scholarly journals Trends and Spatial Patterns of Suicide Among Adolescent in Ecuador, 1997-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Núñez-González ◽  
A. Gabriela Lara-Vinueza ◽  
Christopher Gault ◽  
J. Andrés Delgado-Ron
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
High Occurrence ◽  
Suicide Rates

Background:Suicide is a global public health problem, ranking among the top 20 leading causes of mortality.Objective:The aim of the present study is two-fold. Firstly, it describes the temporal trends of suicide in adolescents from 1997 to 2016 in Ecuador, allowing us to identify critical periods. Secondly, it analyzes the spatiotemporal clusters of high mortality rates and the spatial distribution due to suicide in the country, from 2011 to 2016.Methods:This is an ecological study; we included all death certificates of suicide among adolescents in the 10 - 19 age groups both sex, from the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC) database in Ecuador from 1997 to 2016. In order to assess the trend of suicide rates, we obtained Annual Percentage Changes (APCs) and average Annual Percent Changes (AAPCs) through Joinpoint regression analysis. Space-time scan statistics were used to identify high-risk clusters, and the spatial autocorrelation was evaluated through global Moran index.Results:Suicides at a national level increased from 165 deaths in 1997 to 286 deaths in 2016; rates increased from 12.7 to 23.3 per 100,000 population along with a significant increase of the trend at the national level (AAPC=3.7%; 95% CI: 2.1 to 5.2). We identified two significant spatial clusters for a high occurrence of suicide: the primary most likely cluster included 83 cantons (Risk Relative=2.28) while the second most likely cluster included 20 cantons (Risk Relative=1.74). The Global Moran I index for the study period showed a positive spatial autocorrelation (0.27; p = 0.001).Conclusion:Suicide rates in adolescents significantly increased over the 20-year study period; the spatial analysis indicates the presence of high occurrence clusters in the Amazon and Southern Highlands regions of the country. This growing phenomenon may be a reflection of the lack of policies and strategies focused on the adolescent’s mental health at a national level, added to factors such as family dysfunction, school failure, vulnerable ethnic groups, and immigration patterns.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Analysis of Mumps from 2004 to 2018 in Chongqing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu ◽  
Zhao ◽  
Ou ◽  
Xiang ◽  
Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Time Space ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Mumps vaccines have been widely used in recent years, but frequent mumps outbreaks and re-emergence around the world have not stopped. Mumps still remains a serious public health problem with a high incidence in China. The status of mumps epidemics in Chongqing, the largest city in China, is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and spatiotemporal characteristics of mumps and to provide a scientific basis for formulating effective strategies for its prevention and control. Surveillance data of mumps in Chongqing from January 2004 to December 2018 were collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting Information System. A descriptive analysis was conducted to understand the epidemiological characteristics. Hot spots and spatiotemporal patterns were identified by performing a spatial autocorrelation analysis, a purely spatial scan, and a spatiotemporal scan at the county level based on geographic information systems. A total of 895,429 mumps cases were reported in Chongqing, with an annual average incidence of 36.34 per 100,000. The yearly incidence of mumps decreased markedly from 2004 to 2007, increased sharply from 2007 to 2011, and then tapered with a two-year cyclical peak after 2011. The onset of mumps showed an obvious bimodal seasonal distribution, with a higher peak of mumps observed from April to July of each year. Children aged 5–9 years old, males, and students were the prime high-risk groups. The spatial distribution of mumps did not exhibit significant global autocorrelation in most years, but local indicators of spatial autocorrelation and scan statistics detected high-incidence clusters which were mainly located in the midwestern, western, northeastern, and southwestern parts of Chongqing. The aggregation time frame detected by the purely temporal scan was between March 2009 and July 2013. The incidence of mumps in Chongqing from 2004 to 2018 featured significant spatial heterogeneity and spatiotemporal clustering. The findings of this study might assist public health agencies to develop real-time space monitoring, especially in the clustering regions and at peak periods; to improve immunization strategies for long-term prevention; and to deploy health resources reasonably.

Suicide in Developing Countries (1)

Crisis ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Vijayakumar ◽  
K. Nagaraj ◽  
Jane Pirkis ◽  
Harvey Whiteford
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract. Objective. Suicide is a global public health problem, but relatively little epidemiological investigation of the phenomenon has occurred in developing countries. This paper aims to (1) examine the availability of rate data in developing countries, (2) provide a description of the frequency and distribution of suicide in those countries for which data are available, and (3) explore the relationship between country-level socioeconomic factors and suicide rates. It is accompanied by two companion papers that consider risk factors and preventive efforts associated with suicide in developing countries, respectively. Method. Using World Health Organization data, we calculated the average annual male, female, and total suicide rates during the 1990s for individual countries and regions (classified according to the Human Development Index [HDI]), and examined the association between a range of socioeconomic indicators and suicide rates. Results. For reasons of data availability, we concentrated on medium HDI countries. Suicide rates in these countries were variable. They were generally comparable with those in high HDI countries from the same region, with some exceptions. High education levels, high telephone density, and high per capita levels of cigarette consumption were associated with high suicide rates; high levels of inequality were associated with low suicide rates. Conclusion. Epidemiological investigations of this kind have the potential to inform suicide prevention efforts in developing countries, and should be encouraged.

scholarly journals Composite index of anthropometric failure among under 5 children attending the Immunoprophylaxis clinic in a tertiary care hospital in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 888
Author(s):  
Abhijit Kherde ◽  
Chaitanya R. Patil ◽  
Jyotsna Deshmukh ◽  
Prithvi B. Petkar
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Under nutrition is a global public health problem. There are numerous methods of assessment of malnutrition among which CIAF is the most recent, relatively robust since it envisages all the parameters for estimation of nutritional status of the children. So, this study was conducted to find the rates of composite index of anthropometric failure in the children attending the Immunoprophylaxis clinic in a tertiary care hospital of Nagpur and to find associations with the socio demographic variables.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Immunoprophylaxis clinic of a tertiary care institute in Nagpur from September 2016 to January 2017. The study subjects were the children attending the OPD of Immunoprophylaxis clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Necessary permissions were taken before the start of the study. Data was collected using pretested and pre-designed questionnaire. Height and weight were measured using standard guidelines and categorized into groups of CIAF as described by Nandy et al.Results: A total of 460 study subjects were enrolled in the study. The mean age group of the study subjects was 2.47±1.56 years. According to the grades of CIAF, 48.51% were having no failure. Age and gender were factors which were associated with failure status by CIAF.Conclusions: We found high rates of anthropometric failure in our study. The age groups less than 3 years had higher odds of being in failure when compared to more than 3 years age. Further, males had higher odds of being into failure when compared to females. Community based studies are recommended.

Suicide and Attempted Suicide in Jhenaidah District, Bangladesh, 2010–2018

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisur Rahman Khan ◽  
Kopano Ratele ◽  
Najuwa Arendse ◽  
Md. Zahidul Islam ◽  
Isaac Dery
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Routine Data ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Male Suicide ◽  
Survey Estimates

Abstract. Background: Suicide and attempted suicide are a serious but under-explored public health problem in Bangladesh. Survey estimates suggest that Jhenaidah District, one of the 64 districts that make up Bangladesh, is one of the highest suicide-prone regions in Bangladesh. Relatively little is known about the magnitude of suicide attempts in the district. Aims: This article describes the incidence of suicide and suicide attempts for Jhenaidah, Bangladesh for the period 2010–2018. Method: Primary descriptive analysis was performed on routine data collected by a Bangladesh-based nongovernment organization (NGO): Societies for Voluntary Activities (SOVA). Results: A total of 22,675 suicide attempts and 3,152 suicides occurred in the district. The rate of suicide attempts was found to be 136.35/100,000 and the suicide rate was found to be 20.6/100,000 in Jhenaidah. The subdistrict Sadar had the highest incidence of suicide attempt (38.09%) and suicide (33.47%). Poisoning was the most common method of suicide attempt for both males (77.07%) and females (77%). Limitations: Many cases of suicide attempts and suicide are unreported in Bangladesh owing to stigmatization; only reported cases form part of this investigation. Conclusion: Jhenaidah has very high rates of suicide and suicide attempts that surpass the global and Bangladesh averages. Although females demonstrate higher suicide rates, male suicide rates have gradually increased over the study period. Future studies are called for to better understand the local patterns and dynamics of fatal and nonfatal suicidal behaviors. Developing a sub-district-, district-, and national-level suicide prevention strategy ought to be considered a priority.

Aspetti psicosociali delle condotte suicidarie in Italia. Un'analisi trasversale e multivariata su dati aggregati

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Paolo Crepet ◽  
Rocco Micciolo
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The People

SummaryObjective - To analyse suicide trends in Italy and to correlate suicide rates with psychosocial indicators. Design - Cross-sectional analysis of aggregate data at national level (1960-1990). Setting - Italy. Main outcome measures - Mortality rates (deaths for suicide, mental disorders and homicide), hospital admission rates (for schizophrenia, neurosis and affective psychosis), unemployment rates, alcohol consumption. Principal components of the correlation matrix calculated on the psychosocial indicators. Results - The study indicates that a slight increate in suicide rates has been recorded among males (+10,7%) but not among females. The regions with the highest suicide rate are the Northern ones (up to twice the national average). The age groups with the highest suicide risk are those over 70 years. In females and males over 65 between 1974 and 1989 the suicide rate rose by 70% and 77% respectively. Between 1978 and 1989, the suicide rate among the people in search of a first job rose by 25%, among the employed it rose by 35%, while among the people in search of a new job it rose by 594%. Correlation between admission and suicide rates shows negative figure both for affective psychosis and neurosis, wherelse the correlation with schizophrenia is positive. The correlation with death both by mental disorders and homicide is positive. The correlation with death both by mental disorders and homicide is positive. The correlation between suicide and alcohol consumption is negative, while that with unemployment is positive. Principal components analysis showed a first component, wich explained more then 60% of the general variation, highly correlated with suicide rates.

scholarly journals Factores predisponentes y métodos de suicidio: Mini-revisión de la actualidad

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Santiago Andrés Muñoz Palomeque ◽  
Luis Enrique Peralta Castro ◽  
Raúl David Vera Pulla ◽  
María Eduarda Clavijo Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Housing Situation ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
Suicide Methods ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Commit Suicide ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

Suicide is a major global public health problem, especially among young and middle-aged adults. According to the WHO, worldwide, approximately 800 000 people commit suicide every year. Some predisposing factors for suicide are related to the personal sphere and are universal, such as biological conditions or psychiatric pathology, childhood adversities, as well as social and community perspective: housing situation, religion, social integration and support, unemployment, stress. The highest frequencies of occurrence have been found in males and in the age groups between 15 and 25 years, or over 65 years. Regarding suicide methods, there is a predilection for hanging in most countries, and although suicide methods do not differ much from one country to another, it should be considered that they vary according to the access to lethal methods. Men are reported to commit suicide more frequently using violent methods. A greater recognition of the risk factors and suicide methods used is necessary to raise awarenes among the population and prevention.

scholarly journals Role of usage of antibiotics in pharyngitis: a prospective study

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
M. Deepthi ◽  
K. Narsimloo
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Symptomatic Medication ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Pharyngeal Reflux

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a global public health problem and is growing day by day in both developed and developing countries. This study aims at scientific investigation into the need for the use of antibiotics in cases of pharyngitis. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">A prospective study of 2000 patients complaining of sore throat, randomly selected from outpatient department during 1 year period from August 2015 – 2016 .They were studied clinically and investigated for infectious etiology and the role of usage of antibiotics was analysed.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Among 2000 patients, 1840 patients were relieved of sorethroat with only symptomatic treatment. Antibiotics were given only in 160 patients (8%) as throat swab demonstrated bacterial growth. Most common organisms were Group A beta haemolytic <em>Streptococci</em> and </span><em>E coli</em><span lang="EN-IN">. Allergic pharyngitis and laryngo pharyngeal reflux disease constituted the important causes of sore throat among middle age groups (20-40 years) and elderly age groups (50-60 years) respectively. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Antibiotics should not be given to patients unless there is documentary evidence of bacterial infection. Most of the patients (92%) did not require antibiotic prescription, the illness was self-limiting in acute cases and patients who demonstrated allergic and laryngo-pharyngeal reflux etiology required symptomatic medication. Inadvertent use of antibiotics will lead to spread of resistance in the community; this will limit the usage of higher antibiotics for complicated cases and ICU patients. This highlights opportunity to enhance physician‘s awareness for reducing inadvertent use of antibiotics among adult pharyngitis patients and optimizing Antibiotic therapy usage.</span></p>

scholarly journals Declines in Pneumonia Mortality Following the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Latin American and Caribbean Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia H de Oliveira ◽  
Kayoko Shioda ◽  
Maria Tereza Valenzuela ◽  
Cara B Janusz ◽  
Analía Rearte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
National Level ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latin American And Caribbean

Abstract Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are recommended for use in pediatric immunization programs worldwide. Few data are available on their effect against mortality. We present a multicountry evaluation of the population-level impact of PCVs against death due to pneumonia in children &lt; 5 years of age. Methods We obtained national-level mortality data between 2000 and 2016 from 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries, using the standardized protocol. Time series models were used to evaluate the decline in all-cause pneumonia deaths during the postvaccination period while controlling for unrelated temporal trends using control causes of death. Results The estimated declines in pneumonia mortality following the introduction of PCVs ranged from 11% to 35% among children aged 2–59 months in 5 countries: Colombia (24% [95% credible interval {CrI}, 3%–35%]), Ecuador (25% [95% CrI, 4%–41%]), Mexico (11% [95% CrI, 3%–18%]), Nicaragua (19% [95% CrI, 0–34%]), and Peru (35% [95% CrI, 20%–47%]). In Argentina, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic, the declines were not detected in the aggregated age group but were detected in certain age strata. In Guyana and Honduras, the estimates had large uncertainty, and no declines were detected. Across the 10 countries, most of which have low to moderate incidence of pneumonia mortality, PCVs have prevented nearly 4500 all-cause pneumonia deaths in children 2–59 months since introduction. Conclusions Although the data quality was variable between countries, and the patterns varied across countries and age groups, the balance of evidence suggests that mortality due to all-cause pneumonia in children declined after PCV introduction. The impact could be greater in populations with a higher prevaccine burden of pneumonia.

Age, period and cohort effects in firearm homicide and suicide in the USA, 1983–2017

2020 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2020-043714
Author(s):  
Miriam J Haviland ◽  
Ali Rowhani-Rahbar ◽  
Frederick P Rivara
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Firearm Suicide ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Gender

BackgroundRates of firearm homicide and suicide have varied over time. These variations are due to a number of factors including temporal trends, age, birth year and gender. We sought to conduct an age–period–cohort analysis to understand the intersection of these factors with firearm homicide and suicide.MethodsWe used data on firearm homicide and suicide for the years 1983–2017 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System for this analysis. We restricted our analysis on firearm homicide to persons aged 10–44 years and our analysis on firearm suicide to persons aged 50–84 years, as these age groups are most at risk of each outcome. We calculated annual incidence rates for both outcomes per 100 000 population, overall and by gender.ResultsAcross all age groups, rates of firearm homicide increased dramatically in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The peak age for firearm homicide varied across cohorts, although it was generally between ages 15 and 29 years. Rates of firearm homicide were substantially higher among men than women, regardless of age, period or cohort. Firearm suicide rates varied significantly by gender. Among men, older cohorts had higher firearm suicide rates, although the rate of firearm suicide increased with age across all cohorts. Among women, firearm suicide rates were also highest among older cohorts; however, firearm suicide rates decreased or remained relatively constant with age.ConclusionThere are important differences in rates of firearm homicide and suicide with respect to gender, age, period and cohort.

Spatial patterns of leptospirosis in Ecuador, 2013–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 545-548
Author(s):  
Solange Núñez-González ◽  
Christopher Gault ◽  
Patricia Granja ◽  
Daniel Simancas-Racines
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Important Public Health

Abstract Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is considered an important public health problem in tropical regions and the world's poorest countries. Methods In this ecological study, we included cases of leptospirosis reported in Ecuador from 2013 to 2018. Spatial autocorrelation was evaluated through the global Moran I index and spatial-temporal scan statistics were used to identify high-risk clusters. Results In Ecuador, the leptospirosis incidence rates decreased from 3.3 cases per 100 000 population in 2013 to 0.8 cases per 100 000 population in 2018. The global Moran I index for the study period showed a positive spatial autocorrelation (0.68; p=0.001). We identified three significant spatial-temporal clusters for a high occurrence of leptospirosis incidence located in cantons of the Coast and Amazon regions. Conclusions The clusters identified could be targeted by policymakers and stakeholders in order to direct surveillance and understand the dynamics of the distribution of leptospirosis in Ecuador.

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