A Non-Contact Compact Portable ECG Monitoring System

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been listed among the most deadly diseases worldwide. Many CVDs are likely to manifest their symptoms some time prior to the onset of any adverse or catastrophic events, and early detection of cardiac abnormalities is incredibly important. However, traditional electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring systems face challenges with respect to their scalability and affordability as they require direct body contact and cumbersome equipment. As a step forward from the large-scale direct-contact ECG monitoring devices, which are inconvenient for the user in terms of wearability and portability, in this research, we present a small-sized, non-contact, real-time recording system for mobile long-term monitoring of ECG signals. The device mainly comprises three non-contact electrodes to sense the bio-potential signal, an AD8233 AFE IC to extract the ECG signal, and a CC2650 MCU to read, filter, and transmit them. The device is powered by a 2000 mAh lithium-ion battery with isolation between digital and analog powers on the board using two low-dropout regulators (LDOs). The board’s dimension is 8.56 cm × 5.4 cm, the size of a credit card, making it optimal to be worn in a shirt chest pocket. In spite of its small form factor, the device still manages to achieve a continuous measurement battery life of over 16 h, total harmonic distortion below −30 dB across the interested frequency range, an input-referred noise as low as 1.46 µV for contacted cases and 5.15 µV for non-contact cases through cotton, and clear ECG recording for both contact and non-contact sensing, all at a cost around USD 50.

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Life Cycle Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications

Batteries ◽

10.3390/batteries5020048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 48 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Qiang Dai ◽

Jarod C. Kelly ◽

Linda Gaines ◽

Michael Wang

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Environmental Impacts ◽

Life Cycle Analysis ◽

Large Scale ◽

Energy Use ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Primary Data ◽

Future Research ◽

Battery Life

In light of the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the global vehicle market, understanding the environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that characterize the EVs is key to sustainable EV deployment. This study analyzes the cradle-to-gate total energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, SOx, NOx, PM10 emissions, and water consumption associated with current industrial production of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) batteries, with the battery life cycle analysis (LCA) module in the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model, which was recently updated with primary data collected from large-scale commercial battery material producers and automotive LIB manufacturers. The results show that active cathode material, aluminum, and energy use for cell production are the major contributors to the energy and environmental impacts of NMC batteries. However, this study also notes that the impacts could change significantly, depending on where in the world the battery is produced, and where the materials are sourced. In an effort to harmonize existing LCAs of automotive LIBs and guide future research, this study also lays out differences in life cycle inventories (LCIs) for key battery materials among existing LIB LCA studies, and identifies knowledge gaps.

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A machine-learning prediction method of lithium-ion battery life based on charge process for different applications

Applied Energy ◽

10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116897 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 292 ◽

pp. 116897

Author(s):

Yixin Yang

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Prediction Method ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Battery Life ◽

Charge Process

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Nitrogen-enriched graphene framework from a large-scale magnesiothermic conversion of CO2 with synergistic kinetics for high-power lithium-ion capacitors

NPG Asia Materials ◽

10.1038/s41427-021-00327-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chen Li ◽

Xiong Zhang ◽

Kai Wang ◽

Xianzhong Sun ◽

Yanan Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

High Power ◽

Power Output ◽

Large Scale ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

High Energy ◽

High Energy Density ◽

Chemical Doping ◽

Lithium Ion Capacitor

AbstractLithium-ion capacitors are envisaged as promising energy-storage devices to simultaneously achieve a large energy density and high-power output at quick charge and discharge rates. However, the mismatched kinetics between capacitive cathodes and faradaic anodes still hinder their practical application for high-power purposes. To tackle this problem, the electron and ion transport of both electrodes should be substantially improved by targeted structural design and controllable chemical doping. Herein, nitrogen-enriched graphene frameworks are prepared via a large-scale and ultrafast magnesiothermic combustion synthesis using CO2 and melamine as precursors, which exhibit a crosslinked porous structure, abundant functional groups and high electrical conductivity (10524 S m−1). The material essentially delivers upgraded kinetics due to enhanced ion diffusion and electron transport. Excellent capacities of 1361 mA h g−1 and 827 mA h g−1 can be achieved at current densities of 0.1 A g−1 and 3 A g−1, respectively, demonstrating its outstanding lithium storage performance at both low and high rates. Moreover, the lithium-ion capacitor based on these nitrogen-enriched graphene frameworks displays a high energy density of 151 Wh kg−1, and still retains 86 Wh kg−1 even at an ultrahigh power output of 49 kW kg−1. This study reveals an effective pathway to achieve synergistic kinetics in carbon electrode materials for achieving high-power lithium-ion capacitors.

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Fabrication of microcapsule extinguishing agent with core-shell structure for lithium-ions battery fire safety

Materials Advances ◽

10.1039/d1ma00343g ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Weixin Zhang ◽

Lin Wu ◽

Dujin Qiao ◽

Jie Tian ◽

Yan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Shell Material ◽

Lithium Ions ◽

Safety Issues ◽

Fire Extinguishing ◽

New Type ◽

Core Shell Structure

Safety issues limit the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries. In this work, a new type of N-H-microcapsule fire extinguishing agent is prepared by using melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin as shell material, perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone)...

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Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1251

Author(s):

Yichi Zhang ◽

Zhiliang Dong ◽

Sen Liu ◽

Peixiang Jiang ◽

Cuizhi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Large Scale ◽

Prediction Method ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Lithium Carbonate ◽

Raw Material ◽

Small Scale ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Energy Field ◽

Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

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Stand-Alone Direct Current Power Network Based on Photovoltaics and Lithium-Ion Batteries for Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14102772 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2772

Author(s):

Vishwas Powar ◽

Rajendra Singh

Keyword(s):

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Direct Current ◽

Cyber Security ◽

Large Scale ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Power Network ◽

Variable Effect ◽

Desalination Plant ◽

Reverse Osmosis Desalination

Plummeting reserves and increasing demand of freshwater resources have culminated into a global water crisis. Desalination is a potential solution to mitigate the freshwater shortage. However, the process of desalination is expensive and energy-intensive. Due to the water-energy-climate nexus, there is an urgent need to provide sustainable low-cost electrical power for desalination that has the lowest impact on climate and related ecosystem challenges. For a large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant, we have proposed the design and analysis of a photovoltaics and battery-based stand-alone direct current power network. The design methodology focusses on appropriate sizing, optimum tilt and temperature compensation techniques based on 10 years of irradiation data for the Carlsbad Desalination Plant in California, USA. A decision-tree approach is employed for ensuring hourly load-generation balance. The power flow analysis evaluates self-sufficient generation even during cloud cover contingencies. The primary goal of the proposed system is to maximize the utilization of generated photovoltaic power and battery energy storage with minimal conversions and transmission losses. The direct current based topology includes high-voltage transmission, on-the-spot local inversion, situational awareness and cyber security features. Lastly, economic feasibility of the proposed system is carried out for a plant lifetime of 30 years. The variable effect of utility-scale battery storage costs for 16–18 h of operation is studied. Our results show that the proposed design will provide low electricity costs ranging from 3.79 to 6.43 ¢/kWh depending on the debt rate. Without employing the concept of baseload electric power, photovoltaics and battery-based direct current power networks for large-scale desalination plants can achieve tremendous energy savings and cost reduction with negligible carbon footprint, thereby providing affordable water for all.

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Characterization of the Compressive Load on a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Application

Machines ◽

10.3390/machines9040071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Seyed Saeed Madani ◽

Erik Schaltz ◽

Søren Knudsen Kær

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽

Impedance Spectroscopy ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Large Scale ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Applied Pressure ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Battery Cells

Lithium-ion batteries are being implemented in different large-scale applications, including aerospace and electric vehicles. For these utilizations, it is essential to improve battery cells with a great life cycle because a battery substitute is costly. For their implementation in real applications, lithium-ion battery cells undergo extension during the course of discharging and charging. To avoid disconnection among battery pack ingredients and deformity during cycling, compacting force is exerted to battery packs in electric vehicles. This research used a mechanical design feature that can address these issues. This investigation exhibits a comprehensive description of the experimental setup that can be used for battery testing under pressure to consider lithium-ion batteries’ safety, which could be employed in electrified transportation. Besides, this investigation strives to demonstrate how exterior force affects a lithium-ion battery cell’s performance and behavior corresponding to static exterior force by monitoring the applied pressure at the dissimilar state of charge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used as the primary technique for this research. It was concluded that the profiles of the achieved spectrums from the experiments seem entirely dissimilar in comparison with the cases without external pressure. By employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was noticed that the pure ohmic resistance, which is related to ion transport resistance of the separator, could substantially result in the corresponding resistance increase.

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Large Scale Synthesis of Manganese Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites as Anode Materials for Long Cycle Lithium Ion Batteries

ACS Applied Energy Materials ◽

10.1021/acsaem.0c03061 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yongtao Meng ◽

Ying Liu ◽

Junkai He ◽

Xiangcheng Sun ◽

Alessandro Palmieri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Manganese Oxide ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Reduced Graphene Oxide ◽

Anode Materials ◽

Large Scale ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Long Cycle ◽

Reduced Graphene ◽

Oxide Composites

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Novel Practical Life Cycle Prediction Method by Entropy Estimation of Li-Ion Battery

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10040487 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 487

Author(s):

Tae-Kue Kim ◽

Sung-Chun Moon

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Prediction Method ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Estimation Accuracy ◽

Battery Life ◽

Energy Storage Devices ◽

Storage Devices ◽

Basic Law ◽

Life Problems ◽

Li Ion

The growth of the lithium-ion battery market is accelerating. Although they are widely used in various fields, ranging from mobile devices to large-capacity energy storage devices, stability has always been a problem, which is a critical disadvantage of lithium-ion batteries. If the battery is unstable, which usually occurs at the end of its life, problems such as overheating and overcurrent during charge-discharge increase. In this paper, we propose a method to accurately predict battery life in order to secure battery stability. Unlike the existing methods, we propose a method of assessing the life of a battery by estimating the irreversible energy from the basic law of entropy using voltage, current, and time in a realistic dimension. The life estimation accuracy using the proposed method was at least 91.6%, and the accuracy was higher than 94% when considering the actual used range. The experimental results proved that the proposed method is a practical and effective method for estimating the life of lithium-ion batteries.

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