scholarly journals Transcriptome and Metabolome Dynamics Explain Aroma Differences between Green and Red Prickly Ash Fruit

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Xitong Fei ◽  
Yichen Qi ◽  
Yu Lei ◽  
Shujie Wang ◽  
Haichao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Redundancy Analysis ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Zanthoxylum Armatum ◽  
Aroma Characteristics ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Zanthoxylum Bungeanum ◽  
Aroma Components

Green prickly ash (Zanthoxylum armatum) and red prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) fruit have unique flavor and aroma characteristics that affect consumers’ purchasing preferences. However, differences in aroma components and relevant biosynthesis genes have not been systematically investigated in green and red prickly ash. Here, through the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially abundant metabolites, and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways, we characterize the different aroma components of green and red prickly ash fruits and identify key genes in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify 41 terpenoids from green prickly ash and 61 terpenoids from red prickly ash. Piperitone was the most abundant terpenoid in green prickly ash fruit, whereas limonene was most abundant in red prickly ash. Intergroup correlation analysis and redundancy analysis showed that HDS2, MVK2, and MVD are key genes for terpenoid synthesis in green prickly ash, whereas FDPS2 and FDPS3 play an important role in the terpenoid synthesis of red prickly ash. In summary, differences in the composition and content of terpenoids are the main factors that cause differences in the aromas of green and red prickly ash, and these differences reflect contrasting expression patterns of terpenoid synthesis genes.

scholarly journals Changes in Phenols, Polysaccharides and Volatile Profiles of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Juice during Fermentation

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2604
Author(s):  
Zhulin Wang ◽  
Rong Dou ◽  
Ruili Yang ◽  
Kun Cai ◽  
Congfa Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Aroma Characteristics ◽  
Volatile Profiles ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aroma Components

The change in phenols, polysaccharides and volatile profiles of noni juice from laboratory- and factory-scale fermentation was analyzed during a 63-day fermentation process. The phenol and polysaccharide contents and aroma characteristics clearly changed according to fermentation scale and time conditions. The flavonoid content in noni juice gradually increased with fermentation. Seventy-three volatile compounds were identified by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Methyl hexanoate, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, octanoic acid, hexanoic acid and 2-heptanone were found to be the main aroma components of fresh and fermented noni juice. A decrease in octanoic acid and hexanoic acid contents resulted in the less pungent aroma in noni juice from factory-scale fermentation. The results of principal component analysis of the electronic nose suggested that the difference in nitrogen oxide, alkanes, alcohols, and aromatic and sulfur compounds, contributed to the discrimination of noni juice from different fermentation times and scales.

scholarly journals Effect of Blender and Blending Time on Color and Aroma Characteristics of Juice and Its Freeze-Dried Powder of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Leaves (Pandan)

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan ◽  
Nyuk Ling Chin ◽  
Yus Aniza Yusof ◽  
Lee Ling Lai ◽  
Wan Aida Wan Mustapha
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Aroma Characteristics ◽  
Mechanical Extraction ◽  
Aroma Components ◽  
Color Pigment ◽  
Pandanus Amaryllifolius

Abstract The color and aroma properties of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves (pandan) were studied by mechanical extraction using normal and turbo blade blenders under different blending times (60–180 s). The extracted juice was freeze-dried into powders and its aroma components were measured in a solid-phase microextraction using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analysis. The turbo blade blender provided maximum color pigment of greenness and yellowness at blending time of 90 s as compared to the normal blender that required 180 s. In GC-MS analysis, the major component, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, was found to be one time higher in the freeze-dried pandan juice samples obtained from turbo blade blender than normal blender. Other components including the cis-3-hexanal, 2-methylene-4-pentenenitrile and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were also detected in the samples. In conclusion, the turbo blade blender is more effective than normal laboratory blender in terms of color extraction, particle size reduction and the aroma retention.

scholarly journals Identification of Key Genes in the Synthesis Pathway of Volatile Terpenoids in Fruit of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwei Shi ◽  
Xitong Fei ◽  
Yang Hu ◽  
Yulin Liu ◽  
Anzhi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Volatile Terpenoids ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Zanthoxylum Bungeanum ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Zanthoxylum Bungeanum Maxim

Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. (Z. bungeanum), a plant that belongs to the Rutaceae family, is widely planted in China. Its outstanding feature is its rich aroma. The main component that creates this aroma is the volatile terpenoids. In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular mechanism related to aroma synthesis in Z. bungeanum and provide new ideas for breeding. Headspace solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), RT-qPCR and bioinformatics were used to study the changes in volatile terpenoids and identify key genes in the pathway of terpenoids in fruits of Z. bungeanum. The results show that the trend of volatile terpenoids is consistent among the two varieties. As the fruit matures, the terpenoids gradually accumulate and peak in the third period (mid-development) before gradually decreasing. Among these terpenoids, there is the highest content of α-pinene. In Z. bungeanum cv. ‘Hanchengdahongpao’ (Hanchengdahongpao) and Z. bungeanum cv. ‘Fuguhuajiao’ (Fuguhuajiao), this reached 24.74% and 20.78% respectively. In general, for the content of volatile terpenoids, Hanchengdahongpao is 62% and Fuguhuajiao is 41%. The results of RT-qPCR showed that most gene expression in this study was upregulated. Among them, ZbDXS has the highest relative level of expression in itself, which is the key rate-limiting enzymein the MEP pathway. These results explore the synthetic route of terpenoids during the ripening process of Z. bungeanum, which provides a reference for cultivar and improving good traits.

scholarly journals Identification and similarity analysis of aroma substances in main types of Fenghuang Dancong tea

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244224
Author(s):  
Zhangwei Li ◽  
Juhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Similarity Analysis ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Linalool Oxide ◽  
Aroma Characteristics ◽  
Volatile Aroma ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Aroma Components

Fenghuang Dancong tea covers the oolong tea category and is widely acknowledged for its unique floral and honey flavor. In order to characterize the volatile components in nine different aroma types of Fenghuang Dancong tea, the Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) were employed. In addition, the similarity analysis and cluster analysis (CA) were performed to compare the aroma characteristics and establish the correlation between the nine types of teas. The principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) method were employed to determine the volatile components with a high contribution to the overall aroma of each type of tea. The results presented a total of 122 volatile aroma components including 24 kinds of alcohol, 23 kinds of esters, 15 kinds of olefins, 12 kinds of aldehydes, 12 kinds of ketones, 13 kinds of alkanes and 23 kinds of other components from the nine types of Fenghuang Dancong tea. Of these volatile aroma components, 22 types were common with linalool, dehydrolinalool, linalool oxide I, linalool oxide II, etc. The similarity of the nine types of Fenghuang Dancong tea was found between 46.79% and 95.94%. The CA indicated that the nine types of Fenghuang Dancong tea could be clustered into four categories when the ordinate distance reached to 10. The PCA demonstrated that decane, octadecane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, dehydrolinalool, geraniol and nerol were the important aroma components to Fenghuang Dancong Tea. OPLS-DA proved that 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, dehydrolinalool, phenylacetaldehyde, nerolidol, linalool oxide I and hexanal were the key differential compounds between the various types of tea samples. This study provides a theoretical basis for characterizing the volatile aroma components in the main types of Fenghuang Dancong tea as well as the similarity and correlation between various types of Fenghuang Dancong tea.

scholarly journals Key Genes in the Melatonin Biosynthesis Pathway with Circadian Rhythm Are Associated with Various Abiotic Stresses

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Hye Ryun Ahn ◽  
Yu-Jin Kim ◽  
You Jin Lim ◽  
Shucheng Duan ◽  
Seok Hyun Eom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Microarray Data Analysis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Tryptophan Decarboxylase ◽  
Circadian Regulation ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Key Genes

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a well-known animal hormone, is involved in several biological processes including circadian rhythm and the regulation of abiotic stress. A systematic understanding of the circadian regulation of melatonin biosynthesis-related genes has not been achieved in rice. In this study, key genes for all of the enzymes in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway that showed a peak of expression at night were identified by microarray data analysis and confirmed by qRT–PCR analysis. We further examined the expression patterns of the four genes under drought, salt, and cold stresses. The results showed that abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and cold, affected the expression patterns of melatonin biosynthetic genes. In addition, the circadian expression patterns of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), and serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) genes in wild-type (WT) plants was damaged by the drought treatment under light and dark conditions. Conversely, N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) retained the circadian rhythm. The expression of ASMT was down-regulated by the rice gigantea (OsGI) mutation, suggesting the involvement of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the OsGI-mediated circadian regulation pathway. Taken together, our results provide clues to explain the relationship between circadian rhythms and abiotic stresses in the process of melatonin biosynthesis in rice.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Raffinose synthetase family in cotton

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruifeng Cui ◽  
Xiaoge Wang ◽  
Waqar Afzal Malik ◽  
Xuke Lu ◽  
Xiugui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Motif Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Salt And Drought Stress ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Stress Gene

Abstract Background The Raffinose synthetase (RAFS) genes superfamily is critical for the synthesis of raffinose, which accumulates in plant leaves under abiotic stress. However, it remains unclear whether RAFS contributes to resistance to abiotic stress in plants, specifically in the Gossypium species. Results In this study, we identified 74 RAFS genes from G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. raimondii by using a series of bioinformatic methods. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the RAFS gene family in the four Gossypium species could be divided into four major clades; the relatively uniform distribution of the gene number in each species ranged from 12 to 25 based on species ploidy, most likely resulting from an ancient whole-genome polyploidization. Gene motif analysis showed that the RAFS gene structure was relatively conservative. Promoter analysis for cis-regulatory elements showed that some RAFS genes might be regulated by gibberellins and abscisic acid, which might influence their expression levels. Moreover, we further examined the functions of RAFS under cold, heat, salt and drought stress conditions, based on the expression profile and co-expression network of RAFS genes in Gossypium species. Transcriptome analysis suggested that RAFS genes in clade III are highly expressed in organs such as seed, root, cotyledon, ovule and fiber, and under abiotic stress in particular, indicating the involvement of genes belonging to clade III in resistance to abiotic stress. Gene co-expressed network analysis showed that GhRFS2A-GhRFS6A, GhRFS6D, GhRFS7D and GhRFS8A-GhRFS11A were key genes, with high expression levels under salt, drought, cold and heat stress. Conclusion The findings may provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns of RAFS genes in Gossypium species and a theoretical basis for the identification of stress resistance materials in cotton.

scholarly journals Differences in New Zealand Hop Cultivars Based on Their Unique Volatile Compounds: An Integrated Fingerprinting and Chemometrics Approach

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Victoria Purdy ◽  
Biniam Kebede ◽  
Ron Beatson ◽  
Kerry Templeton ◽  
Patrick Silcock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Headspace Gas Chromatography ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Headspace Gas ◽  
Chemical Fingerprinting ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Aroma Characteristics ◽  
Feature Selection Techniques

Hop aroma characteristics originate from hop essential oils, which have complex chemical profiles that remain poorly understood, particularly for New Zealand hops. The aim of this study was to determine volatile compounds that distinguish New Zealand hop cultivars. Untargeted fingerprinting methods based on headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyse nine hop cultivars. A total of 61 volatile compounds were identified as compounds that differentiated the commercial hop varieties using advanced chemometrics and feature selection techniques. Similarities in volatile composition were found between Wakatu, Wai-iti™ and Kohatu®, which are rich in alcohols. Another grouping was found between Waimea™ and Nelson Sauvin™, where ketones and esters were commonly found. Rakau™ was distinct from the other eight cultivars, distinguished by 2-methylbutyl 3-methylbutanoate and methanethiol hexanoate. Riwaka™ contained the greatest number of discriminating volatile compounds when compared to other cultivars, which was dominated by terpenoids, such as geranyl 2-methylbutanoate, perillene and D-limonene. The chemical fingerprinting approach successfully identified volatile compounds that had not been previously found in New Zealand hop cultivars and that discriminated the commercial cultivars. The data obtained in the present study further extend the knowledge of New Zealand hops and will help facilitate targeted breeding.

Identification and measurement of testosterone in plasma and follicular fluid of the mare, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry associated with isotope dilution

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Silberzahn ◽  
L. Dehennin ◽  
I. H. Zwaïn ◽  
P. Leymarie
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Testosterone has been identified by mass spectrometry in blood and follicular fluid aspirated from mature Graafian follicles of mares. Quantitative measurements made by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry have validated the determination of plasma testosterone made by radioimmunoassay. However, because of high levels of epitestosterone (17α-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one) in the follicular fluid, radioimmunoassay overestimates the true concentrations of testosterone. The occurrence of testosterone in mare follicular fluid at a concentration which is two orders of magnitude higher than that in peripheral plasma suggests that the follicle may contribute to the production of circulating testosterone. A biosynthetic pathway for oestradiol-17β which involves testosterone is therefore likely to occur in the mare ovary as in many other mammalian species.

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