Epigenetic Integrity of Orthodox Seeds Stored under Conventional and Cryogenic Conditions

The level of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in DNA has been observed to change in plants in response to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Little information has been reported on alterations in DNA methylation in orthodox tree seeds in response to storage conditions. In the current study, epigenetic integrity was analyzed in seeds of Pyrus communis L. in response to conventional and cryogenic storage. The results indicate that conventional storage under optimal conditions resulted in a significant increase in m5C. In contrast, a decrease in m5C level after cryostorage at high water content (WC) was observed, not only in seeds but also in 3-month-old seedlings which were smaller than seedlings obtained from seeds cryostored at optimal WC. This shows that non-optimal cryostorage conditions increase epigenetic instability in seeds and seedlings. Optimal procedures for germplasm conservation are very important for germplasm banking since they have serious implications for the quality of stored collections. Maintaining epigenetic integrity during WC adjustment and optimal storage is a characteristic feature of orthodox seeds. The current results underline the importance of proper protocols and techniques for conventional storage and particularly cryopreservation as a method for conservation of true-to-type germplasm for long periods.

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GRAFTED TOMATOES – ECOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF SOIL

GEOLINKS Conference proceedings, Book 1 Volume 2 ◽

10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/21 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dorin Sora ◽

Mădălina Doltu

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Mineral Elements ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors ◽

Increase Productivity ◽

Tomato Cultivars ◽

Chemical Disinfection

This study aimed to identification of an ecological alternative for the chemical disinfection of soil in the greenhouses from Romania. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular vegetable crops in the world. The carbohydrate, vitamins, salts of important mineral elements and organic acids content of tomato fruits is very important. Tomato crops are very sensitive to climatic vagaries, so fluctuation in climatic parameters at any phase of growth can affect the yield and the fruit quality. Grafting on Solanaceae is a method which has improved and spread quickly during the past years, a similar approach to crop rotation, a practice meant to increase productivity, resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and at increasing fruit quality. The research was conducted in a glass greenhouse of the Horting Institute, Bucharest, Romania. The biological material used was a Romanian tomato hybrid (Siriana F1), a Dutch tomato hybrid (Abellus F1) and four rootstocks, a Dutch tomato hybrid (Emperador F1) and three Romanian tomato cultivars (L542, L543 and L544) obtained from the Research and Development Station for Vegetable Growing, Buzău, Romania. The rootstocks have had resistance to biotic stress factors (soil diseases and pests) and the chemical disinfection of soil has was eliminated. The result of this research are presented in this paper.

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Activation of the Promoter of the Tnt1 Retrotransposon in Tomato After Inoculation with the Fungal Pathogen Cladosporium fulvum

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.7.592 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 592-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Corinne Mhiri ◽

Pierre J. G. M. De Wit ◽

Marie-Angèle Grandbastien

Keyword(s):

Transcriptional Activation ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Cladosporium Fulvum ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors ◽

Biological Responses ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Specific Factors

The copia-like Tnt1 element of tobacco is one of the few active plant retrotransposons and is transcriptionally activated, in tobacco and in heterologous species, by biotic and abiotic stress factors. In order to establish more precisely the link between Tnt1 activation and plant defense responses, the expression of the Tnt1 promoter was studied in a gene-for-gene pathosystem, the interaction between tomato and the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. In compatible interactions, Tnt1 expression is highly induced throughout the leaf regions colonized by the fungus, while in incompatible interactions Tnt1 induction is transient and localized in distinct foci. Tnt1 expression after fungal inoculation parallels the differential activation of tomato defense genes. Tnt1 expression is induced by nonspecific factors of plant or fungal origin present in apoplastic fluids of leaf tissues infected by virulent races of C. fulvum, but is also activated by specific factors resulting from the interaction between fungal avirulence peptides and plant resistance genes. Tnt1 activation by apoplastic fluids containing avirulence peptides of C. fulvum is detected soon after elicitation. These results demonstrate that Tnt1 transcriptional activation correlates with biological responses of tomato to infection by C. fulvum and is mediated through signals originating from both race-specific and non-race-specific perception pathways.

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Variability in Breeding Pool of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) for Yield, Quality and Resistance to Different Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors

Sugar Tech ◽

10.1007/s12355-014-0301-x ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 107-115

Author(s):

A. Anna Durai ◽

M. N. Premachandran ◽

P. Govindaraj ◽

P. Malathi ◽

R. Viswanathan

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stress ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Saccharum Spp ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors ◽

Yield Quality ◽

Breeding Pool

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Крымский бисер – новый бессемянный сорт винограда селекции Института «Магарач»

Magarach. Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie ◽

10.35547/im.2020.21.1.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

V.V. Likhovskoi ◽

V.A. Volynkin ◽

I.A. Vasylyk ◽

A.A. Polulyakh ◽

S.V. Levchenko

Keyword(s):

Frost Resistance ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

High Productivity ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors ◽

Training Technique ◽

Early Ripening ◽

Production Period

Селекционерами Института Магарач в результате целенаправленной селекции создан новый бессемянный сорт винограда столового направления использования, отличающийся от сорта-эталона Кишмиш лучистый очень ранним сроком созревания, высокой продуктивностью, относительно высокой устойчивостью к биотическим и абиотическим стресс-факторам биосферы, нарядной гроздью и ягодой, и высоким качеством столового винограда. Элитная форма, оформленная как новый сорт винограда, выделена из популяции сеянцев комбинации скрещивания Подарок Запорожью (колх.) х Русбол улучшенный (колх.) 2009 г. при комплексном изучении популяций столовых форм винограда очень раннего срока созревания. В статье представлены основные ампелографические и биолого-хозяйственные параметры, которыми характеризуется новый перспективный сорт: очень ранний срок созревания (5 августа), продукционный период 110 дней. В результате экспериментальных лабораторных исследований по определению морозоустойчивости сортов и элитных форм винограда установлена средняя морозоустойчивость сорта Крымский бисер (до минус 21 С). Рекомендуемая форма куста кордон на среднем штамбе. Нагрузка 6 глазков на рожке (4 рожка). Схема посадки 3 х 1,5 м. Профилактические обработки против грибных болезней 34 раза в сезон. Возделывание сорта Крымский бисер в производственных насаждениях Южного берега Крыма позволит получать чистую прибыль с 1 га насаждений 1896.0 тыс. руб. ежегодно.As a result of targeted selection, plant selection breeders of the Institute Magarach created a new seedless cultivar of table grapes distinguished from the standard cultivar Kishmish luchistyi by a very early ripening date, high productivity, relatively high resistance to biotic and abiotic stress-factors of the biosphere, elegant bunch and berry, and high quality of table grapes. The elite form formally established as a new grape cultivar has been singled out from the seedlings population Podarok Zhaporozhyu (colchicine treated) x Rusbol ulutshennyi (colchicine treated) as a result of a cross performed in 2009 under a complex study of a population of table grape forms of a very early ripening date. The article summarizes the main ampelographic, biological and commercial parameters characteristic of the new promising cultivar: very early ripening date (5th of August), production period 110 days. Laboratory research on frost-resistance of cultivars and elite grapevine forms established average frost resistance of Krymski biser cultivar (up to -21 degrees Celsius). The recommended bush training technique is a medium trunk cordon. The load of 6 eyes on cane (4 canes on bush). The planting scheme is 3x1.5 m. Prophylactic treatment against fungal diseases 34 times per year. Cultivation of Krymski biser cultivar in commercial vineyards of the southern coast of Crimea will allow obtaining a yearly net profit of 1896.0 thousand roubles from 1 ha of plantations.

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The Impact of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors on Development of European Ash Tissue Cultures

Forests ◽

10.3390/f13010059 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

Katarzyna Nawrot-Chorabik ◽

Małgorzata Sułkowska ◽

Małgorzata Osmenda ◽

Vasyl Mohytych ◽

Ewa Surówka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stress ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Tissue Cultures ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors ◽

The Impact ◽

European Ash

Fraxinus excelsior L. is threatened by a variety of environmental factors causing a decline of the species. The most important biotic factors negatively affecting the condition of the F. excelsior population are fungi such as the pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Abiotic factors with potentially harmful effect to the F. excelsior population are the accumulation of heavy metals and salinity in soils. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of selected biotic and abiotic stress factors to determine which of them pose a threat to European ash. The study was conducted using in vitro techniques based on callus and seedlings regenerated via indirect organogenesis. Tissue cultures exclude the influence of other factors, including the environmental impact on ash extinction. The results confirmed very strong pathogenic potential of H. fraxineus in which after 14 days the callus tissue cells died as the tissue failed to activate its defense mechanisms. Experiments showed the high toxicity of cadmium in concentration of 0.027 mmol/L. Salinity caused the activity of oxidation enzymes to vary among seedlings and calluses in the control suggesting the enzymes play a role in controlling the morphogenetic development of tissue cultures.

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Genetic modifications as a future prospect in the improvement of the major qualitative traits of cereals. A review

Agronomy Science ◽

10.24326/as.2016.3.4 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 37-50

Author(s):

KAROLINA DUDZIAK ◽

MICHAŁ NOWAK ◽

KRZYSZTOF KOWALCZYK

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Development ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Direct Gene Transfer ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Economic Significance ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors

Progress in cereals transformation which can be observed for last two decades has great importance in the development of plant science and agriculture. So far, non-vector techniques, particularly direct gene transfer using „gene gun”, have been often applied in cereals transformation. However, agrobiotechnology achievements enabled cereals transformation with the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Initially, it was believed that this technique cannot be applied to cereals because monocotyledones are outside the host range of the crown gall disease. Nowadays, the top five cereals with the highest economic significance – rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) are quite efficiently transformed by A. tumefaciens. By means of molecular genetic tools it is possible to obtain cereals with new, improved traits. The present paper is focused on agricultural development which can by observed by the application of GM cereals tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Moreover, we summarized the latest achievements in cereals transformation.

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Impact of Carbon Nanomaterials on the Antioxidant System of Tomato Seedlings

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20235858 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (23) ◽

pp. 5858 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yolanda González-García ◽

Elsy Rubisela López-Vargas ◽

Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego ◽

Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza ◽

Susana González-Morales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Root Weight ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Antioxidant Responses ◽

Tomato Seedlings ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors ◽

Carbon Based Nanomaterials

Tomato is one of the most economically important vegetables worldwide and is constantly threatened by various biotic and abiotic stress factors reducing the quality and quantity in the production of this crop. As an alternative to mitigate stress in plants, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have been used in agricultural areas. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the antioxidant responses of tomato seedlings to the application via foliar and drench of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene (GP). Different doses (10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg L−1) and a control were evaluated. The results showed that the fresh and dry root weight increased with the application of CNMs. Regarding the antioxidant responses of tomato seedlings, the application of CNMs increased the content of phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, glutathione, photosynthetic pigments, activity of the enzyme’s ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase as well as the content of proteins. Therefore, the use of carbon-based nanomaterials could be a good alternative to induce tolerance to different stress in tomato crop.

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Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors on Physiological Traits of Sugarcane Varieties

Photosynthesis ◽

10.5772/55255 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Leandro Galon ◽

Germani Conceno ◽

Evander A. ◽

Ignacio Aspiazu ◽

Alexandre F. da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stress ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Physiological Traits ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Sugarcane Varieties ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors

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Brassinosteroids, the Sixth Class of Phytohormones: A Molecular View from the Discovery to Hormonal Interactions in Plant Development and Stress Adaptation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20020331 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 331 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Ana Peres ◽

José Soares ◽

Rafael Tavares ◽

Germanna Righetto ◽

Marco Zullo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

New Era ◽

New Class ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors

Phytohormones are natural chemical messengers that play critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors, maintaining plant homeostasis, and allowing adaptation to environmental changes. The discovery of a new class of phytohormones, the brassinosteroids (BRs), almost 40 years ago opened a new era for the studies of plant growth and development and introduced new perspectives in the regulation of agronomic traits through their use in agriculture. BRs are a group of hormones with significant growth regulatory activity that act independently and in conjunction with other phytohormones to control different BR-regulated activities. Genetic and molecular research has increased our understanding of how BRs and their cross-talk with other phytohormones control several physiological and developmental processes. The present article provides an overview of BRs’ discovery as well as recent findings on their interactions with other phytohormones at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, in addition to clarifying how their network works to modulate plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.

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Maternal Exposure to Ozone Modulates the Endophyte-Conferred Resistance to Aphids in Lolium multiflorum Plants

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11090548 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 548 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ludmila M. Bubica Bustos ◽

Andrea C. Ueno ◽

Tara D. Di Leo ◽

Carlos D. Crocco ◽

M. Alejandra Martínez-Ghersa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Biomass ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽

Fungal Endophytes ◽

Growth Stimulation ◽

Fungal Endophyte ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors ◽

Host Growth

Plants are challenged by biotic and abiotic stress factors and the incidence of one can increase or decrease resistance to another. These relations can also occur transgenerationally. For instance, progeny plants whose mothers experienced herbivory can be more resistant to herbivores. Certain fungal endophytes that are vertically transmitted endow plants with alkaloids and resistance to herbivores. However, endophyte-symbiotic plants exposed to the oxidative agent ozone became susceptible to aphids. Here, we explored whether this effect persists transgenerationally. We exposed Lolium multiflorum plants with and without fungal endophyte Epichloë occultans to ozone (120 or 0 ppb), and then, challenged the progeny with aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi). The endophyte was the main factor determining the resistance to aphids, but its importance diminished in plants with ozone history. This negative ozone effect on the endophyte-mediated resistance was apparent on aphid individual weights. Phenolic compounds in seeds were increased by the symbiosis and diminished by the ozone. The endophyte effect on phenolics vanished in progeny plants while the negative ozone effect persisted. Independently of ozone, the symbiosis increased the plant biomass (≈24%). Although ozone can diminish the importance of endophyte symbiosis for plant resistance to herbivores, it would be compensated by host growth stimulation.

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