from 48 Hz without the control surface deflected to 34 Hz with the control surface deflected at 15°. After 15° deflection up to 45°, the flutter frequency reduced almost linearly.

Wind Tunnel Test of a Rotorcraft with Lift Compounding

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Andŕe Bauknecht ◽  
Xing Wang ◽  
Jan-Arun Faust ◽  
Inderjit Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Lift Coefficient ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Flow Region ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Rolling Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Side Flow

Rotorcraft flight speed is limited by compressibility effects on the advancing blade side and decreasing lift potential on the retreating blade side. It may thus be beneficial to employ a hingeless rotor to generate additional lift with the advancing blade and compensate the resulting rolling moment with a fixed wing on the retreating blade side. This concept is a form of "lift compounding" that appears to show enormous potential. The present paper presents results of a wind tunnel test with a slowed, hingeless rotor and single fixed wing on the retreating blade side. Based on rotor test stand data and flow field measurements, the impact of operational and rotor parameters on system performance and aerodynamics is examined, mutual interaction effects between rotor and fixed wing are analyzed, and dominant flow structures are characterized in the reverse flow region on the retreating blade side. Flow field analysis reveals a reverse flow entrance vortex that freely convects through the reverse flow region and rivals the blade tip vortices in strength. Contrary to previous beliefs, this vortex originates from upstream of the reverse flow region and only its detachment from the rotor blade is related to entering this region. The combination of finite rolling moment trim and aft shaft tilt significantly increases rotor lift coefficient and corresponding peak lift-to-drag ratio of the compound rotorcraft. Results are compared with predictions from a comprehensive rotor analysis that is expanded to cover the main effects of the added fixed wing and is able to reproduce general performance trends of the rotorcraft. The present study highlights that adding a single fixed wing and hingeless rotor to a high-speed rotorcraft could significantly improve its performance.

scholarly journals Design, Manufacturing, and Testing of a New Concept for a Morphing Leading Edge using a Subsonic Blow Down Wind Tunnel

Biomimetics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
David Communier ◽  
Franck Le Besnerais ◽  
Ruxandra Mihaela Botez ◽  
Tony Wong
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Lift Coefficient ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Deformation Method ◽  
Blow Down ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Compliance Mechanism ◽  
Stall Angle

This paper presents the design and wind tunnel test results of a wing including a morphing leading edge for a medium unmanned aerial vehicle with a maximum wingspan of 5 m. The design of the morphing leading edge system is part of research on the design of a morphing camber system. The concept presented here has the advantage of being simple to manufacture (wooden construction) and light for the structure of the wing (compliance mechanism). The morphing leading edge prototype demonstrates the possibility of modifying the stall angle of the wing. In addition, the modification of the stall angle is performed without affecting the slope of the lift coefficient. This prototype is designed to validate the functionality of the deformation method applied to the leading edge of the wing. The mechanism can be further optimized in terms of shape and material to obtain a greater deformation of the leading edge, and, thus, to have a higher impact on the increase of the stall angle than the first prototype of the morphing leading edge presented in this paper.

On–off and proportional–integral controller for a morphing wing. Part 2: Control validation – numerical simulations and experimental tests

2011 ◽  
Vol 226 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
T L Grigorie ◽  
A V Popov ◽  
R M Botez ◽  
M Mamou ◽  
Y Mébarki
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Bench Test ◽  
Morphing Wing ◽  
Data Acquisition Card ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Non Linear System

The second part of this article describes the numerical simulation and experimental validations of actuators control system for a morphing wing application, which was developed and designed in the first part of this article. After the description of the finally adopted control architecture, the validation for the non-linear system model is presented. First, the integrated controller is validated numerically with MATLAB/Simulink software, followed by a physical implementation of the control and experimental validation in the wind tunnel. To implement the controller on the physical model, two programmable switching power supplies, AMREL SPS100-33, and Quanser Q8 data acquisition card were used. The inputs of the data acquisition card were the two signals issued by the linear variable differential transformer potentiometers, indicating the positions of the actuators, and the six signals recorded by thermocouples installed on the SMA wires. The acquisition board output channels were used to control the required power supply to obtain the desired skin deflections. The control experimental validation was performed first on a bench test and then in the wind tunnel test. A number of optimized airfoil shapes, used in the design phase, were translated into actuators vertical displacements which were used as input signals for the controller. In the wind tunnel tests, a comparative study was realized around the transition point position for the reference airfoil and for each optimized airfoil.

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