scholarly journals Characterization of the LPS and 3OHFA Contents in the Lipoprotein Fractions and Lipoprotein Particles of Healthy Men

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Pere Rehues ◽  
Marina Rodríguez ◽  
Judith Álvarez ◽  
Marta Jiménez ◽  
Alba Melià ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Particle Concentration ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
High Interindividual Variability ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is caused by the accumulation of LDL particles in the intima, causing the activation of immune cells and triggering an inflammatory response. LPS is a potent activator of the innate immune response and it can be transported by lipoproteins. Since humans are much more sensitive to LPS than other mammals, and very low amounts of LPS can elicit an immune response, the aim of this study is to characterize the distribution of LPS and its immunogenic portion (3OHFAs) among lipoprotein types of healthy men. We separated lipoprotein fractions by ultracentrifugation and the amount of each 3OHFA was measured by MS in each lipoprotein fraction to calculate LPS concentration. Lipoprotein particle concentration was measured by NMR. LDL and HDL fractions transported the highest concentration of LPS (35.7% and 31.5%, respectively), but VLDL particles carried more LPS molecules per particle (0.55 molecules/particle) than LDL or HDL (p < 0.01). The distribution of LPS and all 3OHFAs among lipoprotein fractions showed high interindividual variability, suggesting that they may be studied as a potential biomarker. This may help understand the role of LPS in atherosclerosis in those cases where the disease cannot be explained by traditional risk factors.

scholarly journals Role of Circulating Lymphocytes in Patients with Sepsis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul de Pablo ◽  
Jorge Monserrat ◽  
Alfredo Prieto ◽  
Melchor Alvarez-Mon
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Circulating Lymphocytes ◽  
Postmortem Studies

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to infection. The incidence rate is estimated to be up to 19 million cases worldwide per year and the number of cases is rising. Infection triggers a complex and prolonged host response, in which both the innate and adaptive immune response are involved. The disturbance of immune system cells plays a key role in the induction of abnormal levels of immunoregulatory molecules. Furthermore, the involvement of effector immune system cells also impairs the host response to the infective agents and tissue damage. Recently, postmortem studies of patients who died of sepsis have provided important insights into why septic patients die and showed an extensive depletion of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes and they found that circulating blood cells showed similar findings. Thus, the knowledge of the characterization of circulating lymphocyte abnormalities is relevant for the understanding of the sepsis pathophysiology. In addition, monitoring the immune response in sepsis, including circulating lymphocyte subsets count, appears to be potential biomarker for predicting the clinical outcome of the patient. This paper analyzes the lymphocyte involvement and dysfunction found in patients with sepsis and new opportunities to prevent sepsis and guide therapeutic intervention have been revealed.

scholarly journals Molecular and Clinical Characterization of LAG3 in Breast Cancer Through 2994 Samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Yihang Qi ◽  
Jie Zhai ◽  
Xiangyi Kong ◽  
Xiangyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite the promising impact of cancer immunotherapy targeting CTLA4 and PD1/PDL1, a large number of cancer patients fail to respond. LAG3 (Lymphocyte Activating 3), also named CD233, is a protein Coding gene served as alternative inhibitory receptors to be targeted in the clinic. The impact of LAG3 on immune cell populations and co-regulation of immune response in breast cancer remained largely unknown. Methods To characterize the role of LAG3 in breast cancer, we investigated transcriptome data and associated clinical information derived from a total of 2994 breast cancer patients. Results We observed that LAG3 was closely correlated with major molecular and clinical characteristics, and was more likely to be enriched in higher malignant subtype, suggesting LAG3 was a potential biomarker of triple-negative breast cancer. Furthermore, we estimated the landscape of relationship between LAG3 and ten types of cell populations in breast cancer. Gene ontology analysis revealed LAG3 were strongly correlated with immune response and inflammatory activities. We investigated the correlation pattern between LAG3 and immune modulators in pan-cancer, especially the synergistic role of LAG3 with other immune checkpoints members in breast cancer. Conclusions LAG3 expression was closely related to malignancy of breast cancer and might serve as a potential biomarker; LAG3 might plays an important role in regulating tumor immune microenvironment, not only T cells, but also other immune cells. More importantly, LAG3 might synergize with CTLA4, PD1/ PDL1 and other immune checkpoints, thereby lending more evidences to combination cancer immunotherapy by targeting LAG3, PD1/PDL1, and CTLA4 together.

scholarly journals Cellular and molecular changes and immune response in the intestinal mucosa during Trichinella spiralis early infection in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Priscila Saracino ◽  
Cecilia Celeste Vila ◽  
Melina Cohen ◽  
María Virginia Gentilini ◽  
Guido Hernán Falduto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Gut Immunity ◽  
Gut Mucosa

Abstract Background: The main targets of the host’s immune system in Trichinella spiralis infection are the adult worms (AW), at the gut level, and the migrant or newborn larvae (NBL), at systemic and pulmonary levels. Most of the studies carried out in the gut mucosa have been performed on the Payer’s patches and/or the mesenteric lymph nodes but not on the lamina propria, therefore, knowledge on the gut immune response against T. spiralis remains incomplete. Methods This study aimed at characterizing the early mucosal immune response against T. spiralis, particularly, the events taking place between 1 and 13 dpi. For this purpose, Wistar rats were orally infected with muscle larvae of T. spiralis and the humoral and cellular parameters of the gut immunity were analysed, including the evaluation of the ADCC mechanism exerted by lamina propria cells. Results A marked inflammation and structural alteration of the mucosa was found. The changes involved an increase in goblet cells, eosinophils and mast cells, and B and T lymphocytes, initially displaying a Th1 profile, characterised by the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-12, followed by a polarization towards a Th2 profile, with a marked increase in IgE, IgG1, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 levels, which occurred once the infection was established. In addition, the helminthotoxic activity of lamina propria cells demonstrated the role of the intestine as a place of migrant larvae destruction, indicating that not all the NBLs released in the gut will be able to reach the muscles. Conclusions The characterization of the immune response triggered in the gut mucosa during T. spiralis infection showed that not only an effector mechanism is directed toward the AW but also towards the NBL as a cytotoxic activity was observed against NBL exerted by lamina propria cells.

scholarly journals Significant and conflicting correlation of IL-9 with Prevotella and Bacteroides in human colorectal cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Niccolai ◽  
E Russo ◽  
S Baldi ◽  
F Ricci ◽  
G Nannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Inflammatory Profile ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTBackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is a widespread disease that represents an example of chronic inflammation-associated tumor. In fact, the immune system, besides protecting the host from developing tumors, can support the CRC progression. In this scenario, the gut microbiota (GM) is essential to modulate immune responses and a dysbiotic condition can favor chronic/abnormal immune activation that support the tumor growth. GM can elicit the production of cytokines, influencing the immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive reactions, such as the tendency to mount Th1, Th17, Tregs or Th9 responses that play different roles towards colon cancer. Paradigmatic is the role of IL-9 that can both promote tumor progression in hematological malignancies and inhibit tumorigenesis in solid cancers. Therefore, to investigate the microbiota-immunity axis in CRC patients is crucial to well understand the cancer development with positive relapses in prevention and treatment.AimThe cellular and molecular characterization of the immune response and the evaluation of GM composition in healthy and tumor mucosa, focusing on the correlation between cytokines’ profile and GM signature.MethodsWe collected tumoral (CRC) and healthy (CRC-S) mucosa samples of 45 CRC patients. For each sample, we characterized the Tissue Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL)’s subset profile and the GM composition. In addition, in 14 CRC patients, we evaluated the CRC and CRC-S molecular inflammatory response (26 cytokines/chemokines) and we correlated this profile with GM composition using the Dirichlet Multinomial Regression.ResultsThe analysis of T cells subsets distribution showed that CRC samples displayed higher percentages of Th17, Th2, Tregs, Tc17, Tc1/Tc17, and Tcreg, compared to CRC-S. Notably, also the number of Th9 was higher, even if not significantly, in CRC tissue compared to healthy one. In addition, we found that MIP-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IP-10, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1α, P-selectin and IL-9 were significantly increased in CRC compared to CRC-S. Moreover, the GM analysis revealed that CRC samples had significantly higher levels of Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus2 (Lachnospiraceae family) and Ruminococcus (Ruminococcaceae family) than CRC-S. Finally, we found that the abundance of Prevotella spp in CRC samples was negatively correlated with IL-17A and positively with IL-9. In addition, the abundance of Bacteroides and Escherichia/Shigella species in CRC samples showed a negative association with IL-9 and IP-10 respectively.ConclusionsOur data show a clear dissimilarity of inflammatory profile and GM composition between the tumor and the adjacent healthy tissue, displaying the generation of a peculiar CRC microenvironment. Interestingly, relating the tissue cytokine profile with the GM composition, we confirmed the presence of a bidirectional crosstalk between the immune response and the host’s commensal microorganisms; in detail, we documented for the first time that Prevotella spp. and Bacteroides spp. are correlated (positively and negatively, respectively) with the IL-9, whose role in CRC development is still debated.

scholarly journals Fókuszban a szöveti biomarkerek. Az ösztrogének mint a szövetspecifikus immunválasz és autoimmunitás modulálásának kulcsszereplői

2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (51) ◽  
pp. 2070-2076
Author(s):  
Barna Vásárhelyi ◽  
Katalin Mészáros ◽  
Gellért Karvaly ◽  
Attila Patócs
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Alpha ◽  
Autoimmune Disorders ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
The Impact

Estrogens modulate the immune response as well as the risk and progression of autoimmune disorders. Their effects are mediated by nuclear receptors (i.e. estrogen receptor alpha and beta), membrane receptors, and are influenced by their interactions with other hormones. Locally produced hormones and cytokines are the main factors in maintaining tissue homeostasis. The response of immune cells to estrogens is related to their developmental stage. The diverse effects of estrogens on various autoimmune disorders are the result of the versatility of their pathomechanism. In general, progression of B-cell mediated disorders is aggravated by estrogens. Their effects on T-cell mediated disorders, on the other hand, are driven by Th1 or Th2 dominance. As estrogens promote the escalation of the Th2 immune response, Th2-dominant disorders are aggravated, while Th1-dominant disorders are ameliorated upon high estrogen levels. Inflammation on its own also modulates the impact of estrogens. Inflammatory cytokines alter the expression of the alpha and beta estrogen receptors as well as the activity of estrogen metabolizing enzymes. Monitoring the local, tissue-wide interaction between hormones and immune cells would provide a better tool for identification and characterization of molecules involved in this system. To date, routinely used laboratory methods have a limited role in monitoring the local effects of estrogens. In this current paper the authors summarize the role of estrogens in immune system and overview those novel methods which are useful in the investigation of local endocrine milieu. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(51), 2070–2076.

scholarly journals Functional characterization of the cnidarian antiviral immune response reveals ancestral complexity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Lewandowska ◽  
Ton Sharoni ◽  
Yael Admoni ◽  
Reuven Aharoni ◽  
Yehu Moran
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Viral Dsrna ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Downstream Effector

ABSTRACTAnimals developed a broad repertoire of innate immune sensors and downstream effector cascades for defense against RNA viruses. Yet, this system highly varies between different bilaterian animals, masking its ancestral state. In this study we aimed to characterize the antiviral immune response of the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis and decipher the function of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs) known to detect viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in bilaterians, but activate different antiviral pathways in vertebrates and nematodes. We show that a mimic of long viral dsRNA triggers a complex antiviral immune response bearing features distinctive for both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. Furthermore, the results of affinity assays and knockdown experiments provide functional evidence for the conserved role of RLRs in initiating immune response to dsRNA that originated before the cnidarian-bilaterian split and lay a strong foundation for future research on the evolution of the immune responses to RNA viruses.

scholarly journals The role of the IL-33-ST2 axis in the pathogenesis of periodontitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Mabel Proence Pereira Lopes ◽  
Paulo Cirino De Carvalho-Filho ◽  
Ellen Karla Nobre Dos Santos-Lima ◽  
Rebeca Pereira Bulhosa Santos ◽  
Isaac Suzart Gomes-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
Narrative Literature Review

INTRODUCTION: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that arises from an interaction of local dysbiosis in the subgingival biofilm and the host immune response. The disease triggers an inflammatory process that can cause periodontal tissue breakdown. In addition, the production of inflammatory mediators can negatively affect other areas of the body and influence the development and/or severity of associated disorders, including asthma, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: Conduct a literature review to comprehensively investigate the role of ST2 and IL-33 and the contribution of the IL-33 / ST2 axis in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. METHODS: It is a narrative literature review, which used the databases Pubmed and Academic Google a total of 114 results. RESULTS: A range of immunological markers has been shown to be relevant in the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis, cytokines of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) family, such as IL-1β and IL-33. IL-33, through its ST2 receptor, appears to be involved in the development of periodontitis, acting as a molecule that signals tissue damage from infection and also emits an endogenous signal that activates the immune response and / or worsens bone resorption by activating osteoclastogenesis, either through increases in RANK-L and reduced OPG, or regardless of that pathway. CONCLUSION: The diversity of information contained in the methodologies of these studies hampers attempts to standardize and make correlations between published data, in this sense, the IL-33 / ST2 axis remains a relevant topic in investigations focused on the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease.

scholarly journals Lipoprotein distribution of Apo CIII glycoforms in healthy men is linked with low TG and increased insulin sensitivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Rodríguez ◽  
Pere Rehues ◽  
Víctor Iranzo ◽  
Jorge Mora ◽  
Clara Balsells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Triglyceride Metabolism ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Atherogenic Lipid Profile ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
High Interindividual Variability ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Resistance Score ◽  
Atherogenic Lipid

ABSTRACTGlycosylation of Apo CIII modulates its function in triglyceride metabolism, and some variants are associated with a protective or pro-atherogenic lipid profile. These associations have been studied in whole plasma Apo CIII proteoforms, but the proportion of Apo CIII proteoforms in individual lipoprotein fractions has been rarely evaluated. In the present study, we aim to measure the relative content of Apo CIII proteoforms in each lipoprotein fraction (VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL) in a group of healthy subjects as a potential biomarker for triglyceride metabolism, cardiovascular risk and diabetes. Lipoprotein fractions were separated by differential ultracentrifugation of plasma samples. The relative concentrations of seven Apo CIII variants were measured by mass spectrometric immunoassay, and the complete lipoprotein profile was determined by NMR. The results showed high interindividual variability in the distribution of Apo CIII proteoforms across the study population but a uniform proportion in all lipoprotein fractions. Two Apo CIII variants, Apo CIII0b and Apo CIII1d, were negatively correlated with plasma and VLDL triglycerides regardless of VLDL size and were associated with increased LDL size when transported in LDL particles. Apo CIII0b also showed a negative correlation with lipoprotein-insulin resistance score. Therefore, Apo CIII variants can be reliably measured in lipoprotein fractions, and our results suggest that Apo CIII0b and Apo CIII1d have a protective role in triglyceride metabolism and insulin resistance in healthy individuals.

scholarly journals MODERN VIEWS ON THE ROLE OF NEUTROPHILS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
T.I. Gavrilenko ◽  
◽  
N.А. Rizhkova ◽  
O.M. Parkhomenko ◽  
E.V. Dovgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
First Line ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Potential Biomarker

The review provides information on neutrophils, which are important effector cells of the innate immune response and form the first line of defence against infection. Issues of maturation and functional activity of cells are highlighted. The stages of the vital activity of neutrophils are shown – migration, chemotaxis, adhesion, oxygen explosion, absorption, degranulation, apoptosis. Special attention is paid to neutrophilic extracellular traps and the importance of myeloperoxidase. Today, these cells are increasingly viewed as a potential biomarker with specific treatments.

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