scholarly journals Towards Optimal pH of the Skin and Topical Formulations: From the Current State of the Art to Tailored Products

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Milica Lukić ◽  
Ivana Pantelić ◽  
Snežana D. Savić
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Keratinocyte Differentiation ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Epidermal Lipids ◽  
Skin Ph ◽  
High Level

Acidic pH of the skin surface has been recognized as a regulating factor for the maintenance of the stratum corneum homeostasis and barrier permeability. The most important functions of acidic pH seem to be related to the keratinocyte differentiation process, the formation and function of epidermal lipids and the corneocyte lipid envelope, the maintenance of the skin microbiome and, consequently, skin disturbances and diseases. As acknowledged extrinsic factors that affect skin pH, topically applied products could contribute to skin health maintenance via skin pH value control. The obtained knowledge on skins’ pH could be used in the formulation of more effective topical products, which would add to the development of the so-called products ‘for skin health maintenance’. There is a high level of agreement that topical products should be acidified and possess pH in the range of 4 to 6. However, formulators, dermatologists and consumers would benefit from some more precise guidance concerning favorable products pH values and the selection of cosmetic ingredients which could be responsible for acidification, together with a more extensive understanding of the mechanisms underlaying the process of skin acidification by topical products.

scholarly journals Profile of Skin pH in Leukaemia’s Children with Chemotherapy Treatments at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 945-947
Author(s):  
Radha Siregar ◽  
Sri Purnama ◽  
Salia Lakswinar
Keyword(s):  
General Hospital ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skin Ph ◽  
Chemotherapy Side Effects ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
The Mean

BACKGROUND: One of the treatments for leukaemia is chemotherapy. Side effects and toxicity of this treatment can be seen on the skin, adnexal, and mucous membranes. They might increase potential hydrogen (pH) value on the skin surface, therefore, disrupting epidermal barrier defences.AIM: To describe the pH of the skin in children with leukaemia who received chemotherapy.SUBJECT AND METHOD: This study was an observational descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted from March until December 2016 with 32 children with leukaemia who treated at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan as subjects. Skin pH was measured by a pH meter.RESULT: We found mean skin pH in ALL (6.28 ± 0.58), CML (5.9 ± 0) and AML (6.5 ± 0.50). The mean skin pH after 1-5 weeks of chemotherapy was 6.13 ± 0.49, at 6-10 weeks (6.32 ± 0.51), and at 11-15 weeks (7.12 ± 0.36). The mean skin pH of patients with two drugs (5.98 ± 0.44), four drugs (6.28 ± 0.55), and six drugs (6.63 ± 0.56).CONCLUSION: The highest mean of skin pH were obtained in AML group, 11-15 weeks length of chemotherapy and group with six drugs regimen.

The examination of biophysical parameters of skin (transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and pH value) in different body regions of ponies

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Szczepanik ◽  
P.M. Wilkołek ◽  
M. Pluta ◽  
Ł.R. Adamek ◽  
Z.J.H. Pomorski
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Skin Hydration ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Skin Ph

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and skin pH in normal ponies. Sixteen ponies of both sexes were examined in the study. Measurements were taken from seven different sites: the neck region, the shoulder, thorax, lumbar, inguinal, lip region and the auricle. In each of the regions transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin pH were measured. For transepidermal water loss, the lowest values were observed in the lumbar region (9.71g/hm2), while the highest values were observed in the lip region (22.35 g/hm2). In the case of skin hydration the lowest values were observed for the thorax region (2.13 CU), and the highest for the lip region (41.81 CU). For skin pH, the lowest results were obtained in the lumbar region (6.93), and the highest in the lip region (7.96).

Comparison of Prescription and Medical Records in Reflecting Patient Antihypertensive Drug Therapy

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale B. Christensen ◽  
Barbara Williams ◽  
Harold I. Goldberg ◽  
Diane P. Martin ◽  
Ruth Engelberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Record ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Health Maintenance Organizations ◽  
Antihypertensive Drug Therapy ◽  
Antihypertensive Medications ◽  
Pharmacy Records ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Agreement

OBJECTIVE: To determine the completeness of prescription records, and the extent to which they agreed with medical record drug entries for antihypertensive medications. SETTING: Three clinics affiliated with two staff model health maintenance organizations (HMOs). PARTICIPANTS: Randomly selected HMO enrollees (n=982) with diagnosed hypertension. METHODS: Computer-based prescription records for antihypertensive medications were reviewed at each location using an algorithm to convert the directions-for-use codes into an amount to be consumed per day (prescribed daily dosage). The medical record was analyzed similarly for the presence of drug notations and directions for use. RESULTS: There was a high level of agreement between the medical record and prescription file with respect to identifying the drug prescribed by drug name. Between 5 and 14 percent of medical record drug entries did not have corresponding prescription records, probably reflecting patient decisions not to have prescriptions filled at HMO-affiliated pharmacies or at all. Further, 5–8 percent of dispensed prescription records did not have corresponding medical record drug entry notations, probably reflecting incomplete recording of drug information on the medical record. The percentage of agreement of medical records on dosage ranged from 68 to 70 percent across two sites. Approximately 14 percent of drug records at one location and 21 percent of records at the other had nonmatching dosage information, probably reflecting dosage changes noted on the medical record but not reflected on pharmacy records. CONCLUSIONS: In the sites studied, dispensed prescription records reasonably reflect chart drug entries for drug name, but not necessarily dosage.

scholarly journals Soil and highbush blueberry responses to fertilization with urea phosphate

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Ochmian ◽  
Jan Oszmiański ◽  
Bogusława Jaśkiewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Szczepanek
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Urea Phosphate ◽  
Second Year ◽  
High Level ◽  
Total Soil Nitrogen

Abstract The low availability of soils with an appropriate pH value (4.2-5.2) is a factor limiting an increase in highbush blueberry acreage. The experiments examined the influence of a physiologically acidic urea phosphate fertilizer on the pH change of the soil and the mineral content in the soil, leaves, and fruit as well as polyphenols in the fruit of two highbush blueberry cultivars – ‘Sunrise’ and ‘Brigitta Blue’. The fertilizer, at doses of 30 and 60 kg of nitrogen per hectare, was used in the experiments in each of the three years of the study. After using 60 kg N ha−1, urea phosphate caused a reduction in soil pH. It also significantly influenced the total soil nitrogen content – the average for the cultivars was 7.40 mg in 2015, while in the control plots – 1.85 mg 100 g−1. These quantities are above the optimum recommended for highbush blueberry. At the same time, low amounts of this ingredient were found in the leaves (‘Sunrise’ – 1.83 mg; ‘Brigitta Blue’ – 1.77 mg 100 g−1). Even after the application of 30 kg of fertilizer in the second year, the phosphorus content in the soil was at a high level (> 4 mg 100 g−1). The amount of phosphorus also increased in the leaves and fruit. Despite considerable quantities of available magnesium in the soil after urea phosphate application, a significant reduction of this component was observed in the leaves and fruit compared to the unfertilized control bushes. The applied fertilizer reduced the amount of polyphenols in the fruit of the tested cultivars.

Changes of pH in A2O Process System and its Impact on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal

2012 ◽  
Vol 588-589 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Yong Feng Li ◽  
Jian Yu Yang ◽  
Guo Cai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Biological Nutrient Removal ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Process System ◽  
High Level

Simulate sewage were used in an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic biological nutrient removal system(A2O process), by observing the pHs in different compartments and its reflected changes in nitrogen and phosphorus removal, studied on the effects of different pHs on the removal of pollutants. The experiments indicates that the anaerobic phosphorus release showed the main performance of the decline of pH, denitrification in anoxic zone caused the rise of pH, uptake of phosphate in the aerobic zone mainly caused the continuous rise of pH. There is no evidently changes in COD removal, ammonia nitrogen get the highest removal as the pH value was between 8.0-8.5, when pH was at 6.5-7.5, the TN have the maximum removal rate, TP can keep in a high level when the pH was above 6.0.

scholarly journals Metabolic Flexibility Is a Determinant of Breast Cancer Heterogeneity and Progression

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4699
Author(s):  
Marina Fukano ◽  
Morag Park ◽  
Geneviève Deblois
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Metabolic Flexibility ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Breast Tumours ◽  
Cancer Heterogeneity ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Metabolic States ◽  
Metabolic Heterogeneity ◽  
High Level

Breast cancer progression is characterized by changes in cellular metabolism that contribute to enhanced tumour growth and adaptation to microenvironmental stresses. Metabolic changes within breast tumours are still poorly understood and are not as yet exploited for therapeutic intervention, in part due to a high level of metabolic heterogeneity within tumours. The metabolic profiles of breast cancer cells are flexible, providing dynamic switches in metabolic states to accommodate nutrient and energy demands and further aggravating the challenges of targeting metabolic dependencies in cancer. In this review, we discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to metabolic heterogeneity of breast tumours. Next, we examine how metabolic flexibility, which contributes to the metabolic heterogeneity of breast tumours, can alter epigenetic landscapes and increase a variety of pro-tumorigenic functions. Finally, we highlight the difficulties in pharmacologically targeting the metabolic adaptations of breast tumours and provide an overview of possible strategies to sensitize heterogeneous breast tumours to the targeting of metabolic vulnerabilities.

scholarly journals Chemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in biochars derived from sewage sludge and anaerobically digested sludge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Zhao ◽  
Chunsheng Qiu ◽  
Xiaodan Fan ◽  
Jinxin Zheng ◽  
Nannan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Digested Sludge ◽  
Anaerobically Digested Sludge ◽  
Dewatered Sewage Sludge ◽  
High Level

Abstract The dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) and anaerobically digested sludge (ADS) were pyrolyzed at 550 °C to investigate the characteristics of derived biochar and evaluate the risk of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb). The results showed that the pH value of the biochar derived from DSS (DSS-C) was slightly lower than that of the biochar derived from ADS (ADS-C), while DSS-C presented relatively higher specific surface area and total pore volume. DSS-C also showed higher H/C and lower O/C ratios than ADS-C, indicating a higher aromatic condensation and a lower polarity. And the total concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in DSS and ADS increased significantly after pyrolysis owing to the thermal decomposition of organic matter in the sludge, with corresponding rise of the Nemerow pollution index (NPI) of the biochars compared with the raw sludge. In addition, the sequential extraction procedure (BCR) analysis revealed that pyrolysis process promoted the transformation of heavy metals from bio-available fractions to stable fractions. The potential environmental risk of heavy metals decreased from moderate and extremely high level in the DSS and ADS to low risk and moderate level in DSS-C and ADS-C after pyrolysis, respectively.

scholarly journals Some structural properties of plant serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase?

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiesław Truszkiewicz ◽  
Andrzej Paszkowski
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Wheat Seedling ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Quaternary Structures ◽  
High Level

The structural properties of photorespiratory serine:glyoxylate aminotransferases (SGAT, EC 2.6.1.45) from maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves were examined. By means of molecular sieving on Zorbax SE-250 column and filtration through centrifugal filters it was shown that dimers of wheat enzyme (molecular mass of about 90 kDa) dissociate into component monomers (molecular mass of about 45 kDa) upon decrease in pH value (from 9.1 or 7.0 to 6.5). At pH 9.1 a 50-fold decrease of ionic strength elicited a similar effect. Under the same conditions homodimers of the maize enzyme (molecular mass similar to that of the wheat enzyme) remained stable. Immunoblot analysis with polyclonal antiserum against wheat seedling SGAT on leaf homogenates or highly purified preparations of both enzymes showed that the immunogenic portions of the wheat enzyme are divergent from those of the maize enzyme. The sequence of 136 amino acids of the maize enzyme and 78 amino acids of the wheat enzyme was established by tandem mass spectrometry with time of flight analyzer. The two enzymes likely share similarity in tertiary and quaternary structures as well as high level of hydrophobicity on their molecular surfaces. They likely differ in the mechanism of transport from the site of biosynthesis to peroxisomes as well as in some aspects of secondary structure.

scholarly journals The skin microbiome of elasmobranchs follows phylosymbosis, but in teleost fishes the microbiomes converge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Doane ◽  
Megan M. Morris ◽  
Bhavya Papudeshi ◽  
Lauren Allen ◽  
Dnyanada Pande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Functional Composition ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Microbial Groups ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Background: The vertebrate clade diverged into Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, and chimeras) and Osteichthyes fishes (bony fishes) approximately 420 mya, with each group accumulating vast anatomical and physiological differences, including skin properties. The skin of Chondrichthyes fishes is covered in dermal denticles, whereas Osteichthyes fishes are covered in scales and are mucous rich. The divergence time among these two fish groups is hypothesized to result in predictable variation among symbionts. Here, using shotgun metagenomics, we test if patterns of diversity in the skin surface microbiome across the two fish clades match predictions made by phylosymbiosis theory. We hypothesize, 1) the skin microbiome will be species and clade-specific, 2) evolutionary difference in elasmobranch and teleost fishes corresponds with a concomitant increase in host-microbiome dissimilarity and 3) the skin structure of the two groups will affect the taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiomes. Results: We show that the taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiomes is host species-specific. Teleost fish had lower average microbiome within clade similarity compared to among clade comparison, but their composition is not different among clade in a null based model. Elasmobranch’s average similarity within clade was not different than across clade and not different in a null based model of comparison. In the comparison of host distance with microbiome distance, we found that the taxonomic composition of the microbiome was related to host distance for the elasmobranchs, but not the teleost fishes. In comparison, the gene function composition was not related to the host-organism distance for elasmobranchs but was negatively correlated with host distance for teleost fishes. Conclusion: Our results show the patterns of phylosymbiosis are not consistent across both fish clades, with the elasmobranchs showing phylosymbiosis, while the teleost fish are not. The discrepancy may be linked to alternative processes underpinning microbiome assemblage, including possible historical host-microbiome evolution of the elasmobranchs and convergent evolution in the teleost which filter specific microbial groups. Our comparison of the microbiomes among fishes represents an investigation into the microbial relationships of the oldest divergence extant vertebrate host and reveals that microbial relationships are not consistent across evolutionary timescales.

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