Anti-Acne Vulgaris Potential of the Ethanolic Extract of Mesua ferrea L. Flowers

Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. In the present study, we reported the anti-acne vulgaris effect of the Mesua ferrea (M. ferrea) flower extract. The extract was evaluated for three anti-acne-causing bacteria properties including Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The results indicated that the M. ferrea flower extract could be considered as the bactericidal agent against S. epidermidis and S. aureus with MIC values of 0.78 and 6.25 mg mL−1 and MBC values of 1.56 and 12.50 mg mL−1 and the bacteriostatic agent against C. acnes with MIC and MBC values of 3.12 and 25.00 mg mL−1, respectively. The extract at a concentration of 25 µg mL−1 also presented potent anti-inflammatory activity with a significant decrease of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α productions in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated by LPS. In addition, the extract showed moderate to weak anti-oxidative capacities against DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and NO assays and also showed weak anti-tyrosinase activity. M. ferrea flower extract may serve as the alternative natural anti-acne formulations.

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Insights into the mechanism of Cymbopogan martinii essential oil in topical therapy of acne vulgaris

Future Microbiology ◽

10.2217/fmb-2021-0039 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sheefali Mahant ◽

Nikhil S Sahajpal ◽

Sanju Nanda

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Acne Vulgaris ◽

Topical Therapy ◽

Topical Agent ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Cutibacterium Acnes ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Antityrosinase Activity

Aim: The present study investigated the essential oil of Cymbopogan martinii (palmarosa oil; PRO) as a potential topical therapy in acne vulgaris. Materials & methods: GC-MS profiling and biocompatibility studies of PRO were undertaken. The antimicrobial potential was assessed against Cutibacterium acnes. anti-inflammatory, antityrosinase activity and lipid peroxidation were also evaluated. Results: Geraniol was identified as the major phytoconstituent, and the oil was found to be safe for topical application. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were noted as 16 μl/ml. PRO reduced the cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-8 and inhibited tyrosinase. A low concentration of the oil (up to 0.5 μl/ml) produced malondialdehyde levels equivalent to that of untreated cells. Conclusion: PRO may prove useful as a natural topical agent in the management of acne.

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Immunomodulatory Activity of Xestospongia sp. Ethanolic Extract Towards Interferon-gamma (IFN- γ) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) Levels in Wistar Male Rats

Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) ◽

10.22487/j24428744.2020.v6.i2.15231 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Adryan Fristiohady ◽

Jumadil ◽

Wahyuni ◽

Muh. Hajrul Malaka ◽

Wa Ode Harnita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Group Iv ◽

Male Rats ◽

Immunomodulatory Activity ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Group Iii ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Factor Alpha ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Necrosis Factor

Xestospongia sp. is one of marine sponge belongs to demosponges class that mainly found in Southeast Sulawesi and the secondary metabolites contained in Xestospongia sp. suspected to have immunomodulatory activity. A previous study exhibited the immunomodulatory of Xestospongia sp. ethanolic extract (XEE) at dose of 300 and 400 mg/Kg BW by affecting the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of XEE towards interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) at dose of 300 and 400 mg/Kg BW. Wistar male rats are divided into 4 groups (n=6) randomly and treated for 7 days orally each as follow: group I (XEE dose of 300 mg/KgBW); group II (XEE dose of 400 mg/KgBW); group III (0.5% NaCMC); and group IV (commercial phylantii extract). On day 8, animals were infected with Staphylococcus aureus and left for 1 hour. Animals were sacrificed and the blood was drawn by cardiac puncture (3 mL), followed by analyzed under ELISA Kit for IFN-γ and TNF-α. Collected data were analyzed statistically using SPSS®. The IFN-γ levels obtained were 350.113; 392.970; 118.416; and 61.958 ρg/mL, respectively and the TNF-α were 2808; 1308; 778; and 845.5 ρg/mL, respectively. According to results obtained, both doses of XEE are affecting the IFN-γ and TNF-α levels (p<0.05) compared to group III as negative control, and group IV as positive control. As conclusion, XEE of both doses is increasing IFN-γ and TNF-α levels of animals that respond to phagocytic activity

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Anti-Inflammatory Principles from Tamarix aphylla L.: A Bioassay-Guided Fractionation Study

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25132994 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (13) ◽

pp. 2994 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adel S. Gadallah ◽

Mujeeb-ur-Rehman ◽

Atta-ur-Rahman ◽

Sammer Yousuf ◽

Atia-tul-Wahab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Intracellular Ros ◽

Bioassay Guided Fractionation ◽

Aqueous Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Liquid Fractionation ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Necrosis Factor

Natural products have served as primary remedies since ancient times due to their cultural acceptance and outstanding biodiversity. To investigate whether Tamarix aphylla L. modulates an inflammatory process, we carried out bioassay-guided isolation where the extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their modulatory effects on several inflammatory indicators, such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory cytokine; tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), as well as the proliferation of the lymphocyte T-cells. The aqueous ethanolic extract of the plant inhibited the intracellular ROS production, NO generation, and T-cell proliferation. The aqueous ethanolic crude extract was partitioned by liquid-liquid fractionation using n-hexane (n-C6H6), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and water (H2O). The DCM and n-BuOH extracts showed the highest activity against most inflammatory indicators and were further purified to obtain compounds 1–4. The structures of 3,5-dihydroxy-4’,7-dimethoxyflavone (1) and 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester (2) from the DCM extracts; and kaempferol (3), and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-(E)-cinnamic acid (4) from the n-BuOH extract were elucidated by different spectroscopic tools, including MS, NMR, UV, and IR. Compound 2 inhibited the production of ROS and TNF-α, whereas compound 3 showed inhibitory activity against all the tested mediators. A better understanding of the potential aspect of Tamarix aphylla L. derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents could open the door for the development of advanced anti-inflammatory entities.

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The susceptibility of pathogens associated with acne vulgaris to antibiotics

Medical Journal of Indonesia ◽

10.13181/mji.v28i1.2735 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 21-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Irma Bernadette Simbolon Sitohang ◽

Hafizah Fathan ◽

Evita Effendi ◽

Mardiastuti Wahid

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Propionibacterium Acnes ◽

Acne Vulgaris ◽

Data Interpretation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Bacterial Identification ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

BACKGROUND Acne vulgaris is a pilosebaceous disorder. Bacterial activity and inflammation both influence acne formation. Antibiotics suppress the bacterial activities and elicit anti-inflammatory effects. The overuse of antibiotics may lead to resistance in bacteria. This study was aimed to provide an overview of bacteria that may cause acne and determine their susceptibility to antibiotics.METHODS This was a cross-sectional study sampling from 93 patients with acne in Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital. Comedones were extracted and cultured on Brucella blood agar, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 35oC for 24–48 hours. Bacterial identification was performed using Vitek®, and susceptibility test using E-test. Data interpretation was based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2015.RESULTS Staphylococcus epidermidis (50.5%), Propionibacterium acnes (11.0%), and Staphylococcus aureus (7.7%) were identified. Bacteria were not found in 69.2% and 1.1% of samples in anaerobic and aerobic cultures, respectively. P. acnes was susceptible to doxycycline (100%) and minocycline (100%), while 10% was resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. S. epidermidis was susceptible to minocycline (100%); but resistant to erythromycin (65.2%), clindamycin (52.2%) and tetracycline (32.6%). The susceptibility of S. epidermidis to doxycycline was 89.1%, which was lower than that of P. acnes (100%). S. aureus was found to be sensitive to minocycline (100%), doxycycline (71.4%), clindamycin (71.4%), and tetracycline (71.4%); but it was resistant to erythromycin (42.9%).CONCLUSIONS Doxycycline and minocycline showed 100% effectiveness for P. acnes. The isolated bacteria were more susceptible to doxycycline compared to tetracycline. The use of clindamycin and erythromycin needs to be limited as most S. epidermidis isolates were resistant to both.

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Electricity-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis counteracts Cutibacterium acnes

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91398-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shinta Marito ◽

Sunita Keshari ◽

Supitchaya Traisaeng ◽

Do Thi Tra My ◽

Arun Balasubramaniam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Acne Vulgaris ◽

Cyclophilin A ◽

Electrical Current ◽

Suppressive Effect ◽

Intradermal Injection ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Cutibacterium Acnes

AbstractStaphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) ATCC 12228 was incubated with 2% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 Laurate to yield electricity which was measured by a voltage difference between electrodes. Production of electron was validated by a Ferrozine assay. The anti-Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) activity of electrogenic S. epidermidis was assessed in vitro and in vivo. The voltage change (~ 4.4 mV) reached a peak 60 min after pipetting S. epidermidis plus 2% PEG-8 Laurate onto anodes. The electricity produced by S. epidermidis caused significant growth attenuation and cell lysis of C. acnes. Intradermal injection of C. acnes and S. epidermidis plus PEG-8 Laurate into the mouse ear considerably suppressed the growth of C. acnes. This suppressive effect was noticeably reversed when cyclophilin A of S. epidermidis was inhibited, indicating the essential role of cyclophilin A in electricity production of S. epidermidis against C. acnes. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that skin S. epidermidis, in the presence of PEG-8 Laurate, can mediate cyclophilin A to elicit an electrical current that has anti-C. acnes effects. Electricity generated by S. epidermidis may confer immediate innate immunity in acne lesions to rein in the overgrowth of C. acnes at the onset of acne vulgaris.

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THE COMPARISON OF PROPOLIS EFFECTS ON TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA AND MALONDIALDEHYDE BETWEEN INHALATION AND CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX ANIMAL MODELS

African Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.21010/ajid.v16i1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Dhani Redhono Harioputro ◽

Wisnu Sanjaya ◽

Yulyani Werdiningsih

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Inhalation Anthrax ◽

Cutaneous Anthrax ◽

Factor Alpha ◽

Ethanolic Extract Of Propolis ◽

Necrosis Factor

Background: Inflammatory response and oxidative stress can be found in anthrax characterized by increased level of serum Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Malondialdehyde (MDA). The use of antibiotics in anthrax has been known to cause some disturbing side-effects, such as allergic reaction, nausea, vomiting, and antibiotic resistance. Thus, ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) might be the alternative regimen, due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to compare the effects of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on TNF-α and MDA between the inhalation and cutaneous anthrax animal model. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study with a post-test-only control group design on 40 samples of Rattus norvegicus. Samples were randomized into 5 groups: control, inhalation anthrax model, inhalation anthrax model + EEP, cutaneous anthrax model, and cutaneous anthrax model + EEP. After 14 days, the level of TNF-α and MDA were measured. To compare the data, we used the ANOVA test continued by the post-hoc Turkey test. Results: The results obtained showed that the level of TNF-α and MDA between the inhalation and cutaneous anthrax animal models treated with EEP were statistically different (p < 0.05). The P5 group showed the lowest level of TNF-α (6.822 ± 0.383 pg/ml) and MDA (2.717 ± 0.383 nmol/ml). Conclusion: EEP has a better effect on reducing TNF-α and MDA in cutaneous anthrax animal models compared to the inhalation anthrax animal model.

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Novel Rifampicin and Indocyanine Green Co-Loaded Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets Provide Effective In Vivo Photo–Chemo–Probiotic Antimicrobility against Pathogen of Acne Vulgaris Cutibacterium acnes

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10061095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1095

Author(s):

Kuang-Hung Hsiao ◽

Chun-Ming Huang ◽

Yu-Hsiang Lee

Keyword(s):

Indocyanine Green ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Acne Vulgaris ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Inflammatory Protein ◽

Cutibacterium Acnes ◽

Macrophage Inflammatory Protein

Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent dermatological diseases among adolescents and is often associated with overgrowth of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) in the pilosebaceous units. In this study, we aimed to develop novel rifampicin (RIF) and indocyanine green (ICG) co-loaded perfluorocarbon nanodroplets named RIPNDs which can simultaneously provide photo-, chemo-, and probiotic-antimicrobility, and explore their efficacy in treatment of C. acnes in vitro and in vivo. The RIPNDs were first characterized as being spherical in shape, with a size of 238.6 ± 7.51 nm and surface charge of −22.3 ± 3.5 mV. Then, the optimal dosages of Staphylococcus epidermidis–produced fermentation product medium (FPM) and RIPND were determined as 25% (v/v) and [RIF]/[ICG] = 3.8/20 μM, respectively, based on the analyses of inhibition zone and cytotoxicity in vitro. Through the in vivo study using C. acnes–inoculated mice, our data showed that the group treated with FPM followed by RIPNDs + near infrared (NIR) irradiation obtained the least granulocytes/macrophage-inflammatory protein 2 expression level in the epidermis, and showed a significantly lower microbial colony population compared to the groups treated with equal amount of RIF, FPM, RIPNDs, and/or combination of the above ± NIR. These results indicated that the RIPND-mediated photo–chemo–probiotic therapeutics was indeed able to rapidly suppress inflammatory response of the skin and provide a robust antibacterial effect against C. acnes with limited use of antibiotics. Taken altogether, we anticipate that the RIPND is highly potential for use in the clinical treatment of acne vulgaris.

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Brassica juncea L. (Mustard) Extract Silver NanoParticles and Knocking off Oxidative Stress, ProInflammatory Cytokine and Reverse DNA Genotoxicity

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10121650 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1650

Author(s):

Sohair Aly Hassan ◽

Ali Mohamed El Hagrassi ◽

Olfat Hammam ◽

Abdelmohsen M. Soliman ◽

Essam Ezzeldin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Failure ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokine ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Total Bilirubin ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Male Rats ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Liver Functions ◽

Necrosis Factor

Detoxification is one of the main vital tasks performed by the liver. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether mustard in its normal or nanoparticles could confer a protective/therapeutic effect against TAA-induced acute liver failure in experimental animal models. Mustard ethanolic extract was analyzed by HPLC/MS. To induce liver failure, male rats were injected with 350 mg/kg bw TAA IP, then treated orally with a dose of 100 mg/kg for 15 d of mustard extract and its nanoform before and following induction. The levels of serum liver functions, total cholesterol (TCHo), total glyceride (TG), total bilirubin (TBIL), hepatic malonaldhyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO),glutathione (GSH), sodium oxide dismutase (SOD), as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α,) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), were estimated. DNA genotoxicity and hepatic pathology, and immunohistologic (IHC) changes were assayed. The antioxidant content of Phenolic acids, flavonoids in mustard ethanolic extract substantially decreased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and rehabilitated the histopathological alterations. In addition, nanoforms of mustard ethanol extract have notably increased the levels of GSH, SOD and significantly reduced the levels of MDA. The expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and tissue were markedly downregulated. DNA genotoxicity was significantly reversed. Mustard introduced a protective and medicinal effect against TAA in both its forms.

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A HERBAL CREAM FOR ACNE VULGARIS

INDIAN DRUGS ◽

10.53879/id.57.02.11900 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (02) ◽

pp. 32-40

Author(s):

Vrushali Kashikar ◽

Sonal Tope

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Acne Vulgaris ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Ficus Religiosa ◽

Propionibacterium Acne ◽

Myristica Fragrans ◽

In Vitro Diffusion ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

The present work deals with the development and evaluation of a herbal anti-acne cream. Ethanolic fruit and leaf extracts of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Ficus religiosa (Pipal) were used for preparing the cream. Three creams namely, F1 (Myristica fragrans), F2 (Ficus religiosa) and F3 i.e. combination of Myristica fragrans and Ficus religiosa, were prepared. F3 shows greater zone of inhibition against Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus inhibition (24.60 mm, 21.66 mm and 23.66 mm respectively), as compared to F1 (22.33 mm, 19.0 mm and 23 mm) and F2 (23.33 mm, 20 mm and 22.33 mm) respectively. In vitro diffusion study showed that percentage of drug release from F3 was greater than from F1 and F2. The results indicated that the herbal cream formulation F3, with combination of two plant extracts had acceptable properties.

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PEG-8 Laurate Fermentation of Staphylococcus epidermidis Reduces the Required Dose of Clindamycin Against Cutibacterium acnes

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21145103 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (14) ◽

pp. 5103

Author(s):

Shinta Marito ◽

Sunita Keshari ◽

Chun-Ming Huang

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Low Dose ◽

Acne Vulgaris ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Skin Microbiome ◽

Adjuvant Effect ◽

Inflammatory Protein ◽

Cutibacterium Acnes ◽

First Time ◽

Macrophage Inflammatory Protein

The probiotic activity of skin Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) bacteria can elicit diverse biological functions via the fermentation of various carbon sources. Here, we found that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 Laurate, a carbon-rich molecule, can selectively induce the fermentation of S. epidermidis, not Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a bacterium associated with acne vulgaris. The PEG-8 Laurate fermentation of S. epidermidis remarkably diminished the growth of C. acnes and the C. acnes-induced production of pro-inflammatory macrophage-inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) cytokines in mice. Fermentation media enhanced the anti-C. acnes activity of a low dose (0.1%) clindamycin, a prescription antibiotic commonly used to treat acne vulgaris, in terms of the suppression of C. acnes colonization and MIP-2 production. Furthermore, PEG-8 Laurate fermentation of S. epidermidis boosted the activity of 0.1% clindamycin to reduce the sizes of C. acnes colonies. Our results demonstrated, for the first time, that the PEG-8 Laurate fermentation of S. epidermidis displayed the adjuvant effect on promoting the efficacy of low-dose clindamycin against C. acnes. Targeting C. acnes by lowering the required doses of antibiotics may avoid the risk of creating drug-resistant C. acnes and maintain the bacterial homeostasis in the skin microbiome, leading to a novel modality for the antibiotic treatment of acne vulgaris.

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