scholarly journals The Suitability of UAS for Mass Movement Monitoring Caused by Torrential Rainfall—A Study on the Talus Cones in the Alpine Terrain in High Tatras, Slovakia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Urban ◽  
Martin Štroner ◽  
Peter Blistan ◽  
Ľudovít Kovanič ◽  
Matej Patera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Hiking Trails ◽  
Torrential Rainfall ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

The prediction of landslides and other events associated with slope movement is a very serious issue in many national parks around the world. This article deals with the territory of the Malá Studená Dolina (Little Cold Valley, High Tatras National Park—Slovakia), where there are extensive talus cones, through which seasonally heavy hiking trails lead. In the last few years particularly, there have been frequent falls and landslides in the mountainous environment, which also caused several fatal injuries in 2018. For the above reasons, efforts are being made to develop a methodology for monitoring the changes of the talus cones in this specific alpine area, to determine the size, speed, and character of the morphological changes of the soil. Non-contact methods of mass data collection (laser scanning with Leica P40 and aerial photogrammetry with unmanned aerial system (UAS) DJI Phantom 4 Pro) have been used. The results of these measurements were compared and the overall suitability of both methods for measurement in such terrain evaluated. The standard deviation of the difference of surface determination (represented by the point cloud) is about 0.03 m. As such accuracy is sufficient for the purpose of monitoring talus cones and the use of UAS is easier and associated with lower risk of damage of expensive equipment, we conclude that this method is more suitable for mapping and for repeated monitoring of such terrain. The properties of the outputs of the individual measurement methods, the degree of measurement difficulty and specific measurement conditions in the mountainous terrain, as well as the economy of the individual methods, are discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP) and Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) as Sources of Information about Tree Height: Comparisons of the Accuracy of Remote Sensing Methods for Tree Height Estimation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miłosz Mielcarek ◽  
Agnieszka Kamińska ◽  
Krzysztof Stereńczak
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Height Estimation ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Airborne Laser ◽  
The Difference

The rapid developments in the field of digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) in recent years have increased interest in the application of DAP data for extracting three-dimensional (3D) models of forest canopies. This technology, however, still requires further investigation to confirm its reliability in estimating forest attributes in complex forest conditions. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of tree height estimation based on a crown height model (CHM) generated from the difference between a DAP-derived digital surface model (DSM) and an airborne laser scanning (ALS)-derived digital terrain model (DTM). The tree heights determined based on the DAP-CHM were compared with ground-based measurements and heights obtained using ALS data only (ALS-CHM). Moreover, tree- and stand-related factors were examined to evaluate the potential influence on the obtained discrepancies between ALS- and DAP-derived heights. The obtained results indicate that the differences between the means of field-measured heights and DAP-derived heights were statistically significant. The root mean square error (RMSE) calculated in the comparison of field heights and DAP-derived heights was 1.68 m (7.34%). The results obtained for the CHM generated using only ALS data produced slightly lower errors, with RMSE = 1.25 m (5.46%) on average. Both ALS and DAP displayed the tendency to underestimate tree heights compared to those measured in the field; however, DAP produced a higher bias (1.26 m) than ALS (0.88 m). Nevertheless, DAP heights were highly correlated with the heights measured in the field (R2 = 0.95) and ALS-derived heights (R2 = 0.97). Tree species and height difference (the difference between the reference tree height and mean tree height in a sample plot) had the greatest influence on the differences between ALS- and DAP-derived heights. Our study confirms that a CHM computed based on the difference between a DAP-derived DSM and an ALS-derived DTM can be successfully used to measure the height of trees in the upper canopy layer.

scholarly journals A MULTIDISCIPLINARY LANDSLIDE CASE STUDY: DEVREK LANDSLIDE

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W4 ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
K. S. Gormus ◽  
S. H. Kutoglu ◽  
G. Gurbuz ◽  
O. F. Capar ◽  
V. Akgul
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Active Landslide

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Landslides are one of the leading causes of loss of life and property in the World. Landslides are the most profound ones within other mass movements. Especially in the Northern region of Turkey is severely threatened by landslides. Mass movements can be divided several main classes which are falls, slides, creeps, flows and complex movements. Landslides can occur due to a variety of reasons and most basic one of them is the angle of repose or slope of the hillside. If the angle is overly steep, gravity will pull the material downward, causing a mass movement. Many studies have been carried out in Turkey to monitor landslides, prevent and reduce landslides damage. These studies mostly focused on forecasting of landslides and damage determination after landslides. Activities required to be carried out in the field can be resulted with unwanted consequences for work safety while the landslide is still active. A landslide is triggered at Devrek, Zonguldak on July 16th, 2015 which affected an area of 40 hectares. For this reason, 88 buildings and a school are evacuated by authorities. To support emergency action plan while ongoing active landslide occurrence at Devrek, apart from the geotechnical approach, aerial photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning, land-based SAR methods are used. This study is a summary of studies carried out simultaneously with an active landslide at Devrek, Zonguldak on July 20th &amp;ndash; August 8th, 2015.</p>

scholarly journals GEOSPATIAL MODEL FOR LARGE SCALE SEA CLIFF ROCKFALL SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W8 ◽  
pp. 341-347
Author(s):  
P. Redweik ◽  
R. Matildes ◽  
F. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Susceptibility Map ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
The Status ◽  
Logistic Regression Method ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gis Software

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Due to their relevance to the environment and economy, coastal areas are considered national strategic segments that should be preserved. Since erosion phenomena occur intensively in those areas, it is capital to monitor them in order to identify risk zones. In addition to national and regional studies, it is also necessary to conduct local monitoring of erosion prone areas, especially those which are often frequented by people, such as beaches limited by high cliffs. Large scale vertical mapping is necessary to model their susceptibility to mass movements, in order to provide adequate prevention, protection and assistance.</p> <p>Recent techniques like laser scanning or aerial photogrammetry using UAVs allow the definition of the status quo of a cliff wall and its situation a few years back. But to assess the susceptibility to rock mass movements in such cliff segments, inventories of past events are of primordial importance. These inventories allow applying several statistic models to better understand susceptibility together with a set of variables of internal and external nature regarding the cliff site.</p> <p>We present a case study focused on the beach of Ribeira d’Ilhas (Mafra, Portugal), where a workflow of terrestrial photogrammetry for present day situation and recovery of old analogue stereoscopic pairs (1999, 2000, 2003) was implemented. A mass movement inventory (1999-2014) was compiled by multitemporal comparison followed by a detailed characterization of the cliff using a GIS software. Finally, the application of the logistic regression method allowed the definition of a susceptibility map of the cliff wall towards the occurrence of mass movements.</p>

scholarly journals Evolution of the nervous system: a critical evaluation of how genetic changes translate into morphological changes

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-462
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
System A ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Living creatures evolve, and this evolution allows them to adapt to an ever-changing milieu. Two main adaptive strategies coexist. The first involves genetic mutations taking place at the species level. The second strategy occurs at the individual level, and primarily involves changes in chromatin organization and brain circuits. We shall illustrate how the two modes of adaptation are interdependent, and will show the difference in their respective importance depending on the species. It will be proposed that changes in developmental strategies, genetically selected, can lead to more or less epigenetic freedom, sometimes with dramatic consequences. In particular it will be shown, taking chimpanzees and humans as examples, how minor genetic modifications can translate into nonlinear changes in brain structure and cultural practices, placing the two types of primates at a much greater distance than had been anticipated.

scholarly journals Changes of carbon dioxide concentration in soils caused by forestry machine traffic

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Allman ◽  
Martin Jankovský ◽  
Valéria Messingerová ◽  
Zuzana Allmanová
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Forestry machine traffic causes a number of changes that are not immediately reflected in morphological changes of surface soil. These changes are physical and chemical in nature. The change in subsurface soil CO2 concentration was one of the parameters of interest. The critical CO2 concentration is thought to fluctuate around 0.6%. The primary objective of this paper was to determine the impact of forestry machine traffic on subsurface soil CO2 concentration. We measured CO2 concentration in the areas undisturbed by machinery and in the ruts in skid trails in eight forest stands. The measurements were performed using a Vaisala MI 70 meter. The results confirmed significant differences in gas concentrations between the individual measurement sites. In the ruts of the skid trails, CO2 concentrations fluctuated in a range of 0.5 to 2.81% and significantly exceeded the critical concentration. Moisture content and bulk density had a significant impact on the change in gas concentration beneath the surface, which was confirmed by multivariate analysis of variance that revealed that the values of the coefficient of correlation fluctuated in a range of 0.39 to 0.74.

scholarly journals Suitability of Aerial Photogrammetry for Dump Documentation and Volume Determination in Large Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6564
Author(s):  
Ľudovít Kovanič ◽  
Peter Blistan ◽  
Martin Štroner ◽  
Rudolf Urban ◽  
Monika Blistanova
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Volume Determination ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The Difference

The study presented in this paper analyses the results of measurements and data processing for documentation and quantification of material in heaps in large areas, where UAVs may no longer be effective due to a large range. Two test heaps were selected from a whole area, where the aim was to confirm the suitability of using the method of digital aerial photogrammetry by manned (crewed) aerial vehicle. For comparison, a commonly used GNSS RTK method was also used. Terrestrial laser scanning was chosen as the control reference method. TLS measurement is a trusted method with high accuracy. The methods were compared with each other through the quality of the mesh, analysis of the cross-sections, and comparison of the volumes of heaps. As a result, the determination of heap volumes and documentation using digital aerial photogrammetry can be confirmed as an appropriate, efficient, fast, and accurate method. The difference in the detected volume was less than 0.1%, the mean difference of the meshes was less than 0.01 m, and the standard deviation was less than 0.05 m.

Algorithms for automated montage synthesis of images from laser-scanning confocal microscopes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
D. E. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Computational Synthesis ◽  
Automated Cell Counting ◽  
Partial View ◽  
The Individual

An efficient, robust, and widely-applicable technique is presented for computational synthesis of high-resolution, wide-area images of a specimen from a series of overlapping partial views. This technique can also be used to combine the results of various forms of image analysis, such as segmentation, automated cell counting, deblurring, and neuron tracing, to generate representations that are equivalent to processing the large wide-area image, rather than the individual partial views. This can be a first step towards quantitation of the higher-level tissue architecture. The computational approach overcomes mechanical limitations, such as hysterisis and backlash, of microscope stages. It also automates a procedure that is currently done manually. One application is the high-resolution visualization and/or quantitation of large batches of specimens that are much wider than the field of view of the microscope.The automated montage synthesis begins by computing a concise set of landmark points for each partial view. The type of landmarks used can vary greatly depending on the images of interest. In many cases, image analysis performed on each data set can provide useful landmarks. Even when no such “natural” landmarks are available, image processing can often provide useful landmarks.

Empirical Study On Attributes Leading To Satisfaction Among Bank Customer

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Ms.U.Sakthi Veeralakshmi ◽  
Dr.G. Venkatesan
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Quality Performance ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Private Banking ◽  
Service Gap

This research aims at measuring the service quality in public and private banking sector and identifying its relationship to customer satisfaction and behavioral intention. The study was conducted among 500 bank customers by using revised SERVQUAL instrument with 26 items. Behavioral intention of the customers was measured by using the behavioral intention battery. The researcher has used a seven point likert scaling to measure the expected and perceived service quality (performance) and the behavioral intention of the customer. The instrument was selected as the most reliable device to measure the difference-score conceptualization. It is used to evaluate service gap between expectation and perception of service quality. Modifications are made on the SERVQUAL instrument to make it specific to the Banking sector. Questions were added to the instrument like Seating space for waiting (Tangibility), Parking space in the Bank (Tangibility), Variety of products / schemes available (Tangibility), Banks sincere steps to handling Grievances of the customers (Responsiveness). The findings of the study revealed that the customer’s perception (performance) is lower than expectation of the service quality rendered by banks. Responsiveness and Assurance SQ dimensions were the most important dimensions in service quality scored less SQ gap. The study concluded that the individual service quality dimensions have a positive impact on Overall Satisfaction.

THE SUBJECT FIELD OF INSTITUTIONAL EDUCATION: THE SENSE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Irina Mordous
Keyword(s):  
Decisive Role ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
National Education ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Separate Area ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Economic

The development of modern civilization attests to its decisive role in the progressive development of institutions. They identified the difference between Western civilization and the rest of the world. Confirmation of the institutional advantages of the West was its early industrialization. The genesis and formation of institutionalism in its ideological and conceptualmethodological orientation occurs as a process alternative to neoclassic in the context of world heterodoxia, which quickly spread in social science. Highlighting institutional education as a separate area of sociocultural activity is determined by the factor of differentiation of institutional theory as a whole. A feature of institutional education is its orientation toward the individual and his/her transformation into a personality. The content of institutional education is revealed through the analysis of the institution, which includes a set of established customs, traditions, ways of thinking, behavioral stereotypes of individuals and social groups. The dynamics of socio-political, economic transformations in Ukraine requires a review of the foundations of national education and determination of the prospects for its development in the 21st century in the context of institutionalism.

Results of studying the dimensional accuracy of the bases of complete removable prostheses made using 3D printing and traditional technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Vokulova Yu.A. Vokulova ◽  
E.N. Zhulev
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Difference

This article presents the results of studying the dimensional accuracy of the bases of complete removable prostheses made using a 3D printer and the traditional method. Bases of complete removable prostheses were made using an intraoral laser scanner iTero Cadent (USA) and a 3D printer Asiga Max UV (Australia). To study the dimensional accuracy of the bases of complete removable prostheses, we used the DentalCAD 2.2 Valletta software. The Nonparametric Wilcoxon W-test was used for statistical analysis of the obtained data. We found that the average value of the difference with the standard for bases made using digital technologies is 0.08744±0.0484 mm. The average value of the difference with the standard for bases made by the traditional method is 0.5654±0.1611 mm. Based on these data, we concluded that the bases of complete removable prostheses made using modern digital technologies (intraoral laser scanning and 3D printer) have a higher dimensional accuracy compared to the bases of complete removable prostheses made using the traditional method with a significance level of p<0.05 (Wilcoxon's W-test=0, p=0.031). Keywords: digital technologies in dentistry, digital impressions, intraoral scanner, 3D printing, ExoCAD, complete removable dentures.

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