scholarly journals Key Factors Related to Short Course 100 m Breaststroke Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6257
Author(s):  
Bjørn Harald Olstad ◽  
Henrik Wathne ◽  
Tomohiro Gonjo
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Transition Velocity ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Cycle Rate ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Short Course ◽  
High Transition ◽  
Analysis System

Background and aim: To identify kinematic variables related to short course 100 m breaststroke performance. Methods: An automatic race analysis system was utilized to obtain start (0–15 m), turn (5 m before the wall until 10 m out), finish (95–100 m), and clean swimming (the rest of the race) segment times as well as cycle rate and cycle length during each swimming cycle from 15 male swimmers during a 100 m breaststroke race. A bivariate correlation and a partial correlation were employed to assess the relationship between each variable and swimming time. Results: Turns were the largest time contributor to the finishing time (44.30 ± 0.58%), followed by clean swimming (38.93 ± 0.50%), start (11.39 ± 0.22%), and finish (5.36 ± 0.18%). The finishing time was correlated (p < 0.001) with start segment time (r = 0.979), clean swimming time (r = 0.940), and 10 m turn-out time (r = 0.829). The clean swimming time was associated with the finishing time, but cycle rate and cycle length were not. In both start and turns, the peak velocity (i.e., take-off and push-off velocity) and the transition velocity were related to the segment time (r ≤ −0.673, p ≤ 0.006). Conclusions: Breaststroke training should focus on: (I) 15 m start with generating high take-off velocity, (II) improving clean swimming velocity by finding an optimal balance between cycle length and rate, (III) 10 m turn-out with maintaining a strong wall push-off, and (IV) establishing a high transition velocity from underwater to surface swimming.

Cycle Rate, Length, and Speed of Progression in Human Locomotion

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
James G. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Cycle Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Participant ◽  
Multiple Trials ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Actual Locomotion

There have been few attempts to synthesize the knowledge gleaned from the study of cyclic human locomotion and, specifically, to determine whether there are general laws that describe or govern all such forms of locomotion. The purpose of this paper was to test the hypothesis that, when a human participant performs multiple trials of a given form of cyclic locomotion at a wide range of speeds (S) and without constraint on cycle rate (CR) or cycle length (CL), the relationships of CR vs. S and CL vs. S have the same basic characteristics as do those for any other form of cyclic locomotion. Data were gathered from published and unpublished sources. For each participant and form of locomotion, CR-vs.-S and CL-vs.-S relationships were plotted on a common scattergram with S on the abscissa and both CR and CL on the ordinate. Analysis of data collected on 49 participants and 12 forms of locomotion showed that, for every combination of participant and form of locomotion considered (excluding combinations involving simulated locomotion), the relationships of CR vs. S and CL vs. S had the same basic characteristics. These relationships were quadratic in form with CR-vs.-S concave upward and CL-vs.-S concave downward. The factor that made the greater contribution to increases in S was a function of S, with CL the primary factor at low S and CR the primary factor at high S. In short, the results obtained provided unequivocal support for the hypothesis of the study. The basic CR-vs.-S and CL-vs.-S relationships observed for forms of actual locomotion were also observed for some, but not all, of the forms of simulated locomotion examined.

Automated image analysis of Euglena gracilis Klebs (Euglenophyta) for measuring sublethal effects of three model contaminants

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1708-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Netto ◽  
V. Bostan ◽  
L. McCarthy ◽  
A. Laursen ◽  
K. Gilbride ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Automated Image Analysis ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Analysis System

The short-term impacts of atrazine (herbicide), tributyltin (organometal) and copper on the behaviour of Euglena gracilis Klebs (Euglenophyta) were assessed. First, the ECOTOX automated image analysis system was used, which measured swimming velocity, cell shape, percentage of cells swimming upwards, and randomness of swimming. Next, visual observation by microscopy was used to measure percentage of cell motility and cell shape. Behavioural changes can be used as an indicator of stress in less than 24 h, potentially making them suitable for inclusion in early-warning systems for water quality. Findings indicate that E. gracilis is a very sensitive organism to copper, showing inhibition of motility with visual observation at 0.8 μmol/L within 1 h. The image analysis system was in general less sensitive than visual observation for detecting behavioural changes after incubation in copper. In contrast, after exposure to organic contaminants atrazine and tributyltin, the ECOTOX system detected small changes in the number of cells swimming upwards (antigravitactic behaviour) at higher concentrations.

Kinematic Analysis of Skating Technique of Olympic Skiers in the Men's 50-km Race

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Smith ◽  
Brian S. Heagy
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Terrain Analysis ◽  
Cycle Rate ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Flat Terrain ◽  
Cycle Lengths ◽  
A Site

A project involving 3-D analysis of skiing technique during the 1992 Olympic Winter Games (Albertville, France) was carried out. This part of the project focused on the open field skating technique of the male skiers of the 50-km race. Three synchronized, high-speed video cameras were used to record the motion of all racers as they passed a site on flat terrain. Analysis was limited to those using the open field technique and whose skating cycle fit within the boundaries of the field being analyzed (n = 17). Several kinematic variables were determined: cycle velocity, cycle length, and cycle rate. Several significant correlations (p < .05) were observed related to performance: cycle velocity was positively related to cycle length (r = .76) but not cycle rate; cycle velocity and cycle length were positively related to strong side knee extension (r = .48 and r = .51, respectively). Thus, faster skiers on flat terrain tended to ski with longer cycle lengths, which perhaps derived from more vigorous knee extension.

Effect of Velocity on Cycle Rate and Length for Three Roller Skiing Techniques

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin D. Hoffman ◽  
Philip S. Clifford ◽  
Frank Bender
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Lateral View ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Double Pole ◽  
Cycle Rate ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Velocity Changes ◽  
Made In ◽  
Ski Racers

This investigation examined the adjustments made in cycle rate and length to velocity changes during roller skiing with the double pole (DP), kick double pole (KD), and VI skate (VS) techniques. Eight cross-country ski racers roller skied with each technique on a flat track at submaximal and maximal velocities while being videotaped from a lateral view. Increases in submaximal velocities were associated with increases in cycle rate and cycle length for KD and VS but only with increases in cycle rate for DP. Maximal sprint velocities were approximately 7% lower (p < .01) for KD than for DP and VS and were associated with increases (p < .01) in cycle rate for each technique combined with decreases (p < .01) in cycle length for DP and VS. The findings indicate that there are differences among techniques in the manner in which cycle rate and length are adjusted to change submaximal velocity, but each technique relies upon an increase in cycle rate to achieve maximal velocity.

scholarly journals Underwater and Surface Swimming Parameters Reflect Performance Level in Elite Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Pla ◽  
Gauthier Poszalczyk ◽  
Cyrine Souaissia ◽  
Fabrice Joulia ◽  
Alexandre Guimard
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Course Performance ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
The Impact

Although the role of underwater phases is well-known, no study has taken an interest in describing and quantifying the distance and time spent in apnea as a condition for optimal performance. This study aimed to investigate the impact of time and distance spent underwater and surface parameters on the swimming performance of elite swimmers. The performances of 79 swimmers in 100-m freestyle were analyzed (short-course). The underwater and spatiotemporal parameters of three groups have been recorded: finalists of the 2018 World Swimming Championships (WORLD), French swimmers who reached a 100 m performance time under 50 s at the 2018 French National Championships (UND50), and those who reached a 100 m performance time above 50 s (UP50). The WORLD group spent more distance underwater (37.50 ± 4.92 m) in comparison with UND50 (31.90 ± 4.88 m, p &lt; 0.05) and UP50 (31.94 ± 4.93 m, p &lt; 0.01) groups. The total percentage of non-swimming time was higher for WORLD (39.11 ± 4.73%) vs. UND50 (34.21 ± 4.55%, p &lt; 0.05) and UP50 (33.94 ± 5.00%, p &lt; 0.01). In addition, underwater speed was higher for WORLD (2.54 ± 0.05 m/s) compared with UND50 (2.46 ± 0.09 m/s, p &lt; 0.05) and UP50 (2.38 ± 0.11 m/s, p &lt; 0.01). Three parameters among the underwater phases (i.e. distance underwater, speed underwater, and total percentage of non-swimming time) determine the 100-m freestyle short course performance. These data suggest an appropriate focus on specific apnea training to improve underwater skills during short-course swimming performances.

Provincial Energy Conservation Visual Potential Analysis Based on DEA Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 1461-1467
Author(s):  
Yi Wen Hou ◽  
Hong Yin Song ◽  
Li Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Graphic Method ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Basic Study ◽  
Parametric Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Visual Potential ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Labeling Method

As the basic study of energy conservation, Apparent Potential of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction (AP-ESER) analysis is a key link of energy conservation work in China. Compared with developed countries, the performances of energy conservation are not remarkable in most developing countries, which ensured the dominant position of apparent potential in the whole potential field. Based on the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method model and total-factor framework, the study established an AP-ESER analysis system. We investigated a sample of 30 provinces in China, used K-means clustering method, GIS special labeling method and radar graphic method to analyze the results, and divided the 30 provinces into 5 clusters according to the visual potential of energy conservation. At the same time, we tried to find the key factors of energy conservation in each province following the status comparison of radar graphic method, and listed it under the sort of critical degree of the factors.

EVOLUTION OF VELOCITY, CYCLE LENGTH AND CYCLE RATE IN A CROSS-COUNTRY SKI SKATING RACE.

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S105
Author(s):  
B. Bilodeau ◽  
K. W. Rundell ◽  
B. Roy ◽  
M. R. Boulay
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Cycle Rate ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals The Effect of Maximal Speed Ability, Pacing Strategy, and Technique on the Finish Sprint of a Sprint Cross-Country Skiing Competition

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Haugnes ◽  
Per-Øyvind Torvik ◽  
Gertjan Ettema ◽  
Jan Kocbach ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Cycle Rate ◽  
Sprint Speed ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Kinematic Pattern ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Maximal Speed ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

Purpose: To investigate the contribution from maximal speed (Vmax) and %Vmax to the finish sprint speed obtained in a cross-country sprint in the classical and skating style, as well as the coinciding changes in kinematic patterns and the effect of pacing strategy on the %Vmax. Methods: Twelve elite male cross-country skiers performed two 80-m Vmax tests on flat terrain using the classical double-poling and skating G3 techniques, followed by 4 simulated 1.4-km sprint time trials, performed with conservative (controlled start) and positive (hard start) pacing strategies in both styles with a randomized order. In all cases, these time trials were finalized by sprinting maximally over the last 80 m (the Vmax section). Results: Approximately 85% of Vmax was obtained in the finish sprint of the 1.4-km competitions, with Vmax and %Vmax contributing similarly (R2 = 51–78%) to explain the overall variance in finish sprint speed in all 4 cases (P < .05). The changes in kinematic pattern from the Vmax to the finish sprint included 11–22% reduced cycle rate in both styles (P < .01), without any changes in cycle length. A 3.6% faster finish sprint speed, explained by higher cycle rate, was found by conservative pacing in classic style (P < .001), whereas no difference was seen in skating. Conclusions: Vmax ability and %Vmax contributed similarly to explain the finish sprint speed, both in the classic and skating styles, and independent of pacing strategy. Therefore, sprint cross-country skiers should concurrently develop both these capacities and employ technical strategies where a high cycle rate can be sustained when fatigue occurs.

scholarly journals The effects of specific drills on the flip turns of freestyle swimmers based on a kinesiology analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Yuhong Wen ◽  
Yi Peng ◽  
Feng Zhao ◽  
Kexin Zhen
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract This research aimed to define the key factors in freestyle flip turns via a kinesiology analysis to diagnose swimmers. Hence, specially designed drills were created to improve swimmers’ flip-turn skills and assess the effects of training. Nine Chinese national modern pentathlon athletes ranging in age from 20 to 26 years with an average of 10 years of training experience were tested and trained in this study. The Kistler Performance Analysis System for Swimming was used for the pre- and post-test analyses. A kinesiology analysis of the data from the pre-test was used for the diagnosis and specific drills were adopted for 10 weeks, 3 times per week before the post-test. The comparison of the pre- and post-test performances was used to assess the effects of training. After 10 weeks of specific drill training for flip turns, participants’ turning skills significantly improved. Speed in approaching, somersaulting, pushing-off and gliding all increased. The angles of the knees and hips as well as the force applied improved, which contributed to swimmers’ increased speed. Since the skills needed for a flip turn are complex and not easily diagnosed via observation alone, this kinesiology analysis will make diagnosis objective and easy.

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