scholarly journals An Update on Silent Corticotroph Adenomas: Diagnosis, Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Management

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6134
Author(s):  
Shenzhong Jiang ◽  
Xiaokun Chen ◽  
Yinzi Wu ◽  
Renzhi Wang ◽  
Xinjie Bao
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Endocrine Tumors ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Corticotroph Adenomas

With the introduction of 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of endocrine tumors, T-PIT can serve as a complementary tool for identification of silent corticotroph adenomas (SCAs) in some cases if the tumor is not classifiable by pituitary hormone expression in pathological tissue samples. An increase of the proportion of SCAs among the non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) has been witnessed under the new rule with the detection of T-PIT-positive ACTH-negative SCAs. Studies of molecular mechanisms related to SCA pathogenesis will provide new directions for the diagnosis and management of SCAs. A precise pathological diagnosis can help clinicians better identify SCAs. Understanding clinical features in the context of the pathophysiology of SCAs is critical for optimal management. It could provide information on appropriate follow-up time and aid in early recognition and treatment of potentially aggressive forms. Management approaches include surgical, radiation, and/or medical therapies.

Natural products from the traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia: A potential lead for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1278-1285
Author(s):  
Mohamed Yafout ◽  
Amine Ousaid ◽  
Ibrahim Sbai El Otmani ◽  
Youssef Khayati ◽  
Amal Ait Haj Said
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Promising Source

The new SARS-CoV-2 belonging to the coronaviruses family has caused a pandemic affecting millions of people around the world. This pandemic has been declared by the World Health Organization as an international public health emergency. Although several clinical trials involving a large number of drugs are currently underway, no treatment protocol for COVID-19 has been officially approved so far. Here we demonstrate through a search in the scientific literature that the traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia, which includes more than 500 medicinal plants, is a fascinating and promising source for the research of natural molecules active against SARS-CoV-2. Multiple in-silico and in-vitro studies showed that some of the medicinal plants used by Moroccans for centuries possess inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2. These inhibitory activities are achieved through the different molecular mechanisms of virus penetration and replication, or indirectly through stimulation of immunity. Thus, the potential of plants, plant extracts and molecules derived from plants that are traditionally used in Morocco and have activity against SARS-CoV-2, could be explored in the search for a preventive or curative treatment against COVID-19. Furthermore, safe plants or plant extracts that are proven to stimulate immunity could be officially recommended by governments as nutritional supplements.

scholarly journals Clinical Features and Mortality Associated with Severe Malaria in Adults in Southern Mauritania

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Boushab Mohamed Boushab ◽  
Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem ◽  
Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary ◽  
Philippe Parola ◽  
Leonardo Basco
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Severe Malaria ◽  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

Severe malaria in adults is not well-studied in Sahelian Africa. Clinical features and mortality associated with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adult patients hospitalized in Kiffa, southern Mauritania, were analysed. Patients over 15 years old admitted for severe malaria between August 2016 and December 2019 were included in the present retrospective study. The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were used to define severe malaria. The presenting clinical characteristics and outcome were compared. Of 4266 patients hospitalized during the study period, 573 (13.4%) had a positive rapid diagnostic test for malaria, and 99 (17.3%; mean age, 37.5 years; range 15–79 years; sex-ratio M/F, 2.1) satisfied the criteria for severe malaria. On admission, the following signs and symptoms were observed in more than one-fourth of the patients: fever (98%), impairment of consciousness (81.8%), multiple convulsions (70.7%), cardiovascular collapse (61.6%), respiratory distress (43.4%), severe anaemia ≤ 80 g/L (36.4%), haemoglobinuria (27.3%), and renal failure (25.3%). Patients were treated with parenteral quinine or artemether. Fourteen (14.1%) patients died. Multiple convulsions, respiratory distress, severe anaemia, haemoglobinuria, acute renal failure, jaundice, and abnormal bleeding occurred more frequently (p < 0.05) in deceased patients. Mortality due to severe falciparum malaria is high among adults in southern Mauritania. An adoption of the WHO-recommended first-line treatment for severe malaria, such as parenteral artesunate, is required to lower the mortality rate associated with severe malaria.

scholarly journals Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuefei Jin ◽  
Wangquan Ji ◽  
Haiyan Yang ◽  
Shuaiyin Chen ◽  
Weiguo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Endothelial Inflammation ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractOn 12 March 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. As of 4 August 2020, more than 18 million confirmed infections had been reported globally. Most patients have mild symptoms, but some patients develop respiratory failure which is the leading cause of death among COVID-19 patients. Endothelial cells with high levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression are major participants and regulators of inflammatory reactions and coagulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial activation and dysfunction participate in COVID-19 pathogenesis by altering the integrity of vessel barrier, promoting pro-coagulative state, inducing endothelial inflammation, and even mediating leukocyte infiltration. This review describes the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial activation and dysfunction during COVID-19 emphasizing the principal mediators and therapeutic implications.

scholarly journals The SARS-CoV-2/Receptor Axis in Heart and Blood Vessels: A Crisp Update on COVID-19 Disease with Cardiovascular Complications

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1346
Author(s):  
Priya Veluswamy ◽  
Max Wacker ◽  
Dimitrios Stavridis ◽  
Thomas Reichel ◽  
Hendrik Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
World Health ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Mediated Action ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Health Organization

The SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 disease has emerged expeditiously in the world and has been declared pandemic since March 2020, by World Health Organization (WHO). The destructive effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are increased among the patients with pre-existing chronic conditions and, in particular, this review focuses on patients with underlying cardiovascular complications. The expression pattern and potential functions of SARS-CoV-2 binding receptors and the attributes of SARS-CoV-2 virus tropism in a physio-pathological state of heart and blood vessel are precisely described. Of note, the atheroprotective role of ACE2 receptors is reviewed. A detailed description of the possible detrimental role of SARS-CoV-2 infection in terms of vascular leakage, including endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction and bradykinin 1 receptor stimulation is concisely stated. Furthermore, the potential molecular mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 induced clot formation in association with host defense components, including activation of FXIIa, complements and platelets, endothelial dysfunction, immune cell responses with cytokine-mediated action are well elaborated. Moreover, a brief clinical update on patient with COVID-19 disease with underlying cardiovascular complications and those who had new onset of cardiovascular complications post-COVID-19 disease was also discussed. Taken together, this review provides an overview of the mechanistic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 induced devastating effects, in vital organs such as the heart and vessels.

scholarly journals Assessing viability of a minimally invasive autopsy technique in ascertaining the probable cause of death in patients who were SARS CoV19 positive at the time of their demise

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay H. Bhandarwar ◽  
Girish D. Bakhshi ◽  
Eham Arora ◽  
Nikhil Dhimole ◽  
Sanjay R. Bijwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
World Health ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Conventional Autopsy ◽  
Minimally Invasive Autopsy ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background SARS CoV-19 was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), raising up challenges on various levels ranging from therapeutics to diagnostics. The conventional autopsy technique may pose a health hazard to health care workers. A minimally invasive autopsy technique can diminish this hazard. Materials and methods Between August and November 2020, 51 patients who were suffering from Covid-19 at the time of their demise were included. A novel minimally invasive ultrasound-guided technique for procuring tissue samples of major organs was employed which were thereafter subject to histopathological examination. A detailed review of the course in hospital was noted. An analysis was performed to correlate the cause of death ascertained from our minimally invasive technique with the cause of death ascertained clinically. Results There was adequate tissue sampling in 45 cases, where the minimally invasive autopsy technique confirmed the cause of death in all 45 cases (100%) and made it more specific in 5 cases (11.11%). Conclusion Minimally Invasive Autopsy is an easily reproducible technique which has the potential to strengthen the probable the cause of death with reasonable certainty while ensuring safety and ethics.

Pheochromocytoma and Extra-adrenal Paraganglioma: Updates

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (8) ◽  
pp. 1272-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur S. Tischler
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Genetic Defect ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Hereditary Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
Endocrine Tumors ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Extra Adrenal Paraganglioma

Abstract Context.—Advances in genetics and gene expression profiling have led to new ways of thinking about the pathobiology of pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma. These developments are concurrent with the publication and dissemination of the 2004 World Health Organization bluebook on pathology and genetics of endocrine tumors. Objective.—To summarize new information required by pathologists for effective participation in patient management and research. Data Sources.—Literature review and primary material from Tufts Medical Center. Conclusions.—The World Health Organization reserves the term pheochromocytoma for tumors arising from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Closely related tumors in extra-adrenal sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia are classified as extra-adrenal paragangliomas. A pheochromocytoma is an intra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglioma. Although arbitrary, this nomenclature emphasizes important distinctive properties of intra-adrenal tumors, including an often adrenergic phenotype, relatively low rate of malignancy, and predilection to occur in particular hereditary syndromes. Malignancy is defined by presence of metastases not local invasion. Occult germline mutations characteristic of familial syndromes are now found in more than 20% of patients with apparently sporadic tumors, bringing the percentage of tumors with a known genetic basis close to 30%. In addition, tumor location and risk of malignancy vary with the underlying genetic defect. The “10 percent rule” for pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma—10% familial, 10% malignant, 10% extra-adrenal—is therefore no longer tenable. Current roles of pathology are limited to diagnosing primary or metastatic tumors and identifying features suggestive of malignant potential or hereditary disease. Future roles may involve more definitive assessment of malignancy, genotype-phenotype correlation, and identification of targets for therapy.

Endocrine Tumors of the Appendix: A Pathologic Review

2010 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-875
Author(s):  
Lydia Deschamps ◽  
Anne Couvelard
Keyword(s):  
Goblet Cell ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Right Hemicolectomy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Endocrine Tumors ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Pathologic Analysis ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Context.—Although rare, appendiceal endocrine tumors are the most common neoplasms of the appendix. Pathologic analysis is important for guiding the management of patients. Objective.—To provide recent data that focus on the pathology of endocrine tumors of the appendix including classifications and guidelines for patient management. Data Sources.—A review of the recent literature including TNM classifications and patient management guidelines. Conclusions.—Appendiceal endocrine tumors are separated into 2 main groups: classic endocrine tumors and goblet cell carcinoids. They can be classified according to World Health Organization and TNM classifications. Evaluation of their prognoses and risks of malignancy, according to these classifications, depends on several parameters including tumor size, proliferation rate, and infiltration of appendiceal wall and mesoappendix. Most patients with classic endocrine tumors of the appendix have a favorable prognosis. Indications for postappendectomy, complementary surgery, which are still controversial, especially for tumors between 1 and 2 cm, are presented and discussed. In contrast, in patients presenting with a goblet cell carcinoid, a right hemicolectomy after the initial appendectomy is considered the standard surgical intervention.

scholarly journals Prenatal Hyperglycemia Exposure and Cellular Stress, a Sugar-Coated View of Early Programming of Metabolic Diseases

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
Jessica Tozour ◽  
Francine Hughes ◽  
Arnaud Carrier ◽  
Didier Vieau ◽  
Fabien Delahaye
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
World Health ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Early Programming ◽  
Established Risk Factor ◽  
Glucose Exposure ◽  
Glycemic Memory ◽  
Health Organization

Worldwide, the number of people with diabetes has quadrupled since 1980 reaching 422 million in 2014 (World Health Organization). This distressing rise in diabetes also affects pregnant women and thus, in regard to early programming of adult diseases, creates a vicious cycle of metabolic dysfunction passed from one generation to another. Metabolic diseases are complex and caused by the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. High-glucose exposure during in utero development, as observed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is an established risk factor for metabolic diseases. Despite intense efforts to better understand this phenomenon of early memory little is known about the molecular mechanisms associating early exposure to long-term diseases risk. However, evidence promotes glucose associated oxidative stress as one of the molecular mechanisms able to influence susceptibility to metabolic diseases. Thus, we decided here to further explore the relationship between early glucose exposure and cellular stress in the context of early development, and focus on the concept of glycemic memory, its consequences, and sexual dimorphic and epigenetic aspects.

scholarly journals The Main Determinants of Diabetes Mellitus Vascular Complications: Endothelial Dysfunction and Platelet Hyperaggregation

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albino Carrizzo ◽  
Carmine Izzo ◽  
Marco Oliveti ◽  
Antonia Alfano ◽  
Nicola Virtuoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
World Health ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Platelet Hyperaggregation

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease that affects 3–5% of the general population in Italy. In some countries of northern Europe or in North America, it can even affect 6–8% of the population. Of great concern is that the number of cases of diabetes is constantly increasing, probably due to the increase in obesity and the sedentary nature of the population. According to the World Health Organization, in the year 2030 there will be 360 million people with diabetes, compared to 170 million in 2000. This has important repercussions on the lives of patients and their families, and on health systems that offer assistance to patients. In this review, we try to describe in an organized way the pathophysiological continuity between diabetes mellitus, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet hyperaggregation, highlighting the main molecular mechanisms involved and the interconnections.

scholarly journals A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON PATTERN OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTION TO ANTIBIOTICS COMMONLY PRESCRIBED IN THE HOSPITALIZED PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malarkodi Velraj,
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
World Health ◽  
Beta Lactams ◽  
Medication Information ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: Antibiotics are the almost usually specified or authorized medication in hospitals, and antibiotics were found to be the almost bothersome classes of drugs providing or endowing to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Therefore, the present study was conducted to check or regulate the precautions (ADRs) of antibiotics usually specified or authorized in the pediatrics unit. Methods: A potential, experimental, non-interventionist study was conducted or executed in the Department of Pediatrics for a time of 6 months to analyze the ADRs reported spontaneously from the hospital using patient statistics, objective and medication information, data of ADRs, onset time, causal drug details, outcome, and severity. Results: Among 72 ADRs observed, beta-lactams and quinolones were set up to be contributing the highest number of ADRs. The duct or abdominal system was the almost commonly affected organ, followed by respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. The assessment by the World Health Organization causation estimation scale demonstrated that 5.56% ADRs were certain, 55.56% were possible, 30.56% were probable, and 8.33% were unlikely. Conclusion: Thus, the pattern of ADRs occurring in the pediatric population was observed and assessed. Early recognition and management of ADRs are essential to reduce the burden of ADRs

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