scholarly journals Possibilities of Upgrading Warsaw Existing Residential Area to Status of Positive Energy Districts

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5984
Author(s):  
Hanna Jędrzejuk ◽  
Dorota Chwieduk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
The City

This paper analyses possibilities of refurbishment of Warsaw’s residential buildings towards standards of the Positive Energy District. The annual final energy consumption in the city in 2019 for the district heating was 8668 GWh, gas (pipelines) was 5300 GWh, electricity from the grid was 7500 GWh, while the emission of the carbon dioxide was 5.62 × 109 kg. The city consists of 18 districts, which are heterogeneous in terms of typology and structure of buildings. The great variety of buildings can be seen, for example, by the annual final energy demand for space heating and hot water preparation per unit of room area. This annual index ranges from over 400 kWh/m2 in historic buildings to 60 kWh/m2 in modern buildings. A reduction in the consumption of non-renewable energy sources and carbon dioxide emissions can be achieved by improving the energy standard of residential buildings and by using renewable energy sources: solar energy, geothermal energy and biogas. The potential barriers for achieving the status of a positive energy district, for example, problems connected with ownership, financing new investments and refurbishment and legal boundaries, have been identified. Moreover, changing the existing electrical grid and district heating systems in urban areas in Warsaw requires comprehensive modernization of practically the entire city’s infrastructure.

scholarly journals The nZEB Requirements for Residential Buildings: An Analysis of Thermal Comfort and Actual Energy Needs in Portuguese Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8277
Author(s):  
Jaime Resende ◽  
Helena Corvacho
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Nominal Condition

As of now, in the EU, all new buildings will have to comply with the requirements for nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB). Portugal defines limits for the maximum useful energy needs for heating and for the maximum primary energy needs and establishes that 50% of primary energy needs must be covered by local renewable energy sources, based on the dwellings’ nominal condition of use. However, the actual use is different. Thus, a simulation tool is used to assess thermal comfort and energy needs for different conditions of use of a dwelling complying with nZEB requirements. Eight different locations are chosen, covering all Portuguese climate zones. The nZEB requirements lead to unusually high levels of thermal insulation, especially in the coldest regions, so special care must be taken by the designers to avoid overheating in summer. Without using HVAC system, some discomfort is found but comfort is possible with low energy consumption. Furthermore, the compliance with nZEB requirements proved to be enough to ensure that a significant percentage of useful energy needs for heating, cooling and domestic hot water is supplied by local renewable energy sources. This is key in order to overcome the high rate of energy poverty in Portugal.

scholarly journals Analysis and comparison of methods for the preparation of domestic hot water from district heating system, selected renewable and non-renewable sources in low-energy buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Maciej Knapik
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Domestic Hot Water

The article presents an economic analysis and comparison of selected (district heating, natural gas, heat pump with renewable energy sources) methods for the preparation of domestic hot water in a building with low energy demand. In buildings of this type increased demand of energy for domestic hot water preparation in relation to the total energy demand can be observed. As a result, the proposed solutions allow to further lower energy demand by using the renewable energy sources. This article presents the results of numerical analysis and calculations performed mainly in MATLAB software, based on typical meteorological years. The results showed that system with heat pump and renewable energy sources Is comparable with district heating system.

scholarly journals Hybrid solar-biomass system for district heating

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Adrian Ilie ◽  
Ion Vişa
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
District Heating Systems

The energy used in the built-up environment represents at least 40% of the total energy consumed, out of which, at least 60% is required for heating, cooling and domestic hot water (DHW). Within the European Union, more than 6,000 communities (i.e. over 9%) use district heating systems, the majority of which use the conversion of fossil fuels as a source of energy. This aspect, which is corroborated by the directives of the EU legislation on the use of renewable energy sources and energy performance, imposes the development of new solutions through which the existing district heating systems may be adapted to use renewable energy sources. The solar-thermal systems that are used on a large (district) scale are becoming more and more efficient from the point of view of their feasibility; however, it is almost impossible to create systems that should satisfy the thermal energy demand throughout the four seasons of the year. The hybrid solar-biomass system is becoming the applicable solution for the majority of the communities that have from this potential, since it can secure independence from the point of view of the use of thermal energy. This paper presents the design stages for the implementation of the hybrid solar-biomass systems with a view to identifying the optimal solutions for systems to be integrated into an existing district heating system. A case study (Taberei District in Odorheiu Secuiesc City), which provides a detailed description of the feasible technical solutions, is presented.

scholarly journals Report on a Plus-Energy District with Low-Temperature DHC Network, Novel Agrothermal Heat Source, and Applied Demand Response

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 5059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Brennenstuhl ◽  
Robin Zeh ◽  
Robert Otto ◽  
Ruben Pesch ◽  
Volker Stockinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Heating And Cooling

District heating and cooling networks can pose the possibility of including a variety of renewable energy sources as well as waste heat into a district’s heat supply concept. Unfortunately, low demand densities as they increasingly occur through higher building energy standards and in rural areas render conventional heating and cooling networks inefficient. At the same time, power-to-heat is becoming more and more important to make use of a larger amount of renewable energy sources on the electrical side by providing more flexibility by means of demand response and demand-side management. Within this work, a rural Plus-Energy settlement is presented addressing those topics by a low-temperature district heating and cooling network connected to a novel agrothermal collector supplying 23 residential buildings with decentralized heat pumps and PV systems. The collector, the network, and six of the buildings are equipped with comprehensive monitoring equipment. Within those buildings, forecast and optimization algorithms are implemented to adapt their heat pump operation to enable an increase of self-consumption, to include flexible electricity tariffs, and also to participate in power markets. Thereby, for the low-temperature district heating and cooling network, it has been shown that the concept can operate in the future at competitive heat costs. On the building level, up to 50% of cost savings could be achieved under ideal conditions with the optimization of the self-consumption of PV electricity. However, to ensure optimal results, the individual system components have to be dimensioned for this task.

scholarly journals Assessment of Indonesia’s Future Renewable energy Plan: A Meta-Analysis of Biofuel Energy Return on Investment (EROI)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2803
Author(s):  
Wiraditma Prananta ◽  
Ida Kubiszewski
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
Energy Return On Investment ◽  
Land Preparation

In early 2020, Indonesia implemented the biodiesel 30 (B30) program as an initiative to reduce Indonesia’s dependency on fossil fuels and to protect Indonesia’s palm oil market. However, palm oil has received international criticism due to its association with harmful environmental externalities. This paper analysed whether an investment in palm oil-based biofuel (POBB) provides Indonesia with the ability to achieve its environmental and financial goals. In this research, we performed a meta-analysis on biofuel energy return on investment (EROI) by examining 44 biofuel projects using ten types of biofuel feedstocks from 13 countries between 1995 and 2016. Results showed an average EROI of 3.92 and 3.22 for POBB and other biomass-based biofuels (OBBB), respectively. This shows that if only energy inputs and outputs are considered, biofuels provide a positive energy return. However, biofuels, including those from palm oil, produce externalities especially during land preparation and land restoration. We also compared these EROI biofuel results with other renewable energy sources and further analysed the implications for renewable energies to meet society’s energy demands in the future. Results showed that biofuel gives the lowest EROI compared to other renewable energy sources. Its EROI of 3.92, while positive, has been categorised as “not feasible for development”. If Indonesia plans to continue with its biofuel program, some major improvements will be necessary.

scholarly journals Estimation of Energy Activity and Flexibility Range in Smart Active Residential Building

Smart Cities ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-495
Author(s):  
Viktor Stepaniuk ◽  
Jayakrishnan Pillai ◽  
Birgitte Bak-Jensen ◽  
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Units

The smart active residential buildings play a vital role to realize intelligent energy systems by harnessing energy flexibility from loads and storage units. This is imperative to integrate higher proportions of variable renewable energy generation and implement economically attractive demand-side participation schemes. The purpose of this paper is to develop an energy management scheme for smart sustainable buildings and analyze its efficacy when subjected to variable generation, energy storage management, and flexible demand control. This work estimate the flexibility range that can be reached utilizing deferrable/controllable energy system units such as heat pump (HP) in combination with on-site renewable energy sources (RESs), namely photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbine (WT), and in-house thermal and electric energy storages, namely hot water storage tank (HWST) and electric battery as back up units. A detailed HP model in combination with the storage tank is developed that accounts for thermal comforts and requirements, and defrost mode. Data analytics is applied to generate demand and generation profiles, and a hybrid energy management and a HP control algorithm is developed in this work. This is to integrate all active components of a building within a single complex-set of energy management solution to be able to apply demand response (DR) signals, as well as to execute all necessary computation and evaluation. Different capacity scenarios of the HWST and battery are used to prioritize the maximum use of renewable energy and consumer comfort preferences. A flexibility range of 22.3% is achieved for the scenario with the largest HWST considered without a battery, while 10.1% in the worst-case scenario with the smallest HWST considered and the largest battery. The results show that the active management and scheduling scheme developed to combine and prioritize thermal, electrical and storage units in buildings is essential to be studied to demonstrate the adequacy of sustainable energy buildings.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Energy Accumulation for Renewable Energy Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Milan Belik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Energy Accumulation ◽  
Wind Power Station ◽  
Future Production

This project focuses on optimisation of energy accumulation for various types of distributed renewable energy sources. The main goal is to prepare charging – discharging strategy depending on actual power consumption and prediction of consumption and production of utilised renewable energy sources for future period. The simulation is based on real long term data measured on photovoltaic system, wind power station and meteo station between 2004 – 2021. The data from meteo station serve as the input for the simulation and prediction of the future production while the data from PV system and wind turbine are used either as actual production or as a verification of the predicted values. Various parameters are used for trimming of the optimisation process. Influence of the charging strategy, discharging strategy, values and shape of the demand from the grid and prices is described on typical examples of the simulations. The main goal is to prepare and verify the system in real conditions with real load chart and real consumption defined by the model building with integrated renewable energy sources. The system can be later used in general installations on commercial or residential buildings.

scholarly journals Implementing Agricultural Pruning to Energy in Europe: Technical, Economic and Implementation Potentials

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Dyjakon ◽  
Daniel García-Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Technical Potential

The use of new sources of biomass residues for energy purposes in Europe is crucial for increasing the share of renewable energy sources and the limitation of carbon dioxide emissions. The residues coming from regular pruning of permanent crops are an alternative to conventional fuels. The paper is focused on the assessment of European pruning potentials in European Union (EU28) in line with the nomenclature of territorial units (NUTs) at NUTs0, NUTs2 and NUTs3 level. The assessment indicates that the yearly theoretical and technical potential of that biomass is 13.67 MtDM (or 252.0 PJ·yr−1) and 12.51 MtDM (or 230.6 PJ·yr−1), respectively. The economic potential has been assessed based on different management or exploitation models: management of pruning as a waste, self-consumption, and demand-driven mobilisation by consumption centres at small, medium and large scales. The utilisation of pruning when gathering is compulsory coincides with the technical potential. Under self-consumption, up to 10.98 MtDM per year could be effectively mobilised (202.3 PJ·yr−1). The creation of new value chains for delivery of pruning biomass ranges 7.30 to 8.69 MtDM per year (from 134.5 to 160.2 PJ·yr−1). When applying further constraints related to other existing uses the implementation of the potential further descends, ranging from 6.18 to 10.66 MtDM per year (from 113.9 to 196.4 PJ·yr−1). The analysis shows that the amount of available pruning residues is regionally scattered; however, most of them (ca. 80%) are located in the Mediterranean area.

Multilevel policies for radical transition: Governance for a 100% renewable energy system

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1218-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frede Hvelplund ◽  
Søren Djørup
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Supply System ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Geographically Distributed

Transition from the stored energy of fossil fuel-based systems to fluctuating renewable energy sources requires a fundamental change in both the energy supply system and governance arrangements. According to analyses made using the Aalborg University Energy PLAN model, the infrastructure required to handle fluctuating energy – such as goals for further expanding the exploitation of wind power towards 50% of energy consumption – necessitates the integration of power, district heating, transportation and biomass production, which should be geographically distributed. To enhance our understanding of this paradigmatic technological change, this article presents both a general analysis of the regulatory consequences and a specific analysis of the immediate challenges involved in the transition process, framed within the Danish context. The general conclusion is that the required distributed, local and regional technological energy system needs a bottom up and interactive regulatory framework, where the central government should have a more reflexive and communicative role, providing services and national coordination for an energy system that contains a large share of fluctuating renewable energy sources. A specific conclusion is that the present Danish tariff principles and energy tax system should be fundamentally altered in order to better facilitate the coordination of the heat and electricity sectors, to incentivise the creation of the necessary integration infrastructure.

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