scholarly journals Origin of the Fastest 5 km, 10 km and 25 km Open-Water Swimmers—An Analysis from 20 Years and 9819 Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11369
Author(s):  
Aldo Seffrin ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Rodrigo Luiz Vancini ◽  
Douglas de Assis Teles Santos ◽  
Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Open Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
World Class ◽  
And Performance

In elite pool swimmers competing at world class level, mainly athletes from the United States of America and Australia are dominating. Little is known, however, for the nationality of dominating swimmers in elite open-water long-distance swimming races such as the official FINA races over 5 km, 10 km and 25 km—held since 2000. The aim of this study was to investigate the participation and performance trends by nationality of these elite open-water swimmers. Race results from all female and male swimmers competing in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km FINA races between 2000 and 2020 were analyzed. A total of 9819 swimmers competed between 2000 and 2020 in these races. The five countries that figure most times among the top ten in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km races over the years were Italy, Germany, Russia, Brazil and the Netherlands. In 10 km races, considering the all the athletes from each country, male athletes from Germany, Italy, and France presented faster race times than the other countries. In 10 km, female athletes presented no significant difference among the countries. In 5 and 25 km races, there were no differences between countries, for male and female athletes. Moreover, comparing only the 10 best results (top 10) from each country, there were no differences between countries in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km, for male and female athletes. Men were faster than women for all three distances. In summary, male swimmers from Europe (i.e., Germany, Italy, France) are dominating the 10 km FINA races. In the 5 km and 25 km FINA races, there is no dominating nationality, but among the top five countries in the top 10 over the years, three are European countries.

scholarly journals Italians Are the Fastest 3000 m Open-Water Master Swimmers in the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7606
Author(s):  
Aldo Seffrin ◽  
Claudio A. B. Lira ◽  
Rodrigo L. Vancini ◽  
Douglas A. T. Santos ◽  
Cathia Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Open Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
East African ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
And Performance

Background: It is well known that athletes originating from a specific region or country can master specific sports disciplines (e.g., East-African runners in long-distance running). In addition, physical and athletic performance are the result of an interaction between genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors. However, little is known about on what determines sports success and performance for long-distance master swimmers such as origin. The aim of the study was to investigate the participation and performance trends of elite master open-water swimmers competing in the World Championships (WC) in 3000 m open-water swimming between 1986 and 2019. Methods: A total of 9247 valid participants were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLMs) with a gamma probability distribution and log link function. Resultsː Most of the starters were from Italy (1646 participations), followed by the United States of America (USA) (1128 participations) and Germany (959 participations). Swimmers from Italy were significantly faster than swimmers from Canada, Germany, USA, Great Britain and also from all other countries grouped (p < 0.005). The age group from 35–39 years old was significantly faster than athletes from age groups of 25–29 years old, 30–34 years old, 40–44 years old, 45–49 years old and 50–54 years old (p < 0.005). The percentage of local athletes in WC was 36% and varied from 36% (Italy, 2004) to 43 % (Germany), 53% (Italy, 2012) and up to 68 % (USA, 1992). Conclusions: Swimmers from Italy were the faster and the most numerous starters during this period of 27 years and 15 editions all over the world in 3000 m master open-water swimming.

scholarly journals Shooting efficiency and structure of shooting in 3 × 3 basketball compared to 5v5 basketball

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Frane Erčulj ◽  
Matic Vidic ◽  
Bojan Leskošek
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Age Category

This article presents and analyses certain playing characteristics of men's and women's 3 × 3 basketball in relation to shooting at the basket. Our intention was to compare this young and developing basketball discipline with the more established and traditional 5v5 basketball. For this purpose, over 400 matches were analysed in the U18 age category during the men’s and women’s European Championship (5v5 Basketball) and the Youth Olympic Games (3 × 3 Basketball). The research confirms some differences in the efficiency and structure of shooting. It can generally be said that male and female 3 × 3 basketball players take more long-distance shots (behind the 6.75 m line) and take fewer free throws than their counterparts in 5v5 basketball. When shooting from behind the 6.75 m line, both male and female 3 × 3 basketball players are less efficient than their 5v5 basketball counterparts, and similar applies to free throws. The reasons for these differences may entail many factors, including differences in the game rules, the playing conditions on outdoor courts, different technical and tactical requirements and the characteristics (style) of playing as well as the quality and performance level of basketball players.

Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Injury Among Collegiate Marching Band and Color Guard Members

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Beckett ◽  
Lindsey Seidelman ◽  
William J Hanney ◽  
Xinliang Liu ◽  
Carey E Rothschild
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injury ◽  
Marching Band ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
Repetitive Nature ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Marching Bands ◽  
And Performance

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal injury (MSI) in collegiate marching band and color guard members and the associated factors. Methods: An electronic survey was developed and delivered via the Qualtrics survey platform to collegiate marching band and color guard members in the United States. Information collected included demographics; years of experience; training and performance characteristics; footwear worn; instrument played/equipment used; participation in stretching/strengthening programs; injury prevalence and type; treatment sought for injury; and participation time lost due to injury. Results: There were 1,379 (792 female, 587 male) members of 21 collegiate marching bands who completed the survey. Respondents had an average age of 19.8 yrs, height 171.9 cm, weight 72.3 kg, and BMI 24.4 kg/m2. Twenty-five percent of respondents reported sustaining a MSI as a result of participating in marching band or color guard. Females were 20% more likely to sustain a MSI and 87.7% of MSI involved the lower extremity. A significant difference in BMI was found between those who did and did not sustain a MSI (p=0.014). Conclusions: Members of collegiate marching band and color guard may be at risk of sustaining a MSI due to the repetitive nature of the activities performed during practice and performance. The lower extremity is more prone to injury, and a higher BMI may be a risk factor for MSI in this population.

scholarly journals Foot-Strike Pattern and Performance in a Marathon

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Kasmer ◽  
Xue-cheng Liu ◽  
Kyle G. Roberts ◽  
Jason M. Valadao
Keyword(s):  
Heel Strike ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender

Purpose:To determine prevalence of heel strike in a midsize city marathon, if there is an association between foot-strike classification and race performance, and if there is an association between foot-strike classification and gender.Methods:Foot-strike classification (forefoot, midfoot, heel, or split strike), gender, and rank (position in race) were recorded at the 8.1-km mark for 2112 runners at the 2011 Milwaukee Lakefront Marathon.Results:1991 runners were classified by foot-strike pattern, revealing a heel-strike prevalence of 93.67% (n = 1865). A significant difference between foot-strike classification and performance was found using a Kruskal-Wallis test (P < .0001), with more elite performers being less likely to heel strike. No significant difference between foot-strike classification and gender was found using a Fisher exact test. In addition, subgroup analysis of the 126 non-heel strikers found no significant difference between shoe wear and performance using a Kruskal-Wallis test.Conclusions:The high prevalence of heel striking observed in this study reflects the foot-strike pattern of most mid-distance to long-distance runners and, more important, may predict their injury profile based on the biomechanics of a heel-strike running pattern. This knowledge can help clinicians appropriately diagnose, manage, and train modifications of injured runners.

scholarly journals Reviewing assertiveness level of elite male and female Athletes in Different Sports Branches

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1924
Author(s):  
Özlem Keskin ◽  
Ayşe Demir ◽  
Buket Şenol
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Packaged Software ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
One Way Anova

The purpose of this research was to review the assertiveness levels of elite level athletes who study in İstanbul Aydın University and play different sports. For this purpose, the survey model was used in the study. A total of 121 students including 36 female (age average x=20,11±1,83) and 85 male (age average x=20,34±2,47) volunteered for this study. Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAE) that was developed by A.S Rathus (1973) was used as data collection tool to determine the assertiveness levels of participants (Voltan 1980). Adaption works for Turkish of this schedule was performed by Nilüfer Voltan Acar (1980). Independent T-test and One Way ANOVA Test in SPSS 24.0 packaged software were used in statistical analyses of the data obtained. It was found at the end of the research that the assertiveness level of 19 students is at timidity level, the assertiveness level of 102 students is at an aggressive level. While there were no statistically significant differences in variables of gender, branch, income level and educational background of the parent; there was found statistically significant difference by evaluation based on age ranges.

scholarly journals Understanding risk factors for disordered eating symptomatology in athletes: A prospective study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257577
Author(s):  
Hannah Stoyel ◽  
Chris Stride ◽  
Vaithehy Shanmuganathan-Felton ◽  
Lucy Serpell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
And Performance ◽  
A Prospective Study

Disordered eating and eating disorders have huge impact on athletic health and performance. Understanding risk factors for disordered eating development is paramount to protecting the health and performance of these athletes. This project tested a model longitudinally to test whether body dissatisfaction (mediated by negative affect) and societal pressures (mediated by internalisation) predicted bulimic symptomatology at 1 year. The study recruited 1017 male and female athletes in a range of sports at three time points over a year. Cross-lag meditation modelling in MPLUS was utilised to test the hypothesised model. Results indicated that societal pressures mediated by general internalisation led to bulimic symptomatology and that gender and sport type do moderate the relationships. However, measurement issues indicate that scales not originally created for athletes may not reliably measure athletes’ experience. This research highlights how understanding how to better assess risk factors and disordered eating related concepts in athletes is a key next step. The study is unique in its longitudinal design and in its sampling of a wide range of sports in both male and female athletes.

scholarly journals Analysis of VO2MAX Differences between Laboratory Test and Field Test in Rowing

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
Angga Muhammad Syahid
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Parameter ◽  
Anthropometric Profile ◽  
Female Weight

The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of VO2max measurement using laboratory test and field test. This research is a descriptive quantitative research with a comparative approach. The samples of this study were 30 male and female athletes of the Indonesian rowing team (male = 17, female = 13) aged 23.5 ± 3.5 years. The anthropometric profile of the athletes included height = 182.2 ± 5.01 cm for male and 171.9 ± 5.73 cm for female, weight = 74.2 ± 5.85 kg for male and 68.6 ± 8.5 kg for female. According to the results of analysis of VO2max rowing test data gained from both methods, there were low and moderate correlations in the laboratory test and field test in rowing (male r = 0.425 and female r = 0.62). The results show that VO2max measured in the laboratory test and field test did not show a significant difference. Therefore, these two parameter tests can be used in Vo2Max testing.

The Role of Concussion History and Gender in Recovery from Soccer-Related Concussion

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1699-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Chiang Colvin ◽  
Jimmy Mullen ◽  
Mark R. Lovell ◽  
Robin Vereeke West ◽  
Micky W. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Neurocognitive Testing ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Background This study was designed to investigate differences in recovery in male and female soccer athletes. Hypotheses Soccer players with a history of concussion will perform worse on neurocognitive testing than players without a history of concussion. Furthermore, female athletes will demonstrate poorer performance on neurocognitive testing than male athletes. Study Design Cohort study (prognosis): Level of evidence, 2. Methods Computer-based neuropsychological testing using reaction time, memory, and visual motor-speed composite scores of the ImPACT test battery was performed postconcussion in soccer players ranging in age from 8 to 24 years (N = 234; 141 females, 93 males). A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to examine group differences in neurocognitive performance between male and female athletes with and without a history of concussion. Results Soccer players with a history of at least 1 previous concussion performed significantly worse on ImPACT than those who had not sustained a prior concussion (F = 2.92, P = .03). In addition, female soccer players performed worse on neurocognitive testing (F = 2.72, P = .05) and also reported more symptoms (F = 20.1, P = .00001) than male soccer players. There was no significant difference in body mass index between male and female players (F = .04, P = .85). Conclusion A history of concussion and gender may account for significant differences in postconcussive neurocognitive test scores in soccer players and may play a role in determining recovery. These differences do not appear to reflect differences in mass between genders and may be related to other gender-specific factors that deserve further study.

Analysis of the NWAA Swimming Classification System

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gale M. Gehlsen ◽  
Joan Karpuk
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Class V ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medical Classification ◽  
Post Hoc

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the National Wheelchair Athletic Association (NWAA) classification system in swimming events. The NWAA records of freestyle, butterfly, and backstroke in nine classifications of both male and female athletes were used (N=1,256). Each athlete’s speed was calculated from the reported time and distance. There was a significant difference in classification for all events except the paraplegic 50- and 100-m backstroke events. Post hoc data analyses within classification for the 50- and 100-m freestyle events indicated significant differences among all paraplegic classifications. Post hoc data analyses within classifications for the 50-m butterfly event indicated significant differences among all paraplegic classes except Class V and Class VI athletes. Tetraplegic within classification post hoc data analyses indicated significant differences between 1A and both Classes 1B and 1C. Gender differences were statistically indicated for all events. The logic of the medical classification system of the NWAA cannot be totally supported by these data. However, the results do not offer clear direction for any combination of classes.

Dietary Practices of South African Ultradistance Runners

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith M. Peters ◽  
Jeni M. Goetzsche
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Performance Times

Training (T) and prerace (PR) dietary intakes of male and female athletes participating in a 90-km ultramarathon and the usual diets of matched, sedentary controls were investigated using 24-hr dietary records. Supplement use, mean weekly training distance, and race performance times were recorded. Macro- and micronutrient intakes were analyzed using computerized nutritional analysis programs. Total mean energy intake in the T and PR diets of the runners was 10.1 and 12.8 MJ in the men (n = 150) and 7.5 and 9.1 MJ in the women (n = 23). Mean relative contribution of CHO to the runners' total kilojoule intake increased from 50.0 and 49.5% in the T diets to 57.7 (p < .05; n = 153) and 56.4% (p < .05; n = 23) in the PR diets of male and female runners, respectively, and energy-boosting supplements were included in the PR diets of 48% of female and 59% of male runners. Seventy-eightpercent of female and 62% of male runners used vitamin and mineral supplements in their T diets as opposed to 39% of female and 28% of male controls. No statistically significant relationship was found between total kilojoule, CHO, fat, protein, and selected micronutrient intake during the 3 days before the race and performance in the 90-km event in runners of homogenous training status and gender.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document