scholarly journals Blockchain Application in Internet of Vehicles: Challenges, Contributions and Current Limitations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Evgenia Kapassa ◽  
Marinos Themistocleous ◽  
Klitos Christodoulou ◽  
Elias Iosif
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Application Development ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology is highly coupled with cryptocurrencies; however, it provides several other potential use cases, related to energy and sustainability, Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, smart mobility and more. Blockchain can offer security for Electric Vehicle (EV) transactions in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) concept, allowing electricity trading to be performed in a decentralized, transparent and secure way. Additionally, blockchain provides the necessary functionalities for IoV decentralized application development, such as data exchange, personal digital identity, sharing economy and optimized charging pattern. Moreover, blockchain technology has the potential to significantly increase energy efficiency, decrease management costs and guarantee the effective use of the energy recourses. Therefore, its application in the IoV concept provides secure, autonomous and automated energy trading between EVs. While several studies on blockchain technology in smart grids have been conducted, insufficient attention has been given to conducting a detailed review and state-of-the-art analysis of blockchain application in the IoV domain. To this end, this work provides a systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications in the IoV domain. The aim is to investigate the current challenges of IoV and to highlight how blockchain characteristics can contribute to this emerging paradigm. In addition, limitations and future research directions related to the integration of blockchain technology within the IoV are discussed. To this end, this study incorporates the theoretical foundations of several research articles published in scientific publications over the previous five years, as a method of simplifying our assessment and capturing the ever-expanding blockchain area. We present a comprehensive taxonomy of blockchain-enabled applications in the IoV domain, such as privacy and security, data protection and management, vehicle management, charging optimization and P2P energy trading, based on a structured, systematic review and content analysis of the discovered literature, and we identify key trends and emerging areas for research. The contribution of this article is two-fold: (a) we highlight the limitations presented in the relevant literature, particularly the barriers of blockchain technology and how they influence its integration into the IoV and (b) we present a number of research gaps and suggest future exploratory areas.

scholarly journals Blockchain for the Internet of Vehicles: A Decentralized IoT Solution for Vehicles Communication Using Ethereum

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rateb Jabbar ◽  
Mohamed Kharbeche ◽  
Khalifa Al-Khalifa ◽  
Moez Krichen ◽  
Kamel Barkaoui
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Secure Communication ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles ◽  
Computing Platform ◽  
Blockchain Technology

The concept of smart cities has become prominent in modern metropolises due to the emergence of embedded and connected smart devices, systems, and technologies. They have enabled the connection of every “thing” to the Internet. Therefore, in the upcoming era of the Internet of Things, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) will play a crucial role in newly developed smart cities. The IoV has the potential to solve various traffic and road safety problems effectively in order to prevent fatal crashes. However, a particular challenge in the IoV, especially in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications, is to ensure fast, secure transmission and accurate recording of the data. In order to overcome these challenges, this work is adapting Blockchain technology for real time application (RTA) to solve Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications problems. Therefore, the main novelty of this paper is to develop a Blockchain-based IoT system in order to establish secure communication and create an entirely decentralized cloud computing platform. Moreover, the authors qualitatively tested the performance and resilience of the proposed system against common security attacks. Computational tests showed that the proposed solution solved the main challenges of Vehicle-to-X (V2X) communications such as security, centralization, and lack of privacy. In addition, it guaranteed an easy data exchange between different actors of intelligent transportation systems.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Survey on Cyber-Physical Smart Grid Testbed Architectures: Requirements and Challenges

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1043
Author(s):  
Abdallah A. Smadi ◽  
Babatunde Tobi Ajao ◽  
Brian K. Johnson ◽  
Hangtian Lei ◽  
Yacine Chakhchoukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Time Data

The integration of improved control techniques with advanced information technologies enables the rapid development of smart grids. The necessity of having an efficient, reliable, and flexible communication infrastructure is achieved by enabling real-time data exchange between numerous intelligent and traditional electrical grid elements. The performance and efficiency of the power grid are enhanced with the incorporation of communication networks, intelligent automation, advanced sensors, and information technologies. Although smart grid technologies bring about valuable economic, social, and environmental benefits, testing the combination of heterogeneous and co-existing Cyber-Physical-Smart Grids (CP-SGs) with conventional technologies presents many challenges. The examination for both hardware and software components of the Smart Grid (SG) system is essential prior to the deployment in real-time systems. This can take place by developing a prototype to mimic the real operational circumstances with adequate configurations and precision. Therefore, it is essential to summarize state-of-the-art technologies of industrial control system testbeds and evaluate new technologies and vulnerabilities with the motivation of stimulating discoveries and designs. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the advancement of CP-SGs with their corresponding testbeds including diverse testing paradigms has been performed. In particular, we broadly discuss CP-SG testbed architectures along with the associated functions and main vulnerabilities. The testbed requirements, constraints, and applications are also discussed. Finally, the trends and future research directions are highlighted and specified.

scholarly journals What Happens after the Rare Earth Crisis: A Systematic Literature Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufeng Chen ◽  
Biao Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Research Trend ◽  
Future Research ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
The Rare Earth

Rare earths (REs) play an important role in modern life, and have been the focus of global attention in recent years. As a result, the number of scientific publications has grown enormously, increasing the need for understanding the knowledge base of various research streams and their emerging branches. The economic analysis of REs has also augmented steadily. Nevertheless, the relevant literature is rather fragmented concerning the thematic topics. To respond to this, a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and a bibliometric analysis were developed to offer a systematic and holistic literature review of the economic research on REs. This review incorporates studies of REs regarding aspects of supply, price, export policy, international trade, relationship with clean energy, and sustainability. The database of this review includes a set of 85 systemically selected state-of-the-art articles from five databases, including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, Proquest, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) that were published after the rare earth crisis, covering empirical and theory research conducted in different countries with different resource endowments. The results show that the majority of the economic research studies have been conducted in the past six years. Furthermore, among the six categories, the most popular research trend is sustainability. Some possible opportunities for future research are also illustrated in this paper.

scholarly journals Internet of Things Applications as Energy Internet in Smart Grids and Smart Environments

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Kabalci ◽  
Ersan Kabalci ◽  
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban ◽  
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen ◽  
Frede Blaabjerg
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Smart Environments ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Energy Internet ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Open Issues

Energy Internet (EI) has been recently introduced as a new concept, which aims to evolve smart grids by integrating several energy forms into an extremely flexible and effective grid. In this paper, we have comprehensively analyzed Internet of Things (IoT) applications enabled for smart grids and smart environments, such as smart cities, smart homes, smart metering, and energy management infrastructures to investigate the development of the EI based IoT applications. These applications are promising key areas of the EI concept, since the IoT is considered one of the most important driving factors of the EI. Moreover, we discussed the challenges, open issues, and future research opportunities for the EI concept based on IoT applications and addressed some important research areas.

scholarly journals Privacy-Preserving Solutions in Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 9792
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Kaltakis ◽  
Panagiota Polyzi ◽  
George Drosatos ◽  
Konstantinos Rantos
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Data Confidentiality ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Critical Overview

Blockchain, a promising technology that has matured and nowadays is widely used in many fields, such as supply chain management, smart grids, agriculture and logistics, has also been proposed for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) ecosystem to enhance the protection of the data that roadside units and vehicles exchange. Blockchain technology can inherently guarantee the availability, integrity and immutability of data stored in IoV, yet it cannot protect privacy and data confidentiality on its own. As such, solutions that utilise this technology have to consider the adoption of privacy-preserving schemes to address users’ privacy concerns. This paper provides a literature review of proposed solutions that provide different vehicular services using blockchain technology while preserving privacy. In this context, it analyses existing solutions’ main characteristics and properties to provide a comprehensive and critical overview and identifies their contribution in the field. Moreover, it provides suggestions to researchers for future work in the field of privacy-preserving blockchain-enabled solutions for vehicular networks.

scholarly journals Energy Trading Perspectives in the Digital Era

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
András Puskás-Tompos
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Electricity Trading ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Digital Era

AbstractThe aim of the paper research is to identify and improve business models in energy trading by analyzing the current situation and developing scenarios for the evolution of business models in the Digital Era. It is very important to analyze, identify and track those directions that we believe will drive energy trading in order to be able to design and create new sustainable business models. We highlight the possibilities and ways of improving the energy trading, analyzing the rapid evolution of the field, generated by the emergence of several new factors that can influence this industry. Beside those directions at which electricity trading is heading in the Digital Era, the research also describes main innovations in the field such as Smart Grids, Blockchain Technology, Peer-to-peer trading platforms and Demand Response through which the purpose is to attract final consumers to the energy trading on web platforms or mobile applications with which they can properly control their electric appliances and self-generation units in their homes, all these supervised and guided by artificial intelligence. The type of research proposed to identify the current condition and to be able to develop new trading models is empirical research through qualitative analysis. Beyond incentives and monetary benefits, the focus is on final consumer education and increased awareness towards a more conscious, optimal and rational consumption of electricity that can lead to both a better use of the energy production from renewable sources and a reduction of pollutant fossil fuel electricity generation and carbon dioxide emissions without endangering the proper functioning of the electricity systems. Previous researches are based more on incentivizing or penalizing end consumers in present paper, more emphasis is placed on attracting the end consumer to his own electricity trading through mentioned innovation, but also supervised and guided by artificial intelligence.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Mohammed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Trusted Data

Smart cities have the potential to overcome environmental problems caused by improper waste disposal to improve human health, protect the aquatic ecosystem, and reduce air pollution. However, today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for waste management are manual and centralized that make them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. Also, a large portion of the existing waste management systems within smart cities fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. In this paper, we explore the key role of blockchain technology in managing waste within smart cities as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss the opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various waste management use cases and application scenarios, including real-time tracing and tracking of waste, reliable channelization and compliance with waste treatment laws, efficient waste resources management, protection of waste management documentation, and fleet management. We introduce a framework that leverages blockchain-based smart contracts to automate the key services in terms of waste management of smart cities. We compare the existing blockchain-based waste management solutions based on important parameters. Furthermore, we present insightful discussions on several ongoing blockchain-based research projects and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in waste management. Finally, we present open challenges that act as future research directions.

scholarly journals A survey: applications of blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Xiaoman Cheng ◽  
Jitong Li ◽  
Yunhua He ◽  
Ke Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Research Directions

AbstractBlockchain technology has completely changed the area of cryptocurrency with a Peer-to-Peer system named Bitcoin. It can provide a distributed, transparent and highly confidential database by recording immutable transactions. Currently, the technique has obtained great research interest on other areas, including the Internet of vehicles (IoVs). In order to solve some centralized problems and improve the architecture of the IoVs, the blockchain technology is utilized to build a decentralized and secure vehicular environment. In this survey, we aim to construct a comprehensive analysis on the applications of blockchain in the IoV. This paper starts with the introduction of the IoVs and the blockchain. Additionally, some existing surveys on the blockchain enabled IoVs are reviewed. Besides, the combination of the blockchain technology and the IoVs is analyzed from seven aspects to describe how the blockchain is implemented in the IoVs. Finally, the future research directions related to the integration are highlighted.

scholarly journals Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Charging Payment System for Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7962
Author(s):  
Prince Waqas Khan ◽  
Yung-Cheol Byun
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Payment System ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Charging Stations

The world is moving rapidly from carbon-producing vehicles to green transportation systems. Electric vehicles (EV) are a big step towards a friendly mode of transport. With the constant rise in the number of electric vehicles, we need a widespread and seamless charging infrastructure that supports seamless charging and billing. Some users generate electricity using solar panels and charge their electric vehicles. In contrast, some use charging stations, and they pay for vehicle charging. This raises the question of trust and transparency. There are many countries where laws are not strictly enforced to prevent fraud in payment systems. One of the preeminent problems presently existing with any of the trading systems is the lack of transparency. The service provider can overcharge the customer. Blockchain is a modern-day solution that mitigates trust and privacy issues. We have proposed a peer-to-peer energy trading and charging payment system for electric vehicles based on blockchain technology. Users who have excess electricity which they can sell to the charging stations through smart contracts. Electric vehicle users can pay the charging bills through electronic wallets. We have developed the electric vehicle’s automatic-payment system using the open-source platform Hyperledger fabric. The proposed system will reduce human interaction and increase trust, transparency, and privacy among EV participants. We have analyzed the resource utilization and also performed average transaction latency and throughput evaluation. This system can be helpful for the policymakers of smart cities.

scholarly journals A Review of Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Protocols: Use Cases, Challenges, and Solutions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Ismail ◽  
Huned Materwala
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Distributed Databases ◽  
Distributed Applications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Smart Healthcare ◽  
Future Research Directions

ver the last decade the blockchain technology has emerged to provide solutions to the complexity, performance and privacy challenges of using distributed databases. Over this time, the concept of blockchain has shifted greatly due to the rapidly evolving distributed applications in a collaborative ecosystem such as smart cities, social networking, governance, and smart healthcare, and the ultimate need for green computing, cost reduction for customers, and business growth for enterprises. Consequently, blockchain architecture has misaligned with the goals for a green collaborative digital ecosystem. Therefore, it becomes critical to address this vent and to build new frameworks to align blockchain with those goals. In this paper, we discuss the evolution of blockchain architecture and its consensus protocols, bringing a retrospective analysis and discussing the rationale of the evolution of the various architectures and protocols, as well as capturing the assumptions conducting to their development and contributions to building collaborative applications. We introduce a classification of those architectures and provide insights for future research directions in the field.

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