scholarly journals Exosomes as Powerful Engines in Cancer: Isolation, Characterization and Detection Techniques

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Marwa Gamal Saad ◽  
Haluk Beyenal ◽  
Wen-Ji Dong
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Protective Environment ◽  
Physiological Pathways ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Novel Drug

Exosomes, powerful extracellular nanovesicles released from almost all types of living cells, are considered the communication engines (messengers) that control and reprogram physiological pathways inside target cells within a community or between different communities. The cell-like structure of these extracellular vesicles provides a protective environment for their proteins and DNA/RNA cargos, which serve as biomarkers for many malicious diseases, including infectious diseases and cancers. Cancer-derived exosomes control cancer metastasis, prognosis, and development. In addition to the unique structure of exosomes, their nanometer size and tendency of interacting with cells makes them a viable novel drug delivery solution. In recent years, numerous research efforts have been made to quantify and characterize disease-derived exosomes for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. This review aims to (1) relate exosome biomarkers to their origins, (2) focus on current isolation and detection methods, (3) discuss and evaluate the proposed technologies deriving from exosome research for cancer treatment, and (4) form a conclusion about the prospects of the current exosome research.

scholarly journals An Overview of Nanogel –Novel Drug Delivery System

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saloni Jain ◽  
Rahul Kumar Ancheria ◽  
Saumya Shrivastava ◽  
Shankar Lal Soni ◽  
Mukesh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Innovative Drug ◽  
Device Implantation ◽  
Nonspecific Effects ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Novel Drug

Nanogels are innovative drug delivery system that can play an integral part in pointing out many issues related to old and modern courses of treatment such as nonspecific effects and poor stability. Biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of Nanogels have been explored for tissue regeneration, wound healing, surgical device, implantation, and peroral, rectal, vaginal, ocular, and transdermal drug delivery. Nanogels are proficiently internalized by the target cells, avoid accumulating in nontarget tissues thereby lower the therapeutic dosage and minimize harmful side effects. Nanogels may be defined as highly cross linked nano-sized hydrogels ranges from 20-200 nm. They can be administered through various routes, including oral, pulmonary, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc. They have a high degree of drug loading capacity and it shows better permeation capabilities due to smaller size. Nanogels are the novel drug delivery systems for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.  

scholarly journals Virosomes: A groundbreaking revolution in novel drug delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5809-5820
Author(s):  
Sreeja C Nair ◽  
Sreelekshmi A S ◽  
Aslam Abdul Rahiman C A ◽  
Karthik Krishnan ◽  
Gopika G ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Biomimetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Viral Envelopes ◽  
Or Genes ◽  
Novel Drug

The site-specific action of the drug has been seen from the last eras of the revolution in drug delivery technologies. Drug delivery opportunities by the use of biomimetic nanoparticles like virosomes is a stimulating area of research & development as it demonstrates targeted action by fusion with the target cell. Virosomes are vesicular particles reconstituted from viral envelopes which are non-replicating “artificial viruses” that denotes a unique system for presentation of antigen directly into the host cell. Trials have been created to use them as vaccines or adjuvants moreover as a delivery system for medicine, nucleic acids, or genes. Various attempts have been made to use them as vaccines or adjuvants as well as a delivery system for drugs, nucleic acids, or genes as they are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and non-autoimmunogenic. The production of vaccines increasingly moved away from living attenuated or inactivated whole organisms to safely killed organism. A virus that is safely killed can be a promising vector because it does not cause infection, and the viral structure allows the virosome to identify different components of its target cells. Pevion's virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine technology, called virosomes, and its architecture is specifically designed to produce safe and efficient vaccine subunits. Virosome-based vaccination is effective in reliable regulatory and safety records as well as the feasibility of upgrading production and has been approved in more than 40 countries, including infants and older people. The prospect of drug delivery and targeting using virosomes is a vital area of research and development. This review pinpoints the various aspect of virosome and will be a milestone for the researchers in the field of drug delivery.

scholarly journals Niosomes: A Novel Carrier Drug Delivery System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Arumugam Kauslya ◽  
Payal D Borawake ◽  
Jitendra V Shinde ◽  
Rajashree S Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ophthalmic Delivery ◽  
Novel Drug

Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle. The vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surfactants. Niosomes are mostly preferred than liposomes because they are stable and cost effective. Niosomes potentiate the pharmacological action of the drug molecules by delaying the clearance of the drug from the circulation, protecting the drug from biological environment and restricting the effects only to the target cells. In novel drug delivery it has applications on treatment of cancer, used as a carrier in haemoglobin, delivery of the peptide drugs through oral route, in treatment of leishmaniasis, in ophthalmic delivery and as carrier in dermal drug delivery. This review article focuses on the composition, advantages, types of niosomes, methods of preparation, characterization and application of the vesicular system. Keywords: Niosomes, Composition, Types, Method of preparation, Factors affecting, Application.

Emerging micro and nanotechnologies in neuroscience: Devices, fabrication methods, and implementation in monitoring of neural activity and drug delivery

TECHNOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 57-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Noman Hasan ◽  
A. N. Radwan ◽  
Myeongseop Kim ◽  
Erdem Kucukal ◽  
Debnath Maji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Intracellular Signals ◽  
Recent Developments

Neural activity that occur during motor movement, speech, thought, and various other events can be observed in the form of brainwaves composed of synchronized electrical pulses emitted from adjoining communicative neurons. Observations of these brainwaves have been made possible through neurodevices, which can detect changes in electrical and/or mechanical parameters. For decades, the field of neuroscience has been enriched by the utilization of neurotechnologies at the microscale, which has begun to gain further enhancement with the introduction of nanotechnology. For example, microelectrodes were initially used for only extracellular measurements, but over the past decade, developments have been made to also record intracellular signals. Likewise, nanoknives, which gained popularity due to their versatility, can now be used for both fabricating bio-Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and also as a neurosurgery tool. Thus, considerable efforts have been made over the years to make micro- and nanosystems reliable, accurate, and sensitive to neural activity. In the late 20th century, several sophisticated technologies, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring have been integrated with MEMS. Furthermore, existing biotechnologies are being miniaturized at both the system and component level. For example, there is a remarkable interest in the field of neuroscience to utilize microfluidic technology as a diagnostic tool using specimens such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Microfluidic devices are also employed as biocompatible drug delivery systems to target cells, tissues, and organs. This paper summarizes the recent developments in micro- and nano-scale neurotechnologies, including devices, fabrication processes, detection methods, their implementation challenges, in neural stimulation, monitoring, and drug delivery. This review discusses recent developments in micro and nanotechnologies, fabrication methods, and their implementation in neuroimaging, neurostimulation, monitoring of neural activities, and neural drug delivery.

Novel drug delivery approaches in treating pulmonary fibrosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Dua ◽  
Rajendra Awasthi ◽  
Jyotsana R. Madan ◽  
Dinesh K. Chellappan ◽  
Buchi N. Nalluri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Novel Drug

A Review on Fast Dissolving Tablet

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagar T. Malsane ◽  
Smita S. Aher ◽  
R. B. Saudagar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Orally Disintegrating Tablets ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Experience Difficulty

Oral route is presently the gold standard in the pharmaceutical industry where it is regarded as the safest, most economical and most convenient method of drug delivery resulting in highest patient compliance. Over the past three decades, orally disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have gained considerable attention due to patient compliance. Usually, elderly people experience difficulty in swallowing the conventional dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions and suspensions because of tremors of extremities and dysphagia. In some cases such as motion sickness, sudden episodes of allergic attack or coughing, and an unavailability of water, swallowing conventional tablets may be difficult. One such problem can be solved in the novel drug delivery system by formulating “Fast dissolving tablets” (FDTs) which disintegrates or dissolves rapidly without water within few seconds in the mouth due to the action of superdisintegrant or maximizing pore structure in the formulation. The review describes the various formulation aspects, superdisintegrants employed and technologies developed for FDTs, along with various excipients, evaluation tests, marketed formulation and drugs used in this research area.

Novel Topical Drug Delivery Approaches for the Management of Psoriasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 5062-5068
Author(s):  
Bhumika Kumar ◽  
Monika Targhotra ◽  
Rohan Aggarwal ◽  
Sahoo P.K
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Skin Cell ◽  
Conventional Drug ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Disease Location

Psoriasis is one of the most stern and persistent autoimmune disease which affects about 1-3% population around the globe.  It influences an individual’s life quality by hindering them physically, socially and emotionally. The hyperproliferation of keratinocytes leads to excessive growth of skin cell which causes scaling and formation of plaques. Psoriasis can be mild moderate or severe depending on the percentage of skin area affected. Based on severity of the disease, location and the type of psoriasis, the treatment approaches can vary. Treatment regimens for psoriasis include topical therapies, systemic therapies and phototherapy. Conventional drug delivery approaches face various disadvantages therefore a need for better novel drug delivery system is required. The review paper focuses at providing a broad aspect of psoriasis and the novel treatment approaches which can help in tackling the disease.  

Recent Advances in Novasome Formulation Technology

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 2407-2411
Author(s):  
J M Shah ◽  
N.H Shah ◽  
Hadiya P D
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Liposomal Drug ◽  
Pharmaceutical Technology ◽  
Insoluble Drugs ◽  
Novel Drug

Pharmaceutical technology has developed various newer modes of novel drug delivery aspects. Modifications in the previously existing drug delivery methods have led to various newly innovated technologies serving as a safe and effective means of improvement over the existing ones. Novasome technology is one of the new innovations of liposomes which have solved many of the problems related to liposomal drug delivery system. It offers a seven bilayer membrane which has the ability to incorporate both water soluble and insoluble drugs. It has an excellent entrapment efficiency which provides better medication. Formulation of novasomes is achieved in a high shear device. Due to its numerous advantages, novasomes have been used extensively in various fields like cosmetics, chemical, personal care, foods, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

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