scholarly journals High Performance Conditioning Shampoo with Hyaluronic Acid and Sustainable Surfactants

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Kelly Yorke ◽  
Samiul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Surface Activity Properties ◽  
Alkyl Polyglucoside

Recently, consumers have become invested in more natural and sustainable ingredients contained in personal care products. Unfortunately, cationic surfactants are still heavily relied on as primary conditioning agents in products such as conditioning shampoos because of their ability to cling well to the negatively charged surface of hair follicles. Additionally, sulfates are utilized as cleansing agents because they are highly effective and low cost. The objective of this study is to find a more sustainable formulation for a conditioning shampoo without compromising the desired wet combing, rheological, and surface activity properties. The systems which were investigated contained hyaluronic acid (HA) at a variety of molecular weights and concentrations, in combination with a surfactant, either acidic sophorolipid (ASL) or alkyl polyglucoside (APG), and varying the presence of sodium chloride. A Dia-stron was utilized to test the wet combing force, a rheometer recorded the viscosity at various shear rates, and a tensiometer measured the surface tension of the samples before a visual foaming study was conducted. Molecular weight and concentration seemed to have a large impact on wet combing force, as well as rheology, with the largest molecular weight and concentration producing the lowest friction coefficient and desired rheological profile. The addition of a surfactant significantly aids in the reduction in surface tension and increased foamability. Therefore, the optimal system to achieve the largest reduction in wet combing force, large viscosity with shear-thinning behavior, and relatively low surface tension with decent foaming is composed of 1% HA at 800 kDa, 10% ASL and 1% NaCl. This system shows a viable sulfate-free and silicone-free option that can achieve both conditioning and cleansing.

Preparation and Characterization of the High Molecular Weight [3H]Hyaluronic Acid

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 2151-2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Chabreček ◽  
Ladislav Šoltés ◽  
Hynek Hradec ◽  
Jiří Filip ◽  
Eduard Orviský
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Labelling Procedure ◽  
Enzymatic Depolymerization

Two methods for the preparation of high molecular weight [3H]hyaluronic acid were investigated. In the first one, hydrogen atoms in the molecule were replaced by tritium. This isotopic substitution was performed in aqueous solution using Pd/CaCO3 as the catalyst. In the second method, the high molecular weight hyaluronic acid was alkylated with [3H]methyl bromide in liquid ammonia at a temperature of -33.5 °C. High-performance gel permeation chromatographic separation method was used for the isolation and characterization of the high molecular weight [3H]hyaluronic acid. Molecular weight parameters for the labelled biopolymers were Mw = 128 kDa, Mw/Mn = 1.88 (first method) and Mw = 268 kDa, Mw/Mn = 1.55 (second method). The high molecular weight [3H]hyaluronic acid having Mw = 268 kDa was degraded further by specific hyaluronidase. Products of the enzymatic depolymerization were observed to be identical for both, labelled and cold biopolymer. This finding indicates that the described labelling procedure using [3H]methyl bromide does not induce any major structural rearrangements in the molecule.

scholarly journals Effects of Molecular Weight of Functionalized Liquid Butadiene Rubber as a Processing Aid on the Properties of SSBR/Silica Compounds

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 850
Author(s):  
Donghyuk Kim ◽  
Byungkyu Ahn ◽  
Kihyun Kim ◽  
JongYeop Lee ◽  
Il Jin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Anionic Polymerization ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Mooney Viscosity ◽  
Silica Dispersion

Liquid butadiene rubber (LqBR) which used as a processing aid play a vital role in the manufacturing of high-performance tire tread compounds. However, the studies on the effect of molecular weight, microstructure, and functionalization of LqBR on the properties of compounds are still insufficient. In this study, non-functionalized and center-functionalized liquid butadiene rubbers (N-LqBR and C-LqBR modified with ethoxysilyl group, respectively) were synthesized with low vinyl content and different molecular weights using anionic polymerization. In addition, LqBR was added to the silica-filled SSBR compounds as an alternative to treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil, and the effect of molecular weight and functionalization on the properties of the silica-filled SSBR compound was examined. C-LqBR showed a low Payne effect and Mooney viscosity because of improved silica dispersion due to the ethoxysilyl functional group. Furthermore, C-LqBR showed an increased crosslink density, improved mechanical properties, and reduced organic matter extraction compared to the N-LqBR compound. LqBR reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the compound significantly, thereby improving snow traction and abrasion resistance compared to TDAE oil. Furthermore, the energy loss characteristics revealed that the hysteresis loss attributable to the free chain ends of LqBR was dominant.

Comparison of exopolysaccharides from mucoid and nonmucoid strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subspecies sepedonicus

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Henningson ◽  
Neil C. Gudmestad
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Serological Reaction ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography

The exopolysaccharides produced by six strains of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus were isolated and purified by liquid chromatography. Neutral sugar composition and molecular weights were determined for each polysaccharide fraction, using gas chromatography and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. The serological reaction of each fraction was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Exopolysaccharide from nonmucoid strains contained only low molecular weight polysaccharides (1.5 × 103 to 1.1 × 104). Exopolysaccharide from mucoid and intermediate strains could be separated into low (4.0 × 103 to 1.1 × 104) molecular weight and high (5.0 × 105 to 1.6 × 106) molecular weight fractions. High molecular weight polysaccharides were composed almost exclusively of galactose, glucose, and fucose. The ratios of these sugars were highly variable among strains. Low molecular weight polysaccharides were primarily composed of galactose with significant and varying amounts of glucose, rhamnose, mannose, and ribose. All polysaccharide fractions except one, produced by a nonmucoid strain, reacted in the immunoassay test.Key words: exopolysaccharide, polysaccharide, Clavibacter, michiganensis, sepedonicus.

Particulate glycogen of mammalian liver: specificity in binding phosphorylase and glycogen synthase

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Vardanis
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Glycogen Phosphorylase ◽  
Hydrophobic Interactions ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Glycogen Particle ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Glycogen Deposition ◽  
A Minor

The glycogen particle – glycogen metabolizing enzyme complex was investigated to gain some understanding of its physiological significance. Fractionations of populations of particles from mouse liver were carried out utilising open column and high performance liquid chromatography, and based either on the molecular weight of the particles or the hydrophobic interactions of the glycogen-associated proteins. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase were measured in these fractions. Fractionations were of tissue in different stages of glycogen deposition or mobilization. In animals fed ad libitum, glycogen synthase was associated with the whole spectrum of molecular weights, while the glycogen phosphorylase distribution was skewed in favour of the lower molecular weight species. Under conditions of glycogen mobilization, the phosphorylase distribution changed to include all molecular weights. The hydrophobic interaction separations demonstrated that glycogen synthase binds to a specific subpopulation of particles that is a minor proportion of the total. In general, there was a direct relationship of the total amount of phosphorylase and synthase bound during periods of mobilization and deposition, respectively. Two notable exceptions were the large amounts of glucose-6-P dependent synthase present during the early period of glycogen mobilization and the high amounts of active phosphorylase appearing shortly after food withdrawal, in spite of interim glycogen deposition from presumably already ingested food.Key words: glycogen particle, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase.

scholarly journals On the Dependence of Rheology of Hyaluronic Acid Solutions and Frictional Behavior of Articular Cartilage

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rebenda ◽  
Martin Vrbka ◽  
Pavel Čípek ◽  
Evgeniy Toropitsyn ◽  
David Nečas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Optical Glass ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Frictional Behavior ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Contact Couple

Hyaluronic acid (HA) injections represent one of the most common methods for the treatment of osteoarthritis. However, the clinical results of this method are unambiguous mainly because the mechanism of action has not been clearly clarified yet. Viscosupplementation consists, inter alia, of the improvement of synovial fluid rheological properties by injected solution. The present paper deals with the effect of HA molecular weight on the rheological properties of its solutions and also on friction in the articular cartilage model. Viscosity and viscoelastic properties of HA solutions were analyzed with a rotational rheometer in a cone–plate and plate–plate configuration. In total, four HA solutions with molecular weights between 77 kDa and 2010 kDa were tested. The frictional measurements were realized on a commercial tribometer Bruker UMT TriboLab, while the coefficient of friction (CoF) dependency on time was measured. The contact couple consisted of the articular cartilage pin and the plate made from optical glass. The contact was fully flooded with tested HA solutions. Results showed a strong dependency between HA molecular weight and its rheological properties. However, no clear dependence between HA molecular weight and CoF was revealed from the frictional measurements. This study presents new insight into the dependence between rheological and frictional behavior of the articular cartilage, while such an extensive investigation has not been presented before.

scholarly journals High and Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Differentially Influences Oxylipins Synthesis in Course of Neuroinflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 3894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Chistyakov ◽  
Alina A. Astakhova ◽  
Nadezda V. Azbukina ◽  
Sergei V. Goriainov ◽  
Viktor V. Chistyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Cultured Astrocytes ◽  
Tlr4 Agonist ◽  
Fatty Acids Metabolism ◽  
Tlr3 Signaling

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a major glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix, has cell signaling functions that are dependent on its molecular weight. Anti-inflammatory effects for high-molecular-weight (HMW) HA and pro-inflammatory effects for low-molecular-weight (LMW) HA effects were found for various myeloid cells, including microglia. Astrocytes are cells of ectodermal origin that play a pivotal role in brain inflammation, but the link between HA with different molecular weights and an inflammatory response in these cells is not clear. We tested the effects of LMW and HMW HA in rat primary astrocytes, stimulated with Poly:IC (PIC, TLR3 agonist) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, TLR4 agonist). Oxylipin profiles were measured by the UPLC-MS/MS analysis and metabolites HDoHEs (from docosahexaenoic acid), -HETEs, prostaglandins (from arachidonic acid), DiHOMEs and HODEs (from linoleic acid) were detected. Both, HMW and LMW HA downregulated the cyclooxygenase-mediated polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolism, LMW also reduced lipoxygenase-mediated fatty acid metabolism. Taken together, the data show that both LMW and HMW (i) influence themselves on cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10), enzymes iNOS, COX-2, and oxylipin levels in extracellular medium of cultured astrocytes, (ii) induced cellular adaptations in long-term applications, (iii) modulate TLR4- and TLR3-signaling pathways. The effects of HMW and LMW HA are predominantly revealed in TLR4– and TLR3- mediated responses, respectively.

scholarly journals Preparation of High Molecular Weight Poly(urethane-urea)s Bearing Deactivated Diamines

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1914
Author(s):  
Alejandra Rubio Hernández-Sampelayo ◽  
Rodrigo Navarro ◽  
Ángel Marcos-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Electronic Parameters ◽  
High Molecular Weight Poly

The synthesis of poly(urethane-urea) (PUUs) bearing deactivated diamines within the backbone polymer chain is presented. Several deactivated diamines present interesting properties for several applications in the biomaterial field due to their attractive biocompatibility. Through an activation with Chloro-(trimethyl)silane (Cl-TMS) during the polymerization reaction, the reactivity of these diamines against diisocyanates was triggered, leading to PUUs with high performance. Indeed, through this activation protocol, the obtained molecular weights and mechanical features increased considerably respect to PUUs prepared following the standard conditions. In addition, to demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this synthetic approach, diisocyanate with different reactivity were also addressed. The experimental work is supported by calculations of the electronic parameters of diisocyanate and diamines, using quantum mechanical methods.

scholarly journals Physical and Chemical Properties and Quality Control Methods of Hyaluronic Acid (Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
A. Kh. Amandusova ◽  
K. R. Savelyeva ◽  
A. V. Morozov ◽  
V. A. Shelekhova ◽  
V. N. Shestakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Capillary Electrophoresis ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Turbidimetric Titration ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction. This review describes the physicochemical properties that determine the use of hyaluronic acid in ophthalmology. We have studied methods for determining hyaluronic acid using various analytical methods.Text. Hyaluronic acid is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan that consists of repeating disaccharides of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid. Carboxyl, hydroxyl and acetoamide groups give hydrophilic properties to the molecule of this anionic heteropolysaccharide. Depending on how the hyaluronic acid is obtained, its molecular weight varies over a wide range. Researchers developed methods for controlling hyaluronic acid, which include the turbidimetric titration method, the method of high-performance capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography and IR spectroscopic method.Conclusion. Due to its properties, hyaluronic acid is widely used as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical preparations. Today, there are a number of methods for the determination of hyaluronic acid, including the method of turbidimetric titration, the method of capillary electrophoresis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and IR spectroscopy methods are presented in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia. These techniques are widely used due to their high reproducibility, accuracy, and relative simplicity.

scholarly journals The Effects of the Molecular Weights of Hyaluronic Acid on the Immune Responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Mi Lee ◽  
Sang Jun Park ◽  
Insup Noh ◽  
Chun-Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
No Production ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Tgf Β1

Abstract Background: The molecular weight of hyaluronic acid (HyA) depends on the type of organ in the body. When HyA of the desired molecular weight is implanted into the human body for regeneration of damaged tissue, it is degraded by hyaluronidase in associated with an inflammatory response. This study sought to evaluate the effects of HyA molecular weight and concentration on pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Methods: The structures and molecular weights of HyAs (LMW-10, MMW-100, MMW-500, and HMW-1,500) were confirmed by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), respectively. After treatment of murine macrophages with a low (100 μg/mL) or high (100 μg/mL) concentration of each molecular weight HyA, cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and changes in immune response in both LPS-stimulated and untreated macrophages were evaluated by assessing nitric oxide (NO) production, and analyzing expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes including by RT-PCR.Results: Molecular weights of LMW-10, MMW-100, MMW-500, and HMW-1,500 were 13,241±161, 96,531±1,167, 512,657±8,545, and 1,249,500±37,477 Da, respectively. NO production by LPS-stimulated macrophages was decreased by increasing concentrations and molecular weights of HyA. At a high concentration of 100 μg/mL, HMW-1,500 reduced NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages to about 45%. Using NanoString technology, we also found that the immune-related genes TNF‐α, IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-11, CCL2, and Arg1 were specifically over-expressed in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with various molecular weights of HyA. An RT-PCR analysis of gene expression showed that HMW-1,500 decreased expression of classically activated (M1) macrophage genes, such as TNF‐α, IL-6, CCL2, and IL-1β, in LPS-stimulated macrophages, whereas medium molecular-weight HyA (MMW-100 and MMW-500) instead increased expression levels of these genes. HMW-1,500 at a high concentration (100 μg/mL) significantly decreased expression of pro-inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Expression of genes associated with anti-inflammatory responses (M2 phenotype), such as TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-11, and Arg1, were increased by high concentrations of MMW-500 and HMW-1,500 in LPS-stimulated macrophages.Conclusions: High molecular-weight HyA (i.e., > 1,250 kDa) inhibits pro-inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated macrophages and induces anti-inflammatory responses in a concentration dependent manner.

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