scholarly journals Drugs, Active Ingredients and Diseases Database in Spanish. Augmenting the Resources for Analyses on Drug–Illness Interactions

Data ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Irene López-Rodríguez ◽  
César F. Reyes-Manzano ◽  
Israel Reyes-Ramírez ◽  
Tania J. Contreras-Uribe ◽  
Lev Guzmán-Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Active Substances

Quantitative and qualitative data on active-ingredient drug composition are essential information for characterizing near-field exposure of consumers to product-related chemicals, among other things. Equally as important is the characterization of the relationship between one or many active ingredients in terms of the diseases they are prescribed for. Such evaluations, however, require quantitative information at different anatomical levels. To complement the available sources of information on active substances and diseases, we have designed a database with enough versatility to potentially be used in a variety of analyzes. By using information provided by a well-established online pharmacological dictionary, we present a database with 11 tables which are easy to access and manipulate. Specifically, we present datasets containing the details of 12,827 marketed drug products, 40,164 diseases, 6231 active pharmaceutical ingredients and 4093 side effects. We exemplify the usefulness of our database with three simple visualizations, which confirm the importance of the data for quantifying the complexity in the associations among active substances, diseases and side effects. Although there are databases with detailed information on active substances and diseases, none of them can be found in Spanish. Our work presents an option that contributes substantially to obtaining well classified information in order to evaluate the roles of active pharmaceutical ingredients, diseases and side effects. These datasets also provide information about clinical and pharmacological groupings which may be useful for clinical and academic researchers. The database will be regularly updated and extended with the newly available Virtual Medicinal Products.

scholarly journals Risk of error estimated from Palestine pharmacists’ knowledge and certainty on the adverse effects and contraindications of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi Shawahna ◽  
Mohammed Al-Rjoub ◽  
Mohammed M Al-Horoub ◽  
Wasif Al-Hroub ◽  
Bisan Al-Rjoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate community pharmacists’ knowledge and certainty of adverse effects and contraindications of pharmaceutical products to estimate the risk of error. Factors influencing their knowledge and certainty were also investigated. Methods: The knowledge of community pharmacists was assessed in a cross-sectional design using a multiple-choice questions test on the adverse effects and contraindications of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients from May 2014 to March 2015. Self-rated certainty scores were also recorded for each question. Knowledge and certainty scores were combined to estimate the risk of error. Results: Out of 315 subjects, 129 community pharmacists (41.0%) completed the 30 multiple-choice questions test on active ingredients and excipients. Knowledge on active ingredients was associated with the year of graduation and obtaining a licence to practice pharmacy. Knowledge on excipients was associated with the degree obtained. There was higher risk of error in items on excipients than those on ingredients (P< 0.01). Conclusion: The knowledge of community pharmacists in Palestine was insufficient with high risk of errors. Knowledge of community pharmacists on the safety issues of active ingredients and excipients need to be improved.

scholarly journals Fiber-Array-Based Raman Hyperspectral Imaging for Simultaneous, Chemically-Selective Monitoring of Particle Size and Shape of Active Ingredients in Analgesic Tablets

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (23) ◽  
pp. 4381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timea Frosch ◽  
Elisabeth Wyrwich ◽  
Di Yan ◽  
Juergen Popp ◽  
Torsten Frosch
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Fiber Array ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Particle Size And Shape ◽  
Chemically Selective

The particle shape, size and distribution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are relevant quality indicators of pharmaceutical tablets due to their high impact on the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the bioavailability of the APIs from the dosage form depends largely on these characteristics. Routinely, particle size and shape are only analyzed in the powder form, without regard to the effect of the formulation procedure on the particle characteristics. The monitoring of these parameters improves the understanding of the process; therefore, higher quality and better control over the biopharmaceutical profile can be ensured. A new fiber-array-based Raman hyperspectral imaging technique is presented for direct simultaneous in-situ monitoring of three different active pharmaceutical ingredients- acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen and caffeine- in analgesic tablets. This novel method enables a chemically selective, noninvasive assessment of the distribution of the active ingredients down to 1 µm spatial resolution. The occurrence of spherical and needle-like particles, as well as agglomerations and the respective particle size ranges, were rapidly determined for two commercially available analgesic tablet types. Subtle differences were observed in comparison between these two tablets. Higher amounts of acetaminophen were visible, more needle-shaped and bigger acetylsalicylic acid particles, and a higher incidence of bigger agglomerations were found in one of the analgesic tablets.

scholarly journals The choice of method of introduction of active substances into the basis of the cream for the treatment of acne and demodecosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
A. S. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Benzyl Benzoate ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Dermatological Diseases ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Active Substances

Among dermatological diseases demodicosis and acne occupy a very important place. The incidence of demodicosis is more than 5% and ranks seventh in frequency among dermatological diseases. It is known that demodicosis can turn into acne. Treatment of demodicosis and acne does not lose its relevance. This medical problem can be solved through the development of the composition and technology of a soft drug of complex action with the content of active substances used to treat these diseases. Since in dermatology for external use the optimal soft medicines is a cream (taking into account the medical and biological requirements for the drug for the treatment of this disease), we have developed the composition of the base, which is the rheological properties of the cream. The aim of the work is to substantiate the optimal method of introducing active pharmaceutical ingredients into the basis of a soft medicines. Materials and research methods – metronidazole, benzyl benzoate, benzoyl peroxide, emulsion base. When choosing the optimal method of introduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients to the base used pharmaco-technological research methods (homogeneity of the content of API in the base). Used a microscope with a photoresist (microscope – OLYMPUS BX-41, photoresist – OLYMPUS U-CMAD3, Japan). Active pharmaceutical ingredients was added to the base in the form of a suspension with glycerol. According to previous studies, we found that propylene glycol and polyethylene oxide were used to obtain the suspension. Studies have shown that in the process of storage for 6 months at room temperature there is a stratification of the base, in order to improve the stability of the composition of the developed cream, we introduced glycerin. Experimental studies have shown that active pharmaceutical ingredients in the form of a suspension must be introduced into the base alternately: a suspension of metronidazole, a suspension of benzoyl peroxide. After bringing the mass to homogeneity, benzyl benzoate was finally introduced. We studied 8 samples with different sequence of administration of active substances in suspension with glycerol, sample № 2 in the study showed the best results of homogeneity of the suspension, so this method we used in further studies. Experimental studies have established the procedure for the introduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the form of a suspension to the base: a suspension of metronidazole, a suspension of benzoyl peroxide and, last but not least, benzyl benzoate. The results of the research make it possible to develop a rational technology for the production (manufacture) of a treated soft medicines with metronidazole, benzyl benzoate and benzoyl peroxide for dermatology.

scholarly journals Active pharmaceutical ingredients in dermatological medicines of Ukrainian pharmaceutical market

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
I. O. Vlasenko ◽  
L. L. Davtian
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Future Drug ◽  
Wound Healing Effect ◽  
Trade Names

The problem of the diabetic foot is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus. There is still an active search for medicines (drugs) that could be used in the complex treatment of trophic lesions in diabetic foot. The period before the development and launch of the drug into the pharmaceutical market need to make marketing research aimed at ensuring that the future drug is competitive. The purpose of the work was to analyze the market of dermatological drugs for the treatment of trophic ulcers in order to determine the marketing opportunities for domestic producers. The research objects were active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which are part of the dermatological registered drugs in Ukraine. Materials for research were official sources of information about drugs registered in Ukraine. Marketing analytical methods were used. To determine the level of tension between manufacturers and the same product, the coefficient of tension. Number of D preparations registered in Ukraine ‒ 452 trade names (January 2018) was established. Medicines wich prodused by Ukraine are slightly higher (55.3%). In groups D01, D03, D06, D07 and D08 the highest number of APIs is determined, which is 25, 36, 33, 29 and 30, respectively. Part API is contained in the drug in combination with other API. In the D01 group, only a small amount of API ‒ 7 is present in combination with other substances, and in group D02 ‒ 6, certain APIs are part of the combined drug. In preparations of D03 4 API are in combination. In group D06, 12 APIs are contained in combination drugs. Most of the established API groups D07 (13) are found in the drug in combination. In the D08 group, part of the API (8) is part of a combined drug. There is a combination of APIs antiseptic or antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory effect, local anesthetic and wound healing effect. According to the results of the calculation of the tension indices between the manufacturers of analogues of drugs in group D, the highest competition (Kvi ≥ 0.800) was observed in the groups D01 and D03 (for 4 drugs with Kvi ≥ 0.800), D06 (3 drugs), D07 (8 drugs), D08 (7 drugs). An analysis of the competitiveness of analogue manufacturers has shown that Ukrainian manufacturers are not sufficiently competing in the production of modern analogues of dermatological drugs.

scholarly journals Liposomes, Formulation and Pharmacotechnical Assessment of Anti-Acne Preparations

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alin Laurentiu Tatu ◽  
Alina Mihaela Elisei ◽  
Violeta Bezman ◽  
Camelia Diaconu ◽  
Olimpia Dumitriu Buzia
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Secondary Reactions ◽  
Active Substances

The present study aims at obtaining an efficient local formulation able to ensure both stability and increased penetration of the active ingredients in effective optimal concentrations without side-effects. The novelty of this study is the association in an encapsulated form (liposomes) of tretinoin to benzoyl peroxide as an innovative alternative capable of minimizing side-effects, but preserving at the same time their efficiency. The pharmaceutical forms using liposomes ensure the controlled release of medicine, as a result of the encapsulation of the active substances in the amphiphile structure�liposomes, with the possibility to diminish irritating secondary reactions in various forms of acne, and to provide efficiency, tollerability, conformity and cosmetic acceptability, to be proved in a future study.

Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Three First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3590-3592
Author(s):  
Nela Bibire ◽  
Romeo Iulian Olariu ◽  
Luminita Agoroaei ◽  
Madalina Vieriu ◽  
Alina Diana Panainte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
First Line ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Active pharmaceutical ingredients such as isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin are among the most important first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. A simple, rapid and sensitive reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatographic assay method for the simultaneous determination of isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin has been developed. Separation of the interest compounds was achieved in a 10 min chromatographic run in gradient elution mode on a Zorbax SB-C18 stainless steel column (150 � 4 mm, 5 mm) using a guard column containing the same stationary phase. The gradient elution was carried out with a mobile phase of 10% CH3CN aqueous solution for channel A and 50% CH3CN in pH = 6.8 phosphate buffer (20 mM), to which 1.5 mL triethylamine were added for channel B. Quantification of the analyzed substances was carried out spectrophotometrically at 269 nm. Detection limits of 0.48 mg/L for isoniazid, 0.52 mg/L for pyrazinamide and 0.48 mg/L for rifampicin were established for the developed assay method. The present work showed that the proposed analysis method was advantageous for simple and rapid analysis of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids.

scholarly journals Numaswitch: an efficient high-titer expression platform to produce peptides and small proteins

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bach-Ngan Nguyen ◽  
Florian Tieves ◽  
Thomas Rohr ◽  
Hilke Wobst ◽  
Felix S. Schöpf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Broth ◽  
High Titer ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Expression Platform ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Production Platform ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Cost Efficient

AbstractThe production of peptides as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) by recombinant technologies is of emerging interest. A reliable production platform, however, is still missing due the inherent characteristics of peptides such as proteolytic sensitivity, aggregation and cytotoxicity. We have developed a new technology named Numaswitch solving present limitations. Numaswitch was successfully employed for the production of diverse peptides and small proteins varying in length, physicochemical and functional characteristics, including Teriparatide, Linaclotide, human β-amyloid and Serum amyloid A3. Additionally, the potential of Numaswitch for a cost-efficient commercial production is demonstrated yielding > 2 g Teriparatide per liter fermentation broth in a quality meeting API standard.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Agglomeration and Crystallinity of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Over the Counter Headache Medication by Electrospray Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Mariann Inga Van Meter ◽  
Salah M. Khan ◽  
Brynne V. Taulbee-Cotton ◽  
Nathan H. Dimmitt ◽  
Nathan D. Hubbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽  
Laser Desorption ◽  
Ionization Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Desorption Ionization

Agglomeration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in tablets can lead to decreased bioavailability in some enabling formulations. In a previous study, we determined that crystalline APIs can be detected as agglomeration in tablets formulated with amorphous acetaminophen tablets. Multiple method advancements are presented to better resolve agglomeration caused by crystallinity in standard tablets. In this study, we also evaluate three “budget” over-the-counter headache medications (subsequently labeled as brands A, B, and C) for agglomeration of the three APIs in the formulation: Acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. Electrospray laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (ELDI-MSI) was used to diagnose agglomeration in the tablets by creating molecular images and observing the spatial distributions of the APIs. Brand A had virtually no agglomeration or clustering of the active ingredients. Brand B had extensive clustering of aspirin and caffeine, but acetaminophen was observed in near equal abundance across the tablet. Brand C also had extensive clustering of aspirin and caffeine, and minor clustering of acetaminophen. These results show that agglomeration with active ingredients in over-the-counter tablets can be simultaneously detected using ELDI-MS imaging.

scholarly journals Sulfanyl Porphyrazines with Morpholinylethyl Periphery—Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Photocatalytic Studies after Deposition on Titanium(IV) Oxide P25 Nanoparticles

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2280
Author(s):  
Tomasz Koczorowski ◽  
Wojciech Szczolko ◽  
Anna Teubert ◽  
Tomasz Goslinski
Keyword(s):  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Macrocyclic Compounds ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Singlet Oxygen Quencher ◽  
Nmr Techniques

The syntheses, spectral UV–Vis, NMR, and electrochemical as well as photocatalytic properties of novel magnesium(II) and zinc(II) symmetrical sulfanyl porphyrazines with 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethylsulfanyl peripheral substituents are presented. Both porphyrazine derivatives were synthesized in cyclotetramerization reactions and subsequently embedded on the surface of commercially available P25 titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles. The obtained macrocyclic compounds were broadly characterized by ESI MS spectrometry, 1D and 2D NMR techniques, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and subjected to electrochemical studies. Both hybrid materials, consisting of porphyrazine derivatives embedded on the titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles’ surface, were characterized in terms of particle size and distribution. Next, they were subjected to photocatalytic studies with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, a known singlet oxygen quencher. The applicability of the obtained hybrid material consisting of titanium(IV) oxide P25 nanoparticles and magnesium(II) porphyrazine derivative was assessed in photocatalytic studies with selected active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as diclofenac sodium salt and ibuprofen.

US trade policy is putting at risk the sustainability of the generic/biosimilar industry and the drug supply chain

2021 ◽  
pp. 174113432199431
Author(s):  
María Fabiana Jorge
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Us Trade Policy ◽  
Drug Supply Chain ◽  
Security Concern ◽  
The U.S

With the outbreak of the Coronavirus there is a new realization of the vulnerabilities of the U.S. drug supply chain. However, while such concerns may have been amplified by the pandemic, they preceded Covid-19 and were well documented before 2020. Indeed, in past years the U.S. Congress held several hearings addressing potential vulnerabilities in the U.S. drug supply chain, in part due to the increasing dependency on China as a dominant supplier of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and some finished pharmaceutical products. These vulnerabilities go well beyond health policy and constitute a national security concern. The article addresses how U.S. trade policy plays a significant role in shaping the pharmaceutical industry at home and abroad and is in part responsible for some of the current vulnerabilities of the U.S. drug supply chain.

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