Worldwide Research Trends on Solar-Driven Water Disinfection

“Ensure access to water for all”, states Goal 6 of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. This worldwide challenge requires identifying the best water disinfection method for each scenario. Traditional methods have limitations, which include low effectiveness towards certain pathogens and the formation of disinfection byproducts. Solar-driven methods, such as solar water disinfection (SODIS) or solar photocatalysis, are novel, effective, and financially and environmentally sustainable alternatives. We have conducted a critical study of publications in the field of water disinfection using solar energy and, hereby, present the first bibliometric analysis of scientific literature from Elsevier’s Scopus database within the last 20 years. Results show that in this area of growing interest USA, Spain, and China are the most productive countries in terms of publishing, yet Europe hosts the most highly recognized research groups, i.e., Spain, Switzerland, Ireland, and UK. We have also reviewed the journals in which researchers mostly publish and, using a systematic approach to determine the actual research trends and gaps, we have analyzed the capacity of these publications to answer key research questions, pinpointing six clusters of keywords in relation to the main research challenges, open areas, and new applications that lie ahead. Most publications focused on SODIS and photocatalytic nanomaterials, while a limited number focused on ensuring adequate water disinfection levels, testing regulated microbial indicators and emerging pathogens, and real-world applications, which include complex matrices, large scale processes, and exhaustive cost evaluation.

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DISINFEKSI UNTUK PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM

Jurnal Air Indonesia ◽

10.29122/jai.v3i1.2314 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nusa Idaman Said

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Purification ◽

Distribution System ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Microbiological Contamination ◽

Disinfection Process

Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination of growth and reproduction. When microorganisms are not removed from drinking water, drinking water usage will cause people to fall ill. Chemical inactivation of microbiological contamination in natural or untreated water is usually one of the final steps to reduce pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water. Combinations of water purification steps (oxidation, coagulation, settling, disinfection, and filtration) cause (drinking) water to be safe after production. As an extra measure many countries apply a second disinfection step at the end of the water purification process, in order to protect the water from microbiological contamination in the water distribution system. Usually one uses a different kind of disinfectant from the one earlier in the process, during this disinfection process. The secondary disinfection makes sure that bacteria will not multiply in the water during distribution. This paper describes several technique of disinfection process for drinking water treatment. Disinfection can be attained by means of physical or chemical disinfectants. The agents also remove organic contaminants from water, which serve as nutrients or shelters for microorganisms. Disinfectants should not only kill microorganisms. Disinfectants must also have a residual effect, which means that they remain active in the water after disinfection. For chemical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used such as Chlorine (Cl2), Hypo chlorite (OCl-), Chloramines, Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), Ozone (O3), Hydrogen peroxide etch. For physical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used is Ultraviolet light (UV). Every technique has its specific advantages and and disadvantages its own application area sucs as environmentally friendly, disinfection byproducts, effectivity, investment, operational costs etc. Kata Kunci : Disinfeksi, bakteria, virus, air minum, khlor, hip khlorit, khloramine, khlor dioksida, ozon, UV.

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Current advances of epigenetics in periodontology from ENCODE project: a review and future perspectives

Clinical Epigenetics ◽

10.1186/s13148-021-01074-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Young-Dan Cho ◽

Woo-Jin Kim ◽

Hyun-Mo Ryoo ◽

Hong-Gee Kim ◽

Kyoung-Hwa Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Research Trends ◽

Main Body ◽

Research Projects ◽

Encode Project ◽

Dna Elements ◽

Crucial Information ◽

Future Direction ◽

Systemic Health

Abstract Background The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has advanced our knowledge of the functional elements in the genome and epigenome. The aim of this article was to provide the comprehension about current research trends from ENCODE project and establish the link between epigenetics and periodontal diseases based on epigenome studies and seek the future direction. Main body Global epigenome research projects have emphasized the importance of epigenetic research for understanding human health and disease, and current international consortia show an improved interest in the importance of oral health with systemic health. The epigenetic studies in dental field have been mainly conducted in periodontology and have focused on DNA methylation analysis. Advances in sequencing technology have broadened the target for epigenetic studies from specific genes to genome-wide analyses. Conclusions In line with global research trends, further extended and advanced epigenetic studies would provide crucial information for the realization of comprehensive dental medicine and expand the scope of ongoing large-scale research projects.

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Sustainable Spatial Energy Planning of Large-Scale Wind and PV Farms in Israel: A Collaborative and Participatory Planning Approach

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14030551 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 551

Author(s):

Sofia Spyridonidou ◽

Georgia Sismani ◽

Eva Loukogeorgaki ◽

Dimitra G. Vagiona ◽

Hagit Ulanovsky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Wind Farms ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Participatory Planning ◽

Energy Planning ◽

Environmentally Sustainable ◽

Selection Processes ◽

Planning Framework ◽

Planning Approach ◽

Near Future

In this work, an innovative sustainable spatial energy planning framework is developed on national scale for identifying and prioritizing appropriate, technically and economically feasible, environmentally sustainable as well as socially acceptable sites for the siting of large-scale onshore Wind Farms (WFs) and Photovoltaic Farms (PVFs) in Israel. The proposed holistic framework consists of distinctive steps allocated in two successive modules (the Planning and the Field Investigation module), and it covers all relevant dimensions of a sustainable siting analysis (economic, social, and environmental). It advances a collaborative and participatory planning approach by combining spatial planning tools (Geographic Information Systems (GIS)) and multi-criteria decision-making methods (e.g., Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)) with versatile participatory planning techniques in order to consider the opinion of three different participatory groups (public, experts, and renewable energy planners) within the site-selection processes. Moreover, it facilitates verification of GIS results by conducting appropriate field observations. Sites of high suitability, accepted by all participatory groups and field verified, form the final outcome of the proposed framework. The results illustrate the existence of high suitable sites for large-scale WFs’ and PVFs’ siting and, thus, the potential deployment of such projects towards the fulfillment of the Israeli energy targets in the near future.

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mRNA-Based Vaccines

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9040390 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 390

Author(s):

Frank Kowalzik ◽

Daniel Schreiner ◽

Christian Jensen ◽

Daniel Teschner ◽

Stephan Gehring ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

New Technologies ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Effective Means ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Emerging Pathogens ◽

Cell Genome

Increases in the world’s population and population density promote the spread of emerging pathogens. Vaccines are the most cost-effective means of preventing this spread. Traditional methods used to identify and produce new vaccines are not adequate, in most instances, to ensure global protection. New technologies are urgently needed to expedite large scale vaccine development. mRNA-based vaccines promise to meet this need. mRNA-based vaccines exhibit a number of potential advantages relative to conventional vaccines, namely they (1) involve neither infectious elements nor a risk of stable integration into the host cell genome; (2) generate humoral and cell-mediated immunity; (3) are well-tolerated by healthy individuals; and (4) are less expensive and produced more rapidly by processes that are readily standardized and scaled-up, improving responsiveness to large emerging outbreaks. Multiple mRNA vaccine platforms have demonstrated efficacy in preventing infectious diseases and treating several types of cancers in humans as well as animal models. This review describes the factors that contribute to maximizing the production of effective mRNA vaccine transcripts and delivery systems, and the clinical applications are discussed in detail.

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SODIS potential: A novel parameter to assess the suitability of solar water disinfection worldwide

Chemical Engineering Journal ◽

10.1016/j.cej.2021.129889 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 419 ◽

pp. 129889

Author(s):

José Moreno-SanSegundo ◽

Stefanos Giannakis ◽

Sofia Samoili ◽

Giulio Farinelli ◽

Kevin G. McGuigan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Disinfection ◽

Solar Water ◽

Solar Water Disinfection

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Solar water disinfection in high-volume containers: Are naturally occurring substances attenuating factors of radiation?

Chemical Engineering Journal ◽

10.1016/j.cej.2020.125852 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 399 ◽

pp. 125852 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ángela García-Gil ◽

Rafael Valverde ◽

Rafael A. García-Muñoz ◽

Kevin G. McGuigan ◽

Javier Marugán

Keyword(s):

High Volume ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Solar Water ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Solar Water Disinfection

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Excystation ofCryptosporidium parvumat temperatures that are reached during solar water disinfection

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182009005563 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 136 (4) ◽

pp. 393-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

H. GÓMEZ-COUSO ◽

M. FONTÁN-SAINZ ◽

J. FERNÁNDEZ-ALONSO ◽

E. ARES-MAZÁS

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽

Gradual Increase ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Waterborne Diseases ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Simple Method ◽

Solar Water ◽

Solar Water Disinfection ◽

Notable Increase

SUMMARYSpecies belonging to the generaCryptosporidiumare recognized as waterborne pathogens. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a simple method that involves the use of solar radiation to destroy pathogenic microorganisms that cause waterborne diseases. A notable increase in water temperature and the existence of a large number of empty or partially excysted (i.e. unviable) oocysts have been observed in previous SODIS studies with water experimentally contaminated withCryptosporidium parvumoocysts under field conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the temperatures that can be reached during exposure of water samples to natural sunlight (37–50°C), on the excystation ofC. parvumin the absence of other stimuli. In samples exposed to 40–48°C, a gradual increase in the percentage of excystation was observed as the time of exposure increased and a maximum of 53·81% of excystation was obtained on exposure of the water to a temperature of 46°C for 12 h (versus8·80% initial isolate). Under such conditions, the oocyst infectivity evaluated in a neonatal murine model decreased statistically with respect to the initial isolate (19·38%versus100%). The results demonstrate the important effect of the temperature on the excystation ofC. parvumand therefore on its viability and infectivity.

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Evaluation of an environmentally sustainable UV-assisted water treatment system for the removal of Bacillus globigii spores in water

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2017.165 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 968-975

Author(s):

R. G. Silva ◽

J. Szabo ◽

V. Namboodiri ◽

E. R. Krishnan ◽

J. Rodriguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Membrane Filter ◽

Water Security ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

Treatment System ◽

Health Concern ◽

Environmentally Sustainable ◽

Inorganic Substances ◽

The Impact

Abstract Development of greener water treatment technologies is important for the production of safe drinking water and water security applications, such as decontamination. Chlorine assisted disinfection is common and economical, but can generate disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that may be of health concern. DBPs are formed due to the reaction of chlorine with naturally occurring organic and inorganic substances in water. Currently, various innovative technologies are being developed as alternative approaches for preventing DBPs during water treatment. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a novel combination of high efficiency flow filtration and UV disinfection treatment system for the removal of Bacillus globigii (B. globigii) spores in water. The filtration system consists of a charged membrane filter (CMF) that not only helps to remove suspended particles but also reduces the impact of other impurities including bio organisms. In order to get most performance details, the CMF was evaluated at clean, half-life, and end of life (EOL) conditions along with 100% UV transmittance (UVT). In addition, the effectiveness of the UV system was evaluated as a stand alone system at 100% and 70% EOL intensity. The study was conducted at the US EPA's Test and Evaluation (T&E) Facility in Cincinnati, OH, using B. globigii, a surrogate for B. anthracis spores. This non-chemical environmentally-friendly CMF/UV combination system and the stand alone UV unit showed greater than 6.0 log removal of B. globigii during the tests.

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Material Safety and Integrity of Water-Filled Low-Density Polyethylene Bags in an Accelerated Weathering Investigation for Applications in Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS)

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.269 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 269-273

Author(s):

Weerawat Terdthaichairat ◽

Ratchatee Techapiesancharoenkij ◽

Apirat Laobuthee ◽

Supamas Danwittayakul ◽

Sittha Sukkasi

Keyword(s):

Significant Degree ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Uv Exposure ◽

Mechanical Degradation ◽

Accelerated Weathering ◽

Solar Water Disinfection ◽

Alternative Material ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Polyethylene Bags ◽

Uv Transmittance

In this work, the potential use of LDPE bags as containers in the SODIS application by simulated in an accelerated weathering tester (QUV), with respect to material safety and durability, was investigated. For the material integrity, a decrease in the elongation at break from 818% (at the beginning) to 21% (after 6 weeks of UV exposure) corresponded to the long UV exposure. A significant degree of mechanical degradation was evident during 2 to 4 weeks of UV exposure. The UV-Vis results showed that the UV transmittance of the bags, mostly in the UV-B region, decreased with longer duration of UV exposure. The FT-IR results showed a slight increase in carbonyl group, particularly observable in the bags exposed under UV for 3 weeks or longer. For the material safety, the amount of plastic additives that were leached into water was negligibily small and much lower than the limit of the safety standard. The results and analyses from this work provide insights into the feasibility of LDPE as an alternative material for SODIS containers and potentially be useful for future designs of SODIS containers to improve the disinfection and durability performances.

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Could lean and green be the driver to integrate business improvement throughout the organisation?

International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management ◽

10.1108/ijppm-01-2017-0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 207-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Lara Chaplin ◽

Simon T.J. O’Rourke

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Large Scale ◽

Participant Observation ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Thick Description ◽

Content Type ◽

Main Research ◽

Lean And Green ◽

Multiple Case ◽

Multiple Case Studies

Purpose It seems to be the consensus (Zhang et al., 2012; George et al., 2003; Arumugam et al., 2013) that Lean Six Sigma (LSS) has become a beneficial improvement initiative used in a variety of industries. There is a move towards integrating any high-level business improvement methods holistically throughout the whole organisation. Indeed, Hoerl (2014) explored the idea that when using LSS for business improvement, the programme should engage the whole organisation in much the same way as the financial function is present throughout each department. The purpose of this paper is to posit that using the lean and green agenda may be the driver to achieve integration. Design/methodology/approach The research adopted a subjective ontological perspective with the researcher using participant observation as the main research instrument. Denzin and Lincoln (2005) note that it is now common for scholars to argue that the only relevant data are those based upon the personal experience of the researcher; this served as an informing foundation for the approach for the exploration of the topic. Based on multiple case studies, chosen because they operate in different sectors, the paper adopted an extended case method (Burawoy, 1998) to analyse and gather the research. The organisations were chosen because they both were at a similar stage in their continuous improvement (CI) journey. The main reasoning behind the selection of the two different organisations is to reach “Thick Description” (Geertz, 1973, p. 3, 2001). Findings The findings suggest that there are still significant benefits of implementing a large-scale lean agenda in particular when using an LSS methodology. The paper finds that there are also significant gaps in achieving full integration within the organisation and argues that lean and CI are still the remit of the operations manager. The document goes on to argue that if the CI initiative is driven by the corporate social responsibility (CSR) plan, then any lean/lean green implementation will enable the company to drive CI integration with all stakeholders. Research limitations/implications The research has implications for those responsible for the CSR function within the organisation and the operations manager who is charged with implementing any lean/lean and green CI. Practical implications The paper argues that the lean and green agenda can drive integration of any CI activity throughout the organisation and suggests that the way this can be achieved is any CI activity that is included in the wider CSR plan. Social implications This paper contributes to the “lean and green” agenda and offers a solution for the problem of integrating LSS activities throughout the whole organisation by placing CI and LSS within the CSR remit. Originality/value There is little consensus how this holistic integrated approach should be implemented by the company. This research uses multiple case studies to critically examine the application of LSS as an improvement programme within two large UK-based organisations, each company operating in very different industry sectors to identify the benefits of LSS but also the missed “green/societal” opportunities and argues that if any lean and lean and green agenda is to be holistically adopted, then any CI activity should be driven by the CSR department.

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