scholarly journals Energy and Water Policies in Chile, Two Different Endings with Implications in the Water-Energy Nexus

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3286
Author(s):  
Roxana Bórquez ◽  
Rodrigo Fuster
Keyword(s):  
Water Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Water Policies ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Water Energy Nexus ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Policy Problems

Energy and water have faced important levels of conflicts in the last 20–25 years in Chile. However, the way that they have been politically addressed in the last decade differs. These differences emerge from how these fields have been historically configurated, impacting on how the policy problems and policy options have been framed. Using thematic analysis of 93 interviews and documentary analysis, this article analyzes by contrasting two participatory processes which nourish the formulation of the energy and water policies in Chile in 2014–2015. It seeks to understand the factors that may influence why the development, impact and inclusion of new voices in public policies related to water and energy have been different, and how that can impact the water–energy nexus. Five factors emerge as determinants in this difference: structure of use, number of actors, governance and institutional framework, elite conformation, and legal framework. These factors impacted the policy processes and the scope of the policy outcomes, generating two different results: a long-term energy policy, and a water policy that did not survive the presidential period. Thus, the water–energy nexus is under pressure as a result of the tension between power structures, social responses to environmental issues and decision-making, environmental limitations, and climate change stressors, creating greater vulnerability and conflicts.

Driving forces and patterns of water policy making in Egypt

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Luzi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Water Policies

In studies on transboundary river management, it is often assumed that national water policies are made by ‘governments’ or ‘water ministries’ as unitary, rational decision-makers. This article analyzes actors, institutions, and decision-making processes in the Egyptian water sector and explores implications for the design and implementation of water policies. Rational choice is assumed to be only one possible pattern of water policy making, and is distinguished from other mechanisms driven by organizational routines or bargaining over stakeholders' interests. It is found that in Egypt, despite considerable planning capacities, many water policy outcomes are influenced by developments beyond the control of the water ministry. Water governance is also influenced by top-level strategic decision-making, conflicts of interest between sectors, enforcement priority given to policies that prioritize political stability and/or certain privileged interest groups, and intra-organizational resistance to institutional reform. Policies in the traditional core tasks of the water ministry, i.e. water supply and drainage provision, and important strategic decisions regarding water allocation priorities are mainly made in a ‘rational choice’ fashion by the respective authorities. Issues that have emerged more recently, such as water quality or demand management, are subject to interest bargaining between different stakeholder groups in both the planning and the implementation phases.

scholarly journals Interest group perceptions on water policy reforms: insight from a water-stressed basin

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 794-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Encarna Esteban ◽  
Ariel Dinar ◽  
José Albiac ◽  
Alfonso Calera ◽  
Marta García-Mollá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Water Policies ◽  
Group Perceptions ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Group Characteristics

Abstract Water policies have been implemented worldwide to face water stress. However, the existence of water users' groups with opposite interests and different political power results in the plain failure or low effectiveness of water policy reforms. A better understanding of users' perceptions regarding policy outcomes is important to avoid the failure of water policies and the intensification of water conflicts. This paper empirically examines the divergent perception of interest groups on the implementation of different policies dealing with water scarcity and their proactive involvement with water agencies. We have conducted a survey in the Jucar River Basin (a water-stressed basin in southeastern Spain) to analyze interest group opinions regarding water policy effectiveness and water institutions' performance in water management. Questionnaires were sent to the main irrigation districts and urban water utilities within the basin. The collected information gives a general picture of the behavior of opposite water interest groups in this basin. The analysis of the perceptions on water policy reform between the groups highlights the existence of significant differences between preferred measures to address water scarcity and lobbying capacity. These differences depend on the size of the group, the specific basin location, and other group characteristics.

Regulation of Water

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Policy ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Law ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Water Policies ◽  
Broad View ◽  
National Water

This chapter focuses on legal instruments that take a broad view of water regulation. There are, as yet, no framework statutory instruments at the state or Union level but drafts have been prepared and this chapter reproduces the latest draft National Water Framework Bill. The next section then moves on to water policies that have been adopted at the Union and state level for some years, highlighting here the National Water Policy, 2012. The last section focuses on an upcoming area of water law, inter-sectoral allocation of water, an issue that is not yet well covered in legal instruments. This section highlights some state-level instruments that seek to address the issue.

scholarly journals A comparative study of COVID-19 responses in South Korea and Japan: political nexus triad and policy responses

2021 ◽  
pp. 002085232199755
Author(s):  
M. Jae Moon ◽  
Kohei Suzuki ◽  
Tae In Park ◽  
Kentaro Sakuwa
Keyword(s):  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Governance Structures ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Government Capacity ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Policy Problems

Korea and Japan, neighboring democratic countries in Northeast Asia, announced their first COVID-19 cases in January 2020 and witnessed similar patterns of disease spread but adopted different policy approaches to address the pandemic (agile and proactive approach versus cautious and restraint-based approach). Applying the political nexus triad model, this study analyzes and compares institutional contexts and governance structures of Korea and Japan, then examines the differences in policy responses of the two Asian countries. This study first reviews the state of COVID-19 and examines changes in the conventional president-led political nexus triad in Korea and the bureaucracy-led political nexus triad in Japan. Then, this study examines how the differences in institutional contexts and governance structures shaped policy responses and policy outcomes of the two countries in managing the COVID-19 crisis. Points for practitioners •  Institutional and governance structure in a society are likely to affect policymaking processes as well as selection of policies among various policy alternatives. •  Government officials often need to refer to government capacity as well as citizens’ voluntary participation in resolving wicked policy problems like COVID-19. •  Policy decisions made by government officials affect policy outcomes while political environment and political leadership are equally important to policy effectiveness.

scholarly journals El currículum de Educación Musical en los Programas Renovados y el Real Decreto 1006/1991: un estudio comparado

2019 ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Alba María López Melgarejo ◽  
Gregorio Vicente Nicolas ◽  
Eva María González Barea
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Perceptual Dimension ◽  
Dual Approach ◽  
Musical Education ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
High Degree

The aim of this work has been to detect the differences and similarities from the point of view of Music Education among the Programas Renovados (Renewed Programs), the last document published in Spain before the emergence of the curriculum concept and how we conceive it today, and the Real Decree 1006/1991, that established the curricula for Primary School. For this, a comparative analysis of the aforementioned texts has been carried out through a documentary analysis that has allowed to contrast the legal framework, the character, the curricular functions, the configuration of the music area, structure, elements, musical areas, as well as the degree of concretion of both documents. The results reveal a high degree of difference between the Renewed Programs and Royal Decree 1006/1991 regarding the curricular functions, because the former served as a guide for the teaching staff, while the latter, in addition to the previous function, made explicit the intentions of the educational system for the stage. Likewise, a high degree of difference between the structure of the Musical Education elements of both documents has been verified. However, it has been observed a common presence of contents related to different areas of Music Education (singing, instrumentation, listening, movement and dance...), as well as a dual approach that includes the perceptual dimension and expressive of them.

scholarly journals NOVO MARCO LEGAL PARA A MINERAÇÃO E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A ATIVIDADE MINERÁRIA NO BRASIL SOB A LUZ DA JUSTIÇA AMBIENTAL

polemica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 033-053
Author(s):  
Virgínia Maria Canônico Lopes ◽  
Marcelo Leles Romarco de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Political ◽  
Critical Essay ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
The Subject

Resumo: Este estudo analisou o Decreto nº 9.406 de 12 de junho de 2018, para tecer um ensaio crítico sobre a abordagem legislativa acerca das normas minerárias no Brasil, após as mudanças políticas ocorridas em 2016. Neste caso, referenciado pela expectativa de um Novo Marco Legal para a Mineração no Brasil, o estudo permeia a discussão sobre a justiça ambiental, em meio ao processo político e à condução política das questões minerárias. Metodologia: foi realizada uma análise bibliográfica e documental. Documentos em arquivos oficiais, como o próprio decreto em evidência, foram tratados como fontes primárias de pesquisa. As fontes secundárias foram os estudos sobre o tema, reunidos em obras literárias. Concluiu-se que a condução política do projeto mineral no governo brasileiro, à luz da justiça ambiental, ficou relegada ao segundo plano.Palavras-chave: Mineração. Governo. Justiça Ambiental.Abstract: This study analyzed Decree No. 9,406 of June 12, 2018 to provide a critical essay on the legislative approach to mining standards in Brazil, following the political changes in 2016. In this case, referenced by the expectation of a New Legal Framework for Mining in Brazil, the study permeates the discussion on environmental justice in the midst of the political process and political conduct of mining issues. Methodologically, a bibliographic and documentary analysis was carried out. Documents in official archives, such as the decree itself, were treated as primary sources of research. The secondary sources were the studies on the subject collected in literary works. The political conduct of the mineral project in the Brazilian government in the light of environmental justice is relegated to the background.Keywords: Mining. Government. Environmental Justice.

PROGRAMA MAIS EDUCAÇÃO (BRASIL) EM DIÁLOGO COM O PROGRAMA ESCOLA A TEMPO INTEIRO (PORTUGAL): DISTANCIAMENTOS E APROXIMAÇÕES

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Elisangela Maria Pereira Schimonek
Keyword(s):  
Education Program ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
Mainland Portugal ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Integral Education

Resumo: Considerando os díspares contextos políticos e sociais do Brasil e Portugal, as significativas diferenças na organização e abrangência dos Programas Mais Educação e Escola a Tempo Inteiro, não tivemos como objetivo promover um estudo comparado dos mesmos, mas realizar uma análise dessas políticas de educação em tempo integral, dialogando com ambas, apontando algumas similaridades e divergências. O Programa Mais Educação destinou-se às escolas de ensino fundamental (1.º ao 9.º ano) de baixo Ideb e/ou situadas em regiões de vulnerabilidade social e promoveu a seleção dos educandos de acordo com critérios definidos em seus documentos oficiais. O Programa Escola a Tempo Inteiro abrangeu a totalidade das escolas/ educandos de Portugal Continental de 1.º ciclo (1.º ao 4.º ano) do ensino básico. O estudo analisou os Programas considerando: o enquadramento legal, a justificativa dos governos para sua implantação, a operacionalização e público-alvo/ abrangência, os tempos e espaços educativos, o currículo, profissionais envolvidos e fontes de recursos. Tratou- se de um estudo qualitativo, apoiado em revisão bibliográfica e análise documental, que investigou dois Programas governamentais, com organizações diferenciadas, mas com a mesma intenção: garantir a melhoria dos resultados educacionais, como meio de diminuir as desigualdades educacionais entre os educandos, ainda que para isso, tivesse que admitir a presença do setor privado em sua implantação e compartilhamento de ações. Palavras chave: Educação integral; Programa Mais Educação; Programa Escola a Tempo Inteiro.   Abstract: Considering the disparate political and social contexts of Brazil and Portugal, the significant differences in the organization and scope of the More Education and School Full Time Programs, we did not aim to promote a comparative study of them, but to carry out an analysis of these education policies in full time, dialoguing with both, pointing out some similarities and differences. The More Education Program was aimed at elementary schools (1st to 9th grade) from low Ideb and / or located in regions of social vulnerability and promoted the selection of students according to criteria defined in their official documents. The School Full time Program covered all the schools / students in mainland Portugal from 1st cycle (1st to 4th year) of basic education. The study analyzed the Programs considering: the legal framework, the justification of the governments for its implementation, the operationalization and target audience/ scope, the educational times and places, the curriculum, professionals involved and sources of resources. It was a qualitative study, supported by a bibliographical review and documentary analysis, that investigated two governmental programs, with different organizations, but with the same intention: to guarantee the improvement of educational results, as a way to reduce educational inequalities among learners, even if it had to admit the presence of the private sector in its implementation and sharing of actions. Keywords: Integral education; More Education Program; School Full Time Program.

The EU Water Framework Directive – a key to catchment-based governance

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Holzwarth
Keyword(s):  
Water Framework Directive ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Integrated Water Resources Management ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Transboundary River Basins ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Water Quality And Quantity ◽  
The Eu

The principles of good water governance require an effective water policy with a clear legal framework and institutional structure for managing river basins and aquifers. Integrated water resources management is essential and decision-making processes must be participatory and transparent. The development of the European Union's Water Framework Directive is outlined, and it is shown how it can serve as the basis of catchment-based governance for the successful management of water quality and quantity in transboundary river basins.

scholarly journals Environmental Efficacy, Climate Change Beliefs, Ideology, and Public Water Policy Preferences

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7000
Author(s):  
Erika Allen Wolters ◽  
Brent S. Steel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
The West ◽  
Water Policies

Water is an unpredictable and often overallocated resource in the American West, one that strains policy makers to come up with viable, and politically acceptable policies to mitigate water management concerns. While large federal reclamation projects once dominated western water management and provided ample water for large scale agricultural development as well as the urbanization of the West, water engineering alone is no longer sufficient or, in some cases, a politically acceptable policy option. As demand for water in the West increases with an ever-growing population, climate change is presenting a more challenging and potentially untenable, reality of even longer periods of drought and insufficient water quantity. The complexity of managing water resources under climate change conditions will require multifaceted and publicly acceptable strategies. This paper therefore examines water policy preferences of residents in four western states: Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho. Using a public survey conducted in these states in 2019, we examine preferences pertaining to infrastructural, education, incentives and regulation specifically examining levels of support for varying policies based on climate change and environmental efficacy beliefs as well as geography, demographic variables, and political ideology. Results show support for all water policies surveyed, with the exception of charging higher rates for water during the hottest part of summer. The most preferred water policies pertained to tax incentives. Some variation of support exists based on gender, education, environmental values, efficacy, state residency and belief in anthropogenic climate change.

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