scholarly journals Droplets for Sampling and Transport of Chemical Signals in Biosensing: A Review

Biosensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng ◽  
Shirani ◽  
Inglis
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Medium ◽  
Taylor Dispersion ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Conventional Analysis ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sample Recovery ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Transport Fluid

The chemical, temporal, and spatial resolution of chemical signals that are sampled and transported with continuous flow is limited because of Taylor dispersion. Droplets have been used to solve this problem by digitizing chemical signals into discrete segments that can be transported for a long distance or a long time without loss of chemical, temporal or spatial precision. In this review, we describe Taylor dispersion, sampling theory, and Laplace pressure, and give examples of sampling probes that have used droplets to sample or/and transport fluid from a continuous medium, such as cell culture or nerve tissue, for external analysis. The examples are categorized, as follows: (1) Aqueous-phase sampling with downstream droplet formation; (2) preformed droplets for sampling; and (3) droplets formed near the analyte source. Finally, strategies for downstream sample recovery for conventional analysis are described.

Relationship between temporal and spatial averages in grid turbulence

2013 ◽  
Vol 730 ◽  
pp. 593-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Djenidi ◽  
S. F. Tardu ◽  
R. A. Antonia
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Grid Turbulence ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Ergodic Hypothesis ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Boltzmann Method

AbstractA long-time direct numerical simulation (DNS) based on the lattice Boltzmann method is carried out for grid turbulence with the view to compare spatially averaged statistical properties in planes perpendicular to the mean flow with their temporal counterparts. The results show that the two averages become equal a short distance downstream of the grid. This equality indicates that the flow has become homogeneous in a plane perpendicular to the mean flow. This is an important result, since it confirms that hot-wire measurements are appropriate for testing theoretical results based on spatially averaged statistics. It is equally important in the context of DNS of grid turbulence, since it justifies the use of spatial averaging along a lateral direction and over several realizations for determining various statistical properties. Finally, the very good agreement between temporal and spatial averages validates the comparison between temporal (experiments) and spatial (DNS) statistical properties. The results are also interesting because, since the flow is stationary in time and spatially homogeneous along lateral directions, the equality between the two types of averaging provides strong support for the ergodic hypothesis in grid turbulence in planes perpendicular to the mean flow.

scholarly journals Evolution of andrenine bees reveals a long and complex history of faunal interchanges between the Americas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli S Ramos ◽  
Aline C Martins ◽  
Gabriel A R Melo
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Distributional Pattern ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Palearctic Region ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Times ◽  
Dated Phylogeny

Bees are presumed to have arisen in the early to mid-Cretaceous coincident with the fragmentation of the southern continents and concurrently with the early diversification of the flowering plants. Among the main groups of bees, Andreninae sensu lato comprise about 3000 species widely distributed with greatest and disjunct diversity in arid areas of North America, South America, and the Palearctic region. Here, we present the first comprehensive dated phylogeny and historical biogeographic analysis for andrenine bees, including representatives of all currently recognized tribes. Our analyses rely on a dataset of 106 taxa and 7952 aligned nucleotide positions from one mitochondrial and six nuclear loci. Andreninae is strongly supported as a monophyletic group and the recovered phylogeny corroborates the commonly recognized clades for the group. Thus, we propose a revised tribal classification that is congruent with our phylogenetic results. The time-calibrated phylogeny and ancestral range reconstructions of Andreninae reveal a fascinating evolutionary history with Gondwana patterns that are unlike those observed in other subfamilies of bees. Andreninae arose in South America during the Late Cretaceous around 90 Million years ago (Ma) and the origin of tribes occurred through a relatively long time-window from this age to the Miocene. The early evolution of the main lineages took place in South America until the beginning of Paleocene with North American fauna origin from it and Palearctic from North America as results of multiple lineage interchanges between these areas by long-distance dispersal or hopping through landmass chains. Overall, our analyses provide strong evidence of amphitropical distributional pattern currently observed in Andreninae in the American continent as result at least three periods of possible land connections between the two American landmasses, much prior to the Panama Isthmus closure. The andrenine lineages reached the Palearctic region through four dispersal events from North America during the Eocene, late Oligocene and early Miocene, most probably via the Thulean Bridge. The few lineages with Afrotropical distribution likely originated from a Palearctic ancestral in the Miocene around 10 Ma when these regions were contiguous, and the Sahara Desert was mostly vegetated making feasible the passage by several organisms. Incursions of andrenine bees to North America and then onto the Old World are chronological congruent with distinct periods when open-vegetation habitats were available for trans-continental dispersal and at the times when aridification and temperature decline offered favorable circumstances for bee diversification.

scholarly journals Identification of Metabolite and Lipid Profiles in a Segregating Peach Population Associated with Mealiness in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Lillo-Carmona ◽  
Alonso Espinoza ◽  
Karin Rothkegel ◽  
Miguel Rubilar ◽  
Ricardo Nilo-Poyanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Long Time

The peach is the third most important temperate fruit crop considering fruit production and harvested area in the world. Exporting peaches represents a challenge due to the long-distance nature of export markets. This requires fruit to be placed in cold storage for a long time, which can induce a physiological disorder known as chilling injury (CI). The main symptom of CI is mealiness, which is perceived as non-juicy fruit by consumers. The purpose of this work was to identify and compare the metabolite and lipid profiles between two siblings from contrasting populations for juice content, at harvest and after 30 days at 0 °C. A total of 119 metabolites and 189 lipids were identified, which showed significant differences in abundance, mainly in amino acids, sugars and lipids. Metabolites displaying significant changes from the E1 to E3 stages corresponded to lipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), and sugars such as fructose 1 and 1-fructose-6 phosphate. These metabolites might be used as early stage biomarkers associated with mealiness at harvest and after cold storage.

scholarly journals Airborne Integrated Navigation System Based on SINS/GPS/TAN/EOAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Junjun Tang ◽  
Peijuan Li
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Navigation System ◽  
Integrated Navigation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Integrated Navigation System ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Federated Kalman Filter ◽  
Entropy Weighted ◽  
Navigation Errors ◽  
Navigation Information

Considering the drawbacks that GPS signal is susceptible to obstacles and TAN becomes useless in some area when without any terrain data or with a featureless terrain field, to realize long-distance and high-precision navigation, a navigation system based on SINS/GPS/TAN/EOAN is presented. When GPS signal is available, GPS is used to correct errors of SINS; when GPS is unavailable, a terrain selection method based on the entropy weighted gray relational decision-making method is use to distinguish terrain into matchable areas and unmatchable areas; then, for the matchable areas, TAN is used to correct errors of SINS, for the unmatchable areas, EOAN is used to correct errors of SINS. The principles of SINS, GPS, TAN, and EOAN are analyzed, the mathematic models of SINS/GPS, SINS/TAN, and SINS/EOAN are constructed, and finally the federated Kalman filter is used to fuse navigation information. Simulation results show that the trajectory of SINS/GPS/TAN/EOAN is close to the ideal one in both matchable area or unmatchable area and whose navigation errors are obviously reduced, which is important for the realization of long-time and high-precision positioning.

Temporal and Spatial Variations of Wall Shear Stress in the Entrance Region of Microvessels

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Othmane Oulaid ◽  
Junfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Entrance Region ◽  
Channel Inlet ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Cell Free Layer

Using a simplified two-dimensional divider-channel setup, we simulate the development process of red blood cell (RBC) flows in the entrance region of microvessels to study the wall shear stress (WSS) behaviors. Significant temporal and spatial variation in WSS is noticed. The maximum WSS magnitude and the strongest variation are observed at the channel inlet due to the close cell-wall contact. From the channel inlet, both the mean WSS and variation magnitude decrease, with a abrupt drop in the close vicinity near the inlet and then a slow relaxation over a relatively long distance; and a relative stable state with approximately constant mean and variation is established when the flow is well developed. The correlations between the WSS variation features and the cell free layer (CFL) structure are explored, and the effects of several hemodynamic parameters on the WSS variation are examined. In spite of the model limitations, the qualitative information revealed in this study could be useful for better understanding relevant processes and phenomena in the microcirculation.

scholarly journals Parestesia Expert System! Expert System To Detect Paresthesia (Parestesia Expert System! Sistem Pakar Untuk Mendeteksi Penyakit Parestesia)

KOMTEKINFO ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-196
Author(s):  
Yonky Pernando
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Repetitive Movements ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Apparent Reason

Paresthesia is a condition where the sensation on the skin is abnormal, such as tingling, itching or numbness, for no apparent reason. This condition can occur only temporarily or for a long time (chronic). Bucharestesia can be temporary (temporary) or chronic. Almost everyone has experienced temporary paresthesia. This sensation occurs when nerves are accidentally compressed in certain body positions, such as sitting cross-legged for too long or sleeping with your head on your hands. Temporary paraesthesia will go away on its own when the pressure on the nerves is relieved. However, if the tingling feeling persists even though the pressure has been relieved, then there may be another disease or disorder in the body that is the cause. Chronic paresthesia is often a symptom of a neurological disease or caused by trauma to the nerve tissue. A variety of diseases can cause chronic paresthesia including vitamin deficiency, neurological disorders due to repetitive movements or other diseases. Chronic paraesthesia requires medication and management to heal. However, sometimes chronic paresthesia cannot completely heal even after undergoing treatment even though an expert system is a computer-based system that uses knowledge, facts, and reasoning techniques to solve problems that usually only one person can solve. Expert systems also help their activities as highly experienced assistants. Expert systems can also provide analysis of problems and can also recommend to users some actions to make improvements.

scholarly journals Massage for Eid Travelers in 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Danang Ari Santoso ◽  
Wawan Setiawan ◽  
Bayu Septa M.T ◽  
Mislan ◽  
Arya T Candra
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
The People ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Massage Treatment ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Motorized Vehicles

Homecoming activities that occur each approaching Eid certainly make travelers feel exhausted on the way to their hometown. So with that it requires activities that help travelers. In this case we provide a place to rest for travelers and provide free massage for travelers. Massage comes from the French word "masser" which means rubbing or from the Arabic word "mash" which means to press it gently or from the Greek word "massien" which means to massage or wrap. With the provision of massage it is expected that travelers can relax and make the body fit again. Based on the above problems, we need a place of rest for travelers who drive motorized vehicles and volunteers who are able to reduce driver fatigue by giving free massage to the travelers. With this done, it is expected that the smoothness and safety of motorists who make homecoming in 2019 can be maintained until they are in their respective hometowns. The target of this community service activity is travelers in 2019 who pass through Banyuwangi City. The preparatory stages include location survey, after that coordinate with the campus to hold campus room loan licensing as a place of rest and massage place for the homecomers. In addition, we are socializing to the public that there will be a free massage at Campus C, Uniba Banyuwangi. Providing all the facilities of massages, such as mattresses, olive oil and towels. The implementation phase is carried out May 18-19, 2019. The homecomers are recorded by filling in attendance and biodata. Travelers come into the room to rest and are given massage treatment. Based on the results of community service activities that have been carried out, the people who have been going home in 2019 are happy and are greatly helped by the location of free rest and massage. The resting place is very helpful for travelers to see a long time in travel and the long distance traveled by the travelers. For free massage activities also make travelers feel more comfortable and more fit to continue their homecoming journey to their hometown.

Study on Cruise Control System for Two Wheelers using Pawl and Ratchet Mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Manoj MTR
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Cruise Control ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ratchet Mechanism ◽  
Cruise Control System ◽  
Servo Mechanism ◽  
Ir Sensors ◽  
Control Concept ◽  
Long Time

Cruise control is a system to control the speed of motor vehicle automatically at certain speed. This is a servo mechanism that takes over the throttle of the vehicle to maintain a steady speed set by the driver, as it is an optional feature for high end variant cars. In this project we are going to implement cruise control concept for two wheelers, In order to avoid continuous acceleration for very long time when we are for long distance rides. We have planned to invoke this concept using electro-mechanical components like IR sensors, Driving mechanism (motor linkages) and pawl ratchet.

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