scholarly journals Obesity as a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 and Complications: A Review

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Fien Demeulemeester ◽  
Karin de Punder ◽  
Marloes van Heijningen ◽  
Femke van Doesburg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Major Complications

Emerging data suggest that obesity is a major risk factor for the progression of major complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm and coagulopathy in COVID-19. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the link between obesity and disease severity as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for the development of new therapeutic interventions and preventive measures in this high-risk group. We propose that multiple features of obesity contribute to the prevalence of severe COVID-19 and complications. First, viral entry can be facilitated by the upregulation of viral entry receptors, like angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), among others. Second, obesity-induced chronic inflammation and disruptions of insulin and leptin signaling can result in impaired viral clearance and a disproportionate or hyper-inflammatory response, which together with elevated ferritin levels can be a direct cause for ARDS and cytokine storm. Third, the negative consequences of obesity on blood coagulation can contribute to the progression of thrombus formation and hemorrhage. In this review we first summarize clinical findings on the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 disease severity and then further discuss potential mechanisms that could explain the risk for major complications in patients suffering from obesity.

scholarly journals Obesity as a risk factor for severe COVID-19 and complications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fien Demeulemeester ◽  
Karin De Punder ◽  
Marloes van Heijningen ◽  
Femke van Doesburg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Major Complications

Emerging data suggest that obesity is a major risk factor for the progression of major complications such as, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm and coagulopathy in COVID-19. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the link between obesity and disease severity as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for the development of new therapeutic interventions and preventive measures in this high-risk group. We propose that multiple features of obesity contribute to the prevalence of severe COVID-19 and complications. First, viral entry can be facilitated by the upregulation of viral entry receptors, like angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), among others. Second, obesity-induced chronic inflammation and disruptions of leptin signaling can result in a disproportionate or hyper-inflammatory response, which together with elevated ferritin levels can be a direct cause for complications, such as ARDS and cytokine storm. Third, the negative consequences of obesity on blood coagulation can contribute to the progression of thrombus formation and hemorrhage. In this review we summarize clinical findings that provide insight into the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 disease severity and discusses potential mechanisms that could convey the risk for major complications in patients suffering from obesity.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde İdeal Vücut Ağırlığının Önemi

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Ayşe SALTEKİN ◽  
Nural ERZURUM ALİM
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Viral Respiratory

The Importance of Ideal Body Weight in the COVID-19 Pandemia Period Obesity is an important public health problem that is common worldwide. With obesity, there is an increase in many diseases, including hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, which are risk factors for COVID-19. In 2009, obesity was first defined as a risk factor for disease severity and mortality in infected individuals in the pandemic caused by H1N1 Influenza A virus affecting the upper respiratory tract. Then, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which emerged in 2012, was also found to be more common in individuals with obesity. These findings, which show that obesity increases the risk of disease severity and death in viral respiratory infections, suggest that obesity may increase the risk of another viral respiratory disease, COVID-19. Studies show that individuals with obesity suffer from COVID-19 disease more severely than individuals with normal body weight, and their intensive care unit needs are higher. Obesity is a risk factor for more severe COVID-19 disease due to a low-grade inflammatory condition and weakened immunity. There are studies in the literature showing that obesity as well as low body weight negatively affect the outcomes of COVID-19 disease. These studies revealed that COVID-19 patients with low body weight are at greater risk of mechanical ventilation and death. It has been observed that low body mass index and low body weight especially in infected elderly individuals increase the severity of COVID-19. Therefore, individuals having ideal body weight can prevent the negative consequences of COVID-19 disease. In addition, healthy nutrition plays an important role in the optimal functioning of the immune system and weight control. Keywords: COVID-19, obesity, underweight, immunity, nutrition

RF35 CALCIUM LOADING AS RISK FACTOR FOR CLINICAL MAJOR COMPLICATIONS AND SURVIVAL FOLLOWING TAVI PROCEDURES

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. e44
Author(s):  
F. Pollari ◽  
M. Cuomo ◽  
F. Vogt ◽  
J.M. Kalisnik ◽  
C. Söhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Major Complications ◽  
Calcium Loading

AntiTNF α: Risk Factor of Major Complications Following Ileocolic Resection for Crohn's Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benichou Benjamin ◽  
Rahili Mohamed Amine ◽  
Bernard Jean Louis ◽  
Hébuterne Xavier ◽  
Schneider Stéphane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Ileocolic Resection ◽  
Major Complications

Cardiovascular Risk in Perimenopausal Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Stevenson ◽  
Sophia Tsiligiannis ◽  
Nick Panay
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Additional Risk Factor ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Perimenopausal Women ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

Cardiovascular disease, and particularly coronary heart disease (CHD), has a low incidence in premenopausal women. Loss of ovarian hormones during the perimenopause and menopause leads to a sharp increase in incidence. Although most CHD risk factors are common to both men and women, the menopause is a unique additional risk factor for women. Sex steroids have profound effects on many CHD risk factors. Their loss leads to adverse changes in lipids and lipoproteins, with increases being seen in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides, and decreases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. There is a reduction in insulin secretion and elimination, but increases in insulin resistance eventually result in increasing circulating insulin levels. There are changes in body fat distribution with accumulation in central and visceral fat which links to the other adverse metabolic changes. There is an increase in the incidence of hypertension and of type 2 diabetes mellitus, both major risk factors for CHD. Oestrogens have potent effects on blood vessels and their loss leads to dysfunction of the vascular endothelium. All of these changes result from loss of ovarian function contributing to the increased development of CHD. Risk factor assessment in perimenopausal women is recommended, thereby permitting the timely introduction of lifestyle, hormonal and therapeutic interventions to modify or reverse these adverse changes.

Surviving “Risk Factor Frenzy”: The Perils of Incorrectly Applying Epidemiological Research in Health Education and Promotion

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan I. Robison ◽  
Gregory Kline
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Lifestyle Change ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Epidemiological Research ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Health Education And Promotion

In health education and promotion, “risk factors” for disease gathered from epidemiological research form the basis from which the majority of recommendations to individuals for lifestyle change are made. Unfortunately, many health practitioners are unaware that this type of research was never intended to be applied to individuals. The result is ongoing public confusion and anxiety concerning health recommendations and a loss of credibility for health professionals. This article: 1) briefly reviews the most commonly encountered limitations inherent in epidemiological research; 2) explores the problems and potential negative consequences of incorrectly applying epidemiological research in health education and promotion; and 3) makes recommendations to help health practitioners more skillfully interpret and incorporate into their work findings from epidemiological research.

scholarly journals The #orthorexia community on Instagram

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Valente ◽  
Sophie Renckens ◽  
Joske Bunders-Aelen ◽  
Elena V. Syurina
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Share Information

Abstract Purpose This mixed-methods study delved into the relationship between orthorexia nervosa (ON) and Instagram. Methods Two quantitative data sources were used: content analysis of pictures using #orthorexia (n = 3027), and an online questionnaire investigating the experience of ON and the use of Instagram of people sharing ON-related content on Instagram (n = 185). Following, interviews (n = 9) were conducted with people posting ON-related content on Instagram and self-identifying as having (had) ON. Results People who share ON-related content on Instagram were found to be primarily young women (questionnaire = 95.2% females, mean age 26.2 years; interviews = 100% females, mean age 28.4 years), who were found to be heavy social media users and favor Instagram over other platforms. Questionnaire respondents agreed in defining ON as an obsession with a diet considered healthy, with bio-psycho-social negative consequences, though those who self-identified as having (had) ON were more likely to point out the negative impairments of ON. Interviewees deemed Instagram partially responsible for the development of ON. Instead, they agreed that Instagram encourages problem realization. Content analysis showed that ON is encoded in pictures of ‘food’, ‘people’, ‘text’ and ‘other.’ Interviewees revealed that they started posting to recover, share information, help others, and they felt inspired to post by other accounts. A sense of belonging to the #orthorexia community emerged, where people share values and ideals, and seek validation from others. Conclusion Conversations around #orthorexia on Instagram generate supportive communities aiding recovery. Individuals use Instagram for helping others and themselves recovering from ON. Understanding how people help each other, manage their health, cope with symptoms, and undertake recovery can inform the implementation of therapeutic interventions for ON. Level of evidence Level III, evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

scholarly journals Adolescent impulsiveness and use of alcohol and tobacco

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-382
Author(s):  
Mª del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes ◽  
José J. Gázquez ◽  
Mª del Mar Molero ◽  
Fernando Cardila ◽  
África Martos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
The Relationship

Adolescence is characterized by premature experimentation with new experiences and sensations. These experiences sometimes include drugs, which even though legal and socially accepted, begin to have noticeable negative consequences to the adolescent’s development. In recent years, a decrease in use of tobacco by Spanish adolescents has been observed, but not in alcohol. One of the causes of initiation in drug use is impulsive personality or behavior. Thus the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between impulsiveness and frequency of use of alcohol and tobacco in 822 students aged 13 to 18 years of age. The State Impulsivity Scale (SIS) and an ad hoc questionnaire on demographic characteristics and use of alcohol and tobacco were used for this. The results showed that students who stated they were users scored significantly higher on impulsivity. Thus detailed analysis of the profile of individuals with this risk factor could favor more adequate intervention program design.

scholarly journals Informing the public health response to COVID-19: a systematic review of risk factors for disease, severity, and mortality

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Flook ◽  
C. Jackson ◽  
E. Vasileiou ◽  
C. R. Simpson ◽  
M. D. Muckian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multivariable Analyses

Abstract Background Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged public health agencies globally. In order to effectively target government responses, it is critical to identify the individuals most at risk of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), developing severe clinical signs, and mortality. We undertook a systematic review of the literature to present the current status of scientific knowledge in these areas and describe the need for unified global approaches, moving forwards, as well as lessons learnt for future pandemics. Methods Medline, Embase and Global Health were searched to the end of April 2020, as well as the Web of Science. Search terms were specific to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19. Comparative studies of risk factors from any setting, population group and in any language were included. Titles, abstracts and full texts were screened by two reviewers and extracted in duplicate into a standardised form. Data were extracted on risk factors for COVID-19 disease, severe disease, or death and were narratively and descriptively synthesised. Results One thousand two hundred and thirty-eight papers were identified post-deduplication. Thirty-three met our inclusion criteria, of which 26 were from China. Six assessed the risk of contracting the disease, 20 the risk of having severe disease and ten the risk of dying. Age, gender and co-morbidities were commonly assessed as risk factors. The weight of evidence showed increasing age to be associated with severe disease and mortality, and general comorbidities with mortality. Only seven studies presented multivariable analyses and power was generally limited. A wide range of definitions were used for disease severity. Conclusions The volume of literature generated in the short time since the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 has been considerable. Many studies have sought to document the risk factors for COVID-19 disease, disease severity and mortality; age was the only risk factor based on robust studies and with a consistent body of evidence. Mechanistic studies are required to understand why age is such an important risk factor. At the start of pandemics, large, standardised, studies that use multivariable analyses are urgently needed so that the populations most at risk can be rapidly protected. Registration This review was registered on PROSPERO as CRD42020177714.

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