Novel Bioactive and Antibacterial Acrylic Bone Cement Nanocomposites Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan

Acrylic bone cements (ABCs) have played a key role in orthopedic surgery mainly in arthroplasties, but their use is increasingly extending to other applications, such as remodeling of cancerous bones, cranioplasties, and vertebroplasties. However, these materials present some limitations related to their inert behavior and the risk of infection after implantation, which leads to a lack of attachment and makes necessary new surgical interventions. In this research, the physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, and biological properties of ABCs modified with chitosan (CS) and graphene oxide (GO) were studied. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman mapping, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), compression resistance, mechanical dynamic analysis (DMA), hydrolytic degradation, cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity with human osteoblasts (HOb), and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli were used to characterize the ABCs. The results revealed good dispersion of GO nanosheets in the ABCs. GO provided an increase in antibacterial activity, roughness, and flexural behavior, while CS generated porosity, increased the rate of degradation, and decreased compression properties. All ABCs were not cytotoxic and support good cell viability of HOb. The novel formulation of ABCs containing GO and CS simultaneously, increased the thermal stability, flexural modulus, antibacterial behavior, and osteogenic activity, which gives it a high potential for its uses in orthopedic applications.

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Enamel Anti-Demineralization Effect of Orthodontic Adhesive Containing Bioactive Glass and Graphene Oxide: an in-Vitro Study

10.20944/preprints201808.0386.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Seung-Min Lee ◽

Kyung-Hyeon Yoo ◽

Seog-Young Yoon ◽

In-Ryoung Kim ◽

Bong-Soo Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Graphene Oxide ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Bioactive Glass ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Adhesive Remnant Index ◽

Base Solution

White spot lesions (WSLs), a side effect of orthodontic treatment, can result in reversible and unaesthetic results. Graphene oxide (GO) with a bioactive glass (BAG) mixture(BAG@GO) was added to Low Viscosity Transbond XT(LV) in a ratio of 1, 3, 5%. The composite’s characterization and its physical and biological properties were verified with scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD); its microhardness, shear bond stress (SBS), cell viability, and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were also assessed. Efficiency in reducing WSL was evaluated using antibacterial activity of S. mutans. Anti-demineralization was analyzed using a cycle of the acid-base solution. Adhesives with 3 or 5 wt.% of BAG@GO showed significant increase in microhardness compared with LV. The sample and LV groups showed no significant differences in SBS or ARI. The cell viability test confirmed that none of the sample groups showed higher toxicity compared to the LV group. Antibacterial activity was higher in the 48-hour group than in the 24-hour group; the 48-hour test showed that BAG@GO had a high antibacterial effect, which was more pronounced in 5 wt.% of BAG@GO. Anti-demineralization effect was higher in the BAG@GO-group than in the LV-group; the higher the BAG@GO concentration, the higher the anti-demineralization effect.

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Enamel Anti-Demineralization Effect of Orthodontic Adhesive Containing Bioactive Glass and Graphene Oxide: An In-Vitro Study

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma11091728 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1728 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Seung-Min Lee ◽

Kyung-Hyeon Yoo ◽

Seog-Young Yoon ◽

In-Ryoung Kim ◽

Bong-Soo Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Graphene Oxide ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Bioactive Glass ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Adhesive Remnant Index ◽

Base Solution

White spot lesions (WSLs), a side effect of orthodontic treatment, can result in reversible and unaesthetic results. Graphene oxide (GO) with a bioactive glass (BAG) mixture (BAG@GO) was added to Low-Viscosity Transbond XT (LV) in a ratio of 1, 3, and 5%. The composite’s characterization and its physical and biological properties were verified with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD); its microhardness, shear bond strength (SBS), cell viability, and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were also assessed. Efficiency in reducing WSL was evaluated using antibacterial activity of S. mutans. Anti-demineralization was analyzed using a cycle of the acid-base solution. Adhesives with 3 wt.% or 5 wt.% of BAG@GO showed significant increase in microhardness compared with LV. The sample and LV groups showed no significant differences in SBS or ARI. The cell viability test confirmed that none of the sample groups showed higher toxicity compared to the LV group. Antibacterial activity was higher in the 48-h group than in the 24 h group; the 48 h test showed that BAG@GO had a high antibacterial effect, which was more pronounced in 5 wt.% of BAG@GO. Anti-demineralization effect was higher in the BAG@GO-group than in the LV-group; the higher the BAG@GO concentration, the higher the anti-demineralization effect.

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Differential Cytotoxicity of Different Sizes of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles in Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) Cells

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano9020139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 139 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Sangiliyandi Gurunathan ◽

Min-Hee Kang ◽

Muniyandi Jeyaraj ◽

Jin-Hoi Kim

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Graphene Nanosheets ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Significant Loss ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Biological Behavior ◽

Ros Generation ◽

Size Dependent

Graphene oxide (GO) is an common nanomaterial and has attracted unlimited interest in academia and industry due to its physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as for its tremendous potential in applications in various fields, including nanomedicine. Whereas studies have evaluated the size-dependent cytotoxicity of GO in cancer cells, there have been no studies on the biological behavior of ultra-small graphene nanosheets in germ cells. To investigate, for the first time, the cyto- and geno- toxic effects of different sizes of GO in two different cell types, Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cells, we synthesized different sized GO nanosheets with an average size of 100 and 20 nm by a modification of Hummers’ method, and characterized them by various analytical techniques. Cell viability and proliferation assays showed significant size- and dose-dependent toxicity with GO-20 and GO-100. Interestingly, GO-20 induced significant loss of cell viability and cell proliferation, higher levels of leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation compared to GO-100. Both GO-100 and GO-20 induced significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in TM3 and TM4 cells, which is a critical factor for ROS generation. Furthermore, GO-100 and GO-20 caused oxidative damage to DNA by increasing the levels of 8-oxo-dG, which is formed by direct attack of ROS on DNA; GO-100 and GO-20 upregulate various genes responsible for DNA damage and apoptosis. We found that phosphorylation levels of EGFR/AKT signaling molecules, which are related to cell survival and apoptosis, were significantly altered after GO-100 and GO-20 exposure. Our results showed that GO-20 has more potent toxic effects than GO-100, and that the loss of MMP and apoptosis are the main toxicity responses to GO-100 and GO-20 treatments, which likely occur due to EGFR/AKT pathway regulation. Collectively, our results suggest that both GO-100 and GO-20 exhibit size-dependent germ cell toxicity in male somatic cells, particularly TM3 cells, which seem to be more sensitive compared to TM4, which strongly suggests that applications of GO in commercial products must be carefully evaluated.

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Effect of Graphene Oxide as a Reinforcement in a Bio-Epoxy Composite

Journal of Composites Science ◽

10.3390/jcs5030091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

Anthony Loeffen ◽

Duncan E. Cree ◽

Mina Sabzevari ◽

Lee D. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Tem Analysis ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Materials Research ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Modified Hummers Method ◽

Properties Of Composites

Graphene oxide (GO) has gained interest within the materials research community. The presence of functional groups on GO offers exceptional bonding capabilities and improved performance in lightweight polymer composites. A literature review on the tensile and flexural mechanical properties of synthetic epoxy/GO composites was conducted that showed differences from one study to another, which may be attributed to the oxidation level of the prepared GO. Herein, GO was synthesized from oxidation of graphite flakes using the modified Hummers method, while bio-epoxy/GO composites (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.6 wt.% GO) were prepared using a solution mixing route. The GO was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The thermal properties of composites were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR results confirmed oxidation of graphite was successful. SEM showed differences in fractured surfaces, which implies that GO modified the bio-epoxy polymer to some extent. Addition of 0.3 wt.% GO filler was determined to be an optimum amount as it enhanced the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus by 23, 35, 17 and 31%, respectively, compared to pure bio-epoxy. Improvements in strength were achieved with considerably lower loadings than traditional fillers. Compared to the bio-epoxy, the 0.6 wt.% GO composite had the highest thermal stability and a slightly higher (positive) glass transition temperature (Tg) was increased by 3.5 °C, relative to the pristine bio-epoxy (0 wt.% GO).

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Effect of high pressure on the structure and antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin treated in different media

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029913000150 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 283-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Indira Franco ◽

Mańa. D. Pérez ◽

Eduardo Castillo ◽

Miguel Calvo ◽

Lourdes Sánchez

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Bovine Lactoferrin ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Iron Saturation ◽

Iron Binding Capacity ◽

Structure And Activity

The effect of high-pressure treatment (400, 500 and 650 MPa) on the structure and activity of bovine lactoferrin in different iron-saturation forms has been studied by several techniques. The structural changes produced in lactoferrin by high-pressure were analysed by differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy, and the immunoreactivity by ELISA. The effect of high-pressure was also studied on some biological properties of lactoferrin, such as iron binding capacity, retention of the bound iron, and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Results obtained indicate that treatment at 400 MPa does not substantially modify the conformation of lactoferrin, meanwhile treatments at 500 and 650 MPa greatly affect some of its properties. With respect to the antibacterial activity, the apo and native forms of lactoferrin maintain that activity against Esch. coli only after 400 MPa treatment.

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PLGA+HA/βTCP scaffold incorporating simvastatin: a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00148 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mariane Beatriz Sordi ◽

Ariadne Cristiane Cabral da Cruz ◽

Águedo Aragones ◽

Mabel Mariela Rodríguez Cordeiro ◽

Ricardo de Souza Magini

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Thermal Analyses ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Evaporation Technique ◽

Porosity Analysis ◽

Biphasic Ceramic

The aim of this study was to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate degradation and biocompatibility of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) + hydroxyapatite / β-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA+HA/βTCP) scaffolds incorporating simvastatin (SIM) to verify if this biomaterial might be promising for bone tissue engineering. Samples were obtained by the solvent evaporation technique. Biphasic ceramic particles (70% HA, 30% βTCP) were added to PLGA in a ratio of 1:1. Samples with SIM received 1% (m:m) of this medication. Scaffolds were synthesized in a cylindric-shape and sterilized by ethylene oxide. For degradation analysis, samples were immersed in PBS at 37 °C under constant stirring for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Non-degraded samples were taken as reference. Mass variation, scanning electron microscopy, porosity analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry were performed to evaluate physico-chemical properties. Wettability and cytotoxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the biocompatibility. Microscopic images revealed the presence of macro, meso, and micropores in the polymer structure with HA/βTCP particles homogeneously dispersed. Chemical and thermal analyses presented very similar results for both PLGA+HA/βTCP and PLGA+HA/βTCP+SIM. The incorporation of simvastatin improved the hydrophilicity of scaffolds. Additionally, PLGA+HA/βTCP and PLGA+HA/βTCP+SIM scaffolds were biocompatible for osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. In summary, PLGA+HA/βTCP scaffolds incorporating simvastatin presented adequate structural, chemical, thermal, and biological properties for bone tissue engineering.

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Recent Advances in 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives as Antibacterial Agents

Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1570193x17666200129094032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 991-1041

Author(s):

Divya Utreja ◽

Jagdish Kaur ◽

Komalpreet Kaur ◽

Palak Jain

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Heterocyclic Compounds ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Pharmacological Action ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Vast Array ◽

Bacterial Diseases ◽

New Class ◽

Triazine Derivatives

Triazine, one of the nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds has attracted the considerable interest of researchers due to the vast array of biological properties such as anti-viral, antitumor, anti-convulsant, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-depressant, herbicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities offered by it. Various antibacterial agents have been synthesized by researchers to curb bacterial diseases but due to rapid development in drug resistance, tolerance and side effects, there had always been a need for the synthesis of a new class of antibacterial agents that would exhibit improved pharmacological action. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on the various methods for the synthesis of triazine derivatives and their antibacterial activity.

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Star-shaped arylacetylene resins derived from silicon

Journal of Polymer Engineering ◽

10.1515/polyeng-2020-0083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (8) ◽

pp. 676-684

Author(s):

Niping Dai ◽

Junkun Tang ◽

Manping Ma ◽

Xiaotian Liu ◽

Chuan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Mechanical Test ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Reinforced Composites ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Structures And Properties ◽

High Performance Resin

AbstractStar-shaped arylacetylene resins, tris(3-ethynyl-phenylethynyl)methylsilane, tris(3-ethynyl-phenylethynyl) phenylsilane, and tris (3-ethynyl-phenylethynyl) silane (TEPHS), were synthesized through Grignard reaction between 1,3-diethynylbenzene and three types of trichlorinated silanes. The chemical structures and properties of the resins were characterized by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Haake torque rheomoter, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, mechanical test, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the melt viscosity at 120 °C is lower than 150 mPa⋅s, and the processing windows are as wide as 60 °C for the resins. The resins cure at the temperature as low as 150 °C. The good processabilities make the resins to be suitable for resin transfer molding. The cured resins exhibit high flexural modulus and excellent heat-resistance. The flexural modulus of the cured TEPHS at room temperature arrives at as high as 10.9 GPa. Its temperature of 5% weight loss (Td5) is up to 697 °C in nitrogen. The resins show the potential for application in fiber-reinforced composites as high-performance resin in the field of aviation and aerospace.

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Chitosan hydrogel/silk fibroin/Mg(OH)2 nanobiocomposite as a novel scaffold with antimicrobial activity and improved mechanical properties

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80133-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Reza Eivazzadeh-Keihan ◽

Fateme Radinekiyan ◽

Hooman Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi ◽

Sima Sukhtezari ◽

Behnam Tahmasebi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Silk Fibroin ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Structural Features ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Chitosan Hydrogel ◽

Biological Capacity ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Novel Scaffold

AbstractHerein, a novel nanobiocomposite scaffold based on modifying synthesized cross-linked terephthaloyl thiourea-chitosan hydrogel (CTT-CS hydrogel) substrate using the extracted silk fibroin (SF) biopolymer and prepared Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles was designed and synthesized. The biological capacity of this nanobiocomposite scaffold was evaluated by cell viability method, red blood cells hemolytic and anti-biofilm assays. According to the obtained results from 3 and 7 days, the cell viability of CTT-CS/SF/Mg(OH)2 nanobiocomposite scaffold was accompanied by a considerable increment from 62.5 to 89.6% respectively. Furthermore, its low hemolytic effect (4.5%), and as well, the high anti-biofilm activity and prevention of the P. aeruginosa biofilm formation confirmed its promising hemocompatibility and antibacterial activity. Apart from the cell viability, blood biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity of CTT-CS/SF/Mg(OH)2 nanobiocomposite scaffold, its structural features were characterized using spectral and analytical techniques (FT-IR, EDX, FE-SEM and TG). As well as, given the mechanical tests, it was indicated that the addition of SF and Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles to the CTT-CS hydrogel could improve its compressive strength from 65.42 to 649.56 kPa.

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Synthesis and properties of a benzoxazine monomer containing maleimide and biphenyl groups

High Performance Polymers ◽

10.1177/0954008321996745 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095400832199674

Author(s):

Tao Guo ◽

Yang Fan ◽

Chang Bo ◽

Zhang Qi ◽

Han Tao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Significant Weight Loss ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Weight Loss Rate ◽

Reaction Heat ◽

H Nmr ◽

Curing Reaction ◽

Dsc Curves

Benzoxazine resin exhibits excellent properties and is widely used in many fields. Herein, the synthesis of a novel compound, the bis(2,4-dihydro-2 H-3-(4- N-maleimido)phenyl-1,3-benzoxazinyl)biphenyl (BMIPBB), has been reported, which was synthesized by reacting N-(4-aminophenyl)maleimide (APMI), formaldehyde, and 4,4’-dihydroxybiphenyl. 1,3,5-three(4-(maleimido)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TMIPT) was formed as an intermediate during the reaction. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy experiments were conducted to determine the structure of BMIPBB. BMIPBB was obtained as a reddish-brown solid in 40.1% yield. The thermal properties of BMIPBB were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Analysis of the DSC curves revealed that the broad peak representing the release of curing reaction heat appeared in the temperature range of 140–330°C. The peak temperature was 242.59°C and the heat of the reaction was 393.82 J/g, indicating that the rate of the curing reaction was low and the heat of the reaction was high. Analysis of the TGA results revealed that the weight loss rate was 5% at 110°C. The monomer exhibited a significant weight loss in the range of 320–500°C. The compound lost 50% of its weight at a temperature of 427°C.

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