Entomovirological Surveillance in Schools: Are They a Source for Arboviral Diseases Transmission?

Surveillance and control activities for virus-transmitting mosquitoes have primarily focused on dwellings. There is little information about viral circulation in heavily trafficked places such as schools. We collected and analyzed data to assess the presence and prevalence of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in mosquitoes, and measured Aedes indices in schools in Medellín (Colombia) between 2016–2018. In 43.27% of 2632 visits we collected Aedes adults, creating 883 pools analyzed by RT-PCR. 14.27% of pools yielded positive for dengue or Zika (infection rates of 1.75–296.29 for Aedes aegypti). Ae. aegypti was more abundant and had a higher infection rate for all studied diseases. Aedes indices varied over time. There was no association between Aedes abundance and mosquito infection rates, but the latter did correlate with cases of arboviral disease and climate. Results suggest schools are important sources of arbovirus and health agencies should include these sites in surveillance programs; it is essential to know the source for arboviral diseases transmission and the identification of the most population groups exposed to these diseases to research and developing new strategies.

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Surveillance and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in French Hospitals

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/501844 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 677-682 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Didier Lepelletier ◽

Hervé Richet

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Surveillance Programs ◽

Mrsa Infection ◽

Data Surveillance ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

And Control ◽

Mrsa Colonization

AbstractObjective:To assess the way French hospitals conduct surveillance for, and control infections caused by, methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and to evaluate the incidence of these infections.Design:Retrospective analysis of sample surveillance data.Setting:Representative sample of French hospitals.Participants:Representative sample of 38 French public hospitals.Methods:Hospitals were selected randomly in 1996, taking into account their location and number of beds. Administrative data, surveillance denominators used, antimicrobial resistance rates, and infection control practices were analyzed for the period 1990 to 1995. The same 38 centers were contacted 3 years later, in 1998, to reassess their surveillance and control activities.Results:French hospitals were slow to implement MRSA surveillance programs; only 5% had such programs in 1990, when the median incidence per admission (0.37%) and per patient-days (0.04%) of MRSA infections was already high. Despite the implementation of surveillance programs in 66% of French hospitals in 1995 and 87% in 1998, the MRSA infection rates remained stable from 1990 to 1995 and increased from 1995 to 1998. The proportion of French hospitals having a policy for the transfer of MRSA-infected patients to other hospitals increased from 47% in 1995 to 61% in 1998, whereas screening for MRSA colonization (42%-53%) and isolation for colonized or infected patients (87%-89%) remained stable.Conclusions:This first national survey showed that French hospitals probably were not optimally prepared to control and prevent MRSA infections, since they were slow to respond to the growing problem.

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Surveillance Strategies: A Primer

Infection Control ◽

10.1017/s0195941700069782 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 459-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Elias Abrutyn ◽

George H. Talbot

Keyword(s):

Nosocomial Infection ◽

Infection Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Regulatory Agencies ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Control Programs ◽

Infection Surveillance ◽

Surveillance Programs ◽

And Control

The Centers for Disease Control's Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC) showed that infection surveillance and control activities are associated with a decrease in nosocomial infection rates. Moreover, the intensity of activity correlated with the magnitude of the fall in infection rates. These results, plus the guidelines of regulatory agencies, mandate that infection control programs conduct surveillance activities. However, absolute standards for the content and nature of surveillance programs have not been established, and many descriptions of different types of surveillance programs are available. In this primer, we describe the considerations involved in development of a surveillance program with emphasis on issues concerning data collection.Langmuir considers surveillance when applied to disease as meaning the collection of data, the analysis of those data, and the distribution of the resulting information to those needing to know. The definition implies that surveillance is observational and that surveillance activities should be clearly separated from other related activities such as control measures. The latter activities, including their initiation, approval, and funding, are administrative matters underpinned by a scientific base that are undertaken by the recipients of the surveillance data and their analyses. They should be clearly separated from surveillance activities per se. There is also the implication that action results from surveillance; surveillance without action should be abandoned.

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Natural SARS-CoV-2 infections, including virus isolation, among serially tested cats and dogs in households with confirmed human COVID-19 cases in Texas, USA

10.1101/2020.12.08.416339 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah A. Hamer ◽

Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa ◽

Italo B. Zecca ◽

Edward Davila ◽

Lisa D. Auckland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

One Health ◽

Virus Isolation ◽

Initial Test ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

And Control ◽

Over Time

AbstractThe natural infections and epidemiological roles of household pets in SARS-CoV-2 transmission are not understood. We conducted a longitudinal study of dogs and cats living with at least one SARS-CoV-2 infected human in Texas and found 47.1% of 17 cats and 15.3% of 59 dogs from 25.6% of 39 households were positive for SARS-CoV-2 via RT-PCR and genome sequencing or neutralizing antibodies. Virus was isolated from one cat. The majority (82.4%) of infected pets were asymptomatic. Re-sampling of one infected cat showed persistence of viral RNA at least 32 d-post human diagnosis (25 d-post initial test). Across 15 antibody-positive animals, titers increased (33.3%), decreased (33.3%) or were stable (33.3%) over time. A One Health approach is informative for prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

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Israel’s Ground Forces in the Occupied Territories

Israeli Studies Review ◽

10.3167/isr.2020.350204 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 37-57

Author(s):

Eyal Ben-Ari ◽

Uzi Ben-Shalom

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Force Generation ◽

Institutional Autonomy ◽

Multiple Forms ◽

The West ◽

Occupied Territories ◽

Media Monitoring ◽

Israel Defense Forces ◽

And Control ◽

Over Time

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) routinely rotate ground forces in and out of the Occupied Territories in the West Bank. While these troops are trained for soldiering in high-intensity wars, in the Territories they have long had to carry out a variety of policing activities. These activities often exist in tension with their soldierly training and ethos, both of which center on violent encounters. IDF ground forces have adapted to this situation by maintaining a hierarchy of ‘logics of action’, in which handling potentially hostile encounters takes precedence over other forms of policing. Over time, this hierarchy has been adapted to the changed nature of contemporary conflict, in which soldiering is increasingly exposed to multiple forms of media, monitoring, and juridification. To maintain its public legitimacy and institutional autonomy, the IDF has had to adapt to the changes imposed on it by creating multiple mechanisms of force generation and control of soldierly action.

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Domains of Socialization

The Oxford Handbook of Parenting and Moral Development ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190638696.013.3 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 72-90

Author(s):

Joan E. Grusec

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Zone Of Proximal Development ◽

Proximal Development ◽

Group Participation ◽

Guided Learning ◽

Positive Action ◽

Affect And Cognition ◽

And Control ◽

Value Learning ◽

Over Time

This chapter surveys how behavior, affect, and cognition with respect to parenting and moral development have been conceptualized over time. It moves to a discussion of domains of socialization; that is, different contexts in which socialization occurs and where different mechanisms operate. Domains include protection where the child is experiencing negative affect, reciprocity where there is an exchange of favors, group participation or learning through observing others and engaging with them in positive action, guided learning where values are taught in the child’s zone of proximal development, and control where values are learned through discipline and reward. Research using narratives of young adults about value-learning events suggests that inhibition of antisocial behavior is more likely learned in the control domain, and prosocial behavior more likely in the group participation domain. Internalization of values, measured by narrative meaningfulness, is most likely in the group participation domain.

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Clinical characterization of dysautonomia in long COVID-19 patients

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93546-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nicolas Barizien ◽

Morgan Le Guen ◽

Stéphanie Russel ◽

Pauline Touche ◽

Florent Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mixed Models ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Physical Medicine ◽

Persistent Symptoms ◽

Index Changes ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

And Control ◽

Testing Group ◽

Over Time

AbstractIncreasing numbers of COVID-19 patients, continue to experience symptoms months after recovering from mild cases of COVID-19. Amongst these symptoms, several are related to neurological manifestations, including fatigue, anosmia, hypogeusia, headaches and hypoxia. However, the involvement of the autonomic nervous system, expressed by a dysautonomia, which can aggregate all these neurological symptoms has not been prominently reported. Here, we hypothesize that dysautonomia, could occur in secondary COVID-19 infection, also referred to as “long COVID” infection. 39 participants were included from December 2020 to January 2021 for assessment by the Department of physical medicine to enhance their physical capabilities: 12 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis and fatigue, 15 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis without fatigue and 12 control participants without COVID-19 diagnosis and without fatigue. Heart rate variability (HRV) during a change in position is commonly measured to diagnose autonomic dysregulation. In this cohort, to reflect HRV, parasympathetic/sympathetic balance was estimated using the NOL index, a multiparameter artificial intelligence-driven index calculated from extracted physiological signals by the PMD-200 pain monitoring system. Repeated-measures mixed-models testing group effect were performed to analyze NOL index changes over time between groups. A significant NOL index dissociation over time between long COVID-19 participants with fatigue and control participants was observed (p = 0.046). A trend towards significant NOL index dissociation over time was observed between long COVID-19 participants without fatigue and control participants (p = 0.109). No difference over time was observed between the two groups of long COVID-19 participants (p = 0.904). Long COVID-19 participants with fatigue may exhibit a dysautonomia characterized by dysregulation of the HRV, that is reflected by the NOL index measurements, compared to control participants. Dysautonomia may explain the persistent symptoms observed in long COVID-19 patients, such as fatigue and hypoxia. Trial registration: The study was approved by the Foch IRB: IRB00012437 (Approval Number: 20-12-02) on December 16, 2020.

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A New Multiplatform Model for Outpatient Prenatal and Postpartum Care in a Cohort of COVID-19-Affected Obstetric Patients

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105144 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5144

Author(s):

Mar Muñoz-Chápuli Gutiérrez ◽

Ana Durán-Vila ◽

Javier Ruiz-Labarta ◽

Pilar Payá-Martínez ◽

Pilar Pintado Recarte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Good Adherence ◽

Major Morbidity ◽

Reference Hospital ◽

The Mean ◽

Discharge From Hospital ◽

Over Time

Spain was one of the epicenters of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe in this article the design and results of a new telephone-and-telematic multiplatform model of systematic prenatal and postpartum follow-up for COVID-19-affected women implemented in a tertiary reference hospital in Madrid. We included patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 during pregnancy or delivery from 10 March 2020 to 15 December 2020. We had a total of 211 obstetric patients: 148 (70.1%) were tested at the onset of suspicious clinical manifestations and 62 (29.4%) were tested in the context of routine screening. Of all the patients, 60 women (28.4%) were asymptomatic and 97 (46%) presented mild symptoms. Fifty-one women (24.2%) were admitted to our hospital for specific treatment because of moderate or severe symptoms. We had no missed cases and a good adherence. The mean number of calls per patient was 2.3. We performed 55 in-person visits. We analyzed the complexity of our program over time, showing a two-wave-like pattern. One patient was identified as needing hospitalization and we did not record major morbidity. Telemedicine programs are a strong and reproducible tool to reach to pregnant population affected by COVID-19, to assess its symptoms and severity, and to record for pregnancy-related symptoms both in an outpatient regime and after discharge from hospital.

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Sustainable Development Goals in Early COVID-19 Prevention and Control

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158431 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8431

Author(s):

Taejong Kim ◽

Hyosun Kim

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Sustainable Development Goals ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Undue Influence ◽

Death Rates ◽

International Action ◽

Development Goals ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

And Control

Recent failures in COVID-19 prevention and control in some of the richest countries raise questions about the relevance of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the fight against pandemics. To examine this issue, we adopted the measure of countries’ progress for the SDGs in the SDG Index Scores (SDGS) and employed two analytical devices. The first was regression-aided adjustment of the number of deaths and confirmed cases. The second was the use of robust regressions to control the undue influence of outliers. The results are mixed. Between the SDGS and the adjusted infection rates, we found no significant correlation; however, between the SDGS and the adjusted death rates, the correlation was negative and statistically significant. These results provide a nuanced contrast to the hasty conclusions some of us might be tempted to draw from apparent positive correlations between SDGS and the cases and the deaths. The SDGs represent the fruit of painstaking global efforts to encourage and coordinate international action to enhance sustainability. We find the results reassuring, in that they suggest that the countries with higher SDGS have been able to control the devastation of deaths from COVID-19 more effectively, despite being unable to control the propagation of infections.

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Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9061163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1163

Author(s):

Eduarda Alexandra Gonçalves de Oliveira Moura ◽

Daniela Gomes da Silva ◽

Caio Henrique Turco ◽

Thainara Vitoria Carnevalli Sanches ◽

Gabriel Yuri Storino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Blood Count ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Commercial Vaccine ◽

Serum Igg ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Over Time

Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.

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Household transmission and incidence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in symptomatic healthcare workers, clinical course and outcome: a French hospital experience

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oemed-2020-106866 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. oemed-2020-106866

Author(s):

Evguenia Krastinova ◽

Valérie Garrait ◽

Marie-Thérèse Lecam ◽

André Coste ◽

Emmanuelle Varon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Current Smoker ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Living Situation ◽

Household Transmission ◽

Occupational Profile ◽

Household Members ◽

French Hospital ◽

At Home

ObjectivesAlthough healthcare workers (HCWs) have been particularly affected by SARS-CoV-2, detailed data remain scarce. In this study, we investigated infection rates, clinical characteristics, occupational exposure and household transmission among all symptomatic HCWs screened by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR between 17 March (French lockdown) and 20 April.MethodsSARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR was proposed to symptomatic (new cough or dyspnoea) HCWs at Creteil Hospital in one of the Parisian suburbs most severely affected by COVID-19. Data on occupational profile, living situation and household, together with self–isolation and mask use at home were collected, as well as the number of cases in the household.ResultsThe incidence rate of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to be 5% (110/2188). A total of 110 (35%) of the 314 HCWs tested positive and 9 (8%) were hospitalised. On multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with positive RT-PCR were occupational profile with direct patient facing (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 8.8), p<0.03), and presence of anosmia (OR 5.7, 95% CI 3.1 to 10.6), p<0.0001). Being a current smoker was associated with negative RT-PCR (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7), p=0.005). Transmission from HCWs to household members was reported in 9 (14%) cases, and 2 deaths occurred. Overall, self-isolation was possible in 52% of cases, but only 31% of HCWs were able to wear a mask at home.ConclusionThis is the first study to report infection rates among HCWs during the peak of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France and the lockdown period, highlighting the risk related to occupational profile and household transmission.

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