scholarly journals The Ability to Regulate Transmembrane Potassium Transport in Root Is Critical for Drought Tolerance in Barley

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangfeng Cai ◽  
Huaizhou Gao ◽  
Xiaojian Wu ◽  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
Zhigang Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Genotypic Difference ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Barley Genotypes

In this work, the effect of drought on K+ uptake in root and its translocation from root to shoot was investigated using six barley genotypes contrasting in drought tolerance. Results showed that drought conditions caused significant changes in K+ uptake and translocation in a time- and genotype-specific manner, which consequently resulted in a significant difference in tissue K+ contents and drought tolerance levels between the contrasting barley genotypes. The role of K+ transporters and channels and plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase in barley’s adaptive response to drought stress was further investigated at the transcript level. The expression of genes conferring K+ uptake (HvHAK1, HvHAK5, HvKUP1, HvKUP2 and HvAKT1) and xylem loading (HvSKOR) in roots were all affected by drought stress in a time- and genotype-specific manner, indicating that the regulation of these K+ transporters and channels is critical for root K+ uptake and root to shoot K+ translocation in barley under drought stress. Furthermore, the barley genotypes showed a strong correlation between H+ efflux and K+ influx under drought stress, which was further confirmed by the significant up-regulation of HvHA1 and HvHA2. These results suggested an important role of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity and/or expression in regulating the activity of K+ transporters and channels under drought stress. Taken together, it may be concluded that the genotypic difference in drought stress tolerance in barley is conferred by the difference in the ability to regulate K+ transporters and channels in root epidermis and stele.

scholarly journals Evaluation of drought tolerance of triticale (xTriticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) genotypes along with bread wheat and barley genotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Seyyed Hamid Reza RAMAZANI ◽  
Ali IZANLOO
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Barley Genotypes

<p>The effects of drought stress on morphological and yield traits of six different genotypes of triticale along with wheat and barley were studied. The experiment was conducted in agricultural college of Sarayan, University of Birjand in 2016-2017 growing season. Experiment was a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with drought stress in main plots and eight mentioned genotypes in subplots in three replications. Results of analysis of variance and means comparison analysis showed significant and negative effect of drought stress on grain yield and biological yield of all investigated genotypes. There was significant difference among investigated genotypes of triticale, wheat, and barley for grain yield under drought stress at 1 % probability level. Pazh genotype of triticale was found as the most drought tolerance genotype, among all investigated genotypes, based on almost all drought tolerance indexes. The highest significant correlation with grain yield was related to biological yield, harvest index, spike/shoot ratio, height and straw yield. GGE biplot analysis of genotypes based on their Yp and Ys showed that Pazh, Jualino, and Sanabad genotypes of triticale had more trends to Ys principal component than ET-89-11 line, wheat, and barley genotypes, therefore show more tolerance to drought stress.</p>

scholarly journals Spermine: Its Emerging Role in Regulating Drought Stress Responses in Plants

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Md. Mahadi Hasan ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Mohammad Shah Jahan ◽  
Md. Nazmul Hossain ◽  
Zunaira Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
New Information ◽  
Effects Of Drought

In recent years, research on spermine (Spm) has turned up a lot of new information about this essential polyamine, especially as it is able to counteract damage from abiotic stresses. Spm has been shown to protect plants from a variety of environmental insults, but whether it can prevent the adverse effects of drought has not yet been reported. Drought stress increases endogenous Spm in plants and exogenous application of Spm improves the plants’ ability to tolerate drought stress. Spm’s role in enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms, glyoxalase systems, methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification, and creating tolerance for drought-induced oxidative stress is well documented in plants. However, the influences of enzyme activity and osmoregulation on Spm biosynthesis and metabolism are variable. Spm interacts with other molecules like nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, and ethylene, to coordinate the reactions necessary for developing drought tolerance. This review focuses on the role of Spm in plants under severe drought stress. We have proposed models to explain how Spm interacts with existing defense mechanisms in plants to improve drought tolerance.

scholarly journals Exopolysaccharides Producing Bacteria for the Amelioration of Drought Stress in Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8876
Author(s):  
Noshin Ilyas ◽  
Komal Mumtaz ◽  
Nosheen Akhtar ◽  
Humaira Yasmin ◽  
R. Z. Sayyed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Vigor Index

This research was designed to elucidate the role of exopolysaccharides (EPS) producing bacterial strains for the amelioration of drought stress in wheat. Bacterial strains were isolated from a farmer’s field in the arid region of Pakistan. Out of 24 isolated stains, two bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977) were selected, based on their ability to produce EPS and withstand drought stress. Both bacterial strains produced a good amount of EPS and osmolytes and exhibited drought tolerance individually, however, a combination of these strains produced higher amounts of EPS (sugar 6976 µg/g, 731.5 µg/g protein, and 1.1 mg/g uronic acid) and osmolytes (proline 4.4 µg/mg and sugar 79 µg/mg) and significantly changed the level of stress-induced phytohormones (61%, 49% and 30% decrease in Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellic Acid (GA), and Cytokinin (CK)) respectively under stress, but an increase of 27.3% in Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration was observed. When inoculated, the combination of these strains improved seed germination, seedling vigor index, and promptness index by 18.2%, 23.7%, and 61.5% respectively under osmotic stress (20% polyethylene glycol, PEG6000). They also promoted plant growth in a pot experiment with an increase of 42.9%, 29.8%, and 33.7% in shoot length, root length, and leaf area, respectively. Physiological attributes of plants were also improved by bacterial inoculation showing an increase of 39.8%, 61.5%, and 45% in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content respectively, as compared to control. Inoculations of bacterial strains also increased the production of osmolytes such asproline, amino acid, sugar, and protein by 30%, 23%, 68%, and 21.7% respectively. Co-inoculation of these strains enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 35.1%, catalase (CAT) by 77.4%, and peroxidase (POD) by 40.7%. Findings of the present research demonstrated that EPS, osmolyte, stress hormones, and antioxidant enzyme-producing bacterial strains impart drought tolerance in wheat and improve its growth, morphological attributes, physiological parameters, osmolytes production, and increase antioxidant enzymes.

Evaluation of wild barley species as possible sources of drought tolerance for arid environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Barati ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Majidi ◽  
Fateme Mostafavi ◽  
Aghafakhr Mirlohi ◽  
Maryam Safari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Wild Barley ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Barley Genotypes

AbstractIn this study, agro-morphological and yield-related traits associated with drought tolerance in 80 barley genotypes belonging to 15 wild species together with the cultivated one, and their potential to improve adaptation to different levels of drought stress conditions (moisture environments) were studied. There was significant genetic variation among the genotypes and species for all of the measured traits, as well as differential responses of genotypes across environments. The results indicated high variation for grain yield (GY) under drought stress among the genotypes, and that some of the wild genotypes had consistently superior specific adaptation to the water stress conditions. The genotypes belong to wild barley species, especially Hordeum murinum and Hordeum marinum had lower GY but relatively higher yield stability under different environments. Traits such as number of seed per plant and hundred kernel weight were positively correlated with GY in all of the environments. High negative correlation between GY and days to ripening was observed only under intense drought environment, showing drought escape as a strategy of wild plants under highly stressed conditions. Grouping of the genotypes by principal component analysis completely separated cultivated barley and its progenitor (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) from other wild genotypes; however, the other wild species were slightly separated from each other. In addition, the Iranian and foreign genotypes did not completely separate from each other. The identified wild barley genotypes with favourable characters and high drought tolerance could be used in genetic studies and barley improvement programmes especially for drought stress.

scholarly journals Amplification of early drought responses caused by volatile cues emitted from neighboring plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieyang Jin ◽  
Mingyue Zhao ◽  
Ting Gao ◽  
Tingting Jing ◽  
Na Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Induced Volatiles ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Volatile Cues

AbstractPlants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to survive in dynamic environments. Plants can communicate via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to warn neighboring plants of threats. In most cases, VOCs act as positive regulators of plant defense. However, the communication and role of volatiles in response to drought stress are poorly understood. Here, we showed that tea plants release numerous VOCs. Among them, methyl salicylate (MeSA), benzyl alcohol, and phenethyl alcohol markedly increased under drought stress. Interestingly, further experiments revealed that drought-induced MeSA lowered the abscisic acid (ABA) content in neighboring plants by reducing 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) gene expression, resulting in inhibition of stomatal closure and ultimately decreasing early drought tolerance in neighboring plants. Exogenous application of ABA reduced the wilting of tea plants caused by MeSA exposure. Exposure of Nicotiana benthamiana to MeSA also led to severe wilting, indicating that the ability of drought-induced MeSA to reduce early drought tolerance in neighboring plants may be conserved in other plant species. Taken together, these results provide evidence that drought-induced volatiles can reduce early drought tolerance in neighboring plants and lay a novel theoretical foundation for optimizing plant density and spacing.

scholarly journals Response of Tibetan Wild Barley Genotypes to Drought Stress and Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci by Genome-Wide Association Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
Mian Zhang ◽  
Man-Man Fu ◽  
Cheng-Wei Qiu ◽  
Fangbin Cao ◽  
Zhong-Hua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Wild Barley ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Dart Markers ◽  
Tibetan Wild Barley ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Tibetan wild barley has been identified to show large genetic variation and stress tolerance. A genome-wide association (GWA) analysis was performed to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for drought tolerance using 777 Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers and morphological and physiological traits of 166 Tibetan wild barley accessions in both hydroponic and pot experiments. Large genotypic variation for these traits was found; and population structure and kinship analysis identified three subpopulations among these barley genotypes. The average LD (linkage disequilibrium) decay distance was 5.16 cM, with the minimum on 6H (0.03 cM) and the maximum on 4H (23.48 cM). A total of 91 DArT markers were identified to be associated with drought tolerance-related traits, with 33, 26, 16, 1, 3, and 12 associations for morphological traits, H+K+-ATPase activity, antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, soluble protein content, and potassium concentration, respectively. Furthermore, 7 and 24 putative candidate genes were identified based on the reference Meta-QTL map and by searching the Barleymap. The present study implicated that Tibetan annual wild barley from Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is rich in genetic variation for drought stress. The QTLs detected by genome-wide association analysis could be used in marker-assisting breeding for drought-tolerant barley genotypes and provide useful information for discovery and functional analysis of key genes in the future.

Impact of Drought Stress on the Ultrastructure of Leaf Cells in Three Barley Genotypes Differing in Level of Drought Tolerance

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Jianhui ◽  
Li Ronghua ◽  
Guo Peiguo ◽  
Xia Yanshi ◽  
Tian Changen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Barley Genotypes

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Revealed GhWOX4 Intercedes Myriad Regulatory Pathways to Modulate Drought Tolerance and Vascular Growth in Cotton

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 898
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sajjad ◽  
Xi Wei ◽  
Lisen Liu ◽  
Fuguang Li ◽  
Xiaoyang Ge
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Vascular Growth

Cotton is a paramount cash crop around the globe. Among all abiotic stresses, drought is a leading cause of cotton growth and yield loss. However, the molecular link between drought stress and vascular growth and development is relatively uncharted. Here, we validated a crucial role of GhWOX4, a transcription factor, modulating drought stress with that of vasculature growth in cotton. Knock-down of GhWOX4 decreased the stem width and severely compromised vascular growth and drought tolerance. Conversely, ectopic expression of GhWOX4 in Arabidopsis enhanced the tolerance to drought stress. Comparative RNAseq analysis revealed auxin responsive protein (AUX/IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene were significantly induced. Additionally, MYC-bHLH, WRKY, MYB, homeodomain, and heat-shock transcription factors (HSF) were differentially expressed in control plants as compared to GhWOX4-silenced plants. The promotor zone of GhWOX4 was found congested with plant growth, light, and stress response related cis-elements. differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to stress, water deprivation, and desiccation response were repressed in drought treated GhWOX4-virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) plants as compared to control. Gene ontology (GO) functions related to cell proliferation, light response, fluid transport, and flavonoid biosynthesis were over-induced in TRV: 156-0 h/TRV: 156-1 h (control) in comparison to TRV: VIGS-0 h/TRV: VIGS-1 h (GhWOX4-silenced) plants. This study improves our context for elucidating the pivotal role of GhWOX4 transcription factors (TF), which mediates drought tolerance, plays a decisive role in plant growth and development, and is likely involved in different regulatory pathways in cotton.

scholarly journals Role of the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein in the Mechanism of Paramyxovirus-Cell Membrane Fusion

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (24) ◽  
pp. 13028-13033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Takimoto ◽  
Garry L. Taylor ◽  
Helen C. Connaris ◽  
Susan J. Crennell ◽  
Allen Portner
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Hydrophobic Surface ◽  
Cellular Receptor ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Β Sheet

ABSTRACT Paramyxovirus infects cells by initially attaching to a sialic acid-containing cellular receptor and subsequently fusing with the plasma membrane of the cells. Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, which is responsible for virus attachment, interacts with the fusion protein in a virus type-specific manner to induce efficient membrane fusion. To elucidate the mechanism of HN-promoted membrane fusion, we characterized a series of Newcastle disease virus HN proteins whose surface residues were mutated. Fusion promotion activity was substantially altered in only the HN proteins with a mutation in the first or sixth β sheet. These regions overlap the large hydrophobic surface of HN; thus, the hydrophobic surface may contain the fusion promotion domain. Furthermore, a comparison of the HN structure crystallized alone or in complex with 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid revealed substantial conformational changes in several loops within or near the hydrophobic surface. Our results suggest that the binding of HN protein to the receptor induces the conformational change of residues near the hydrophobic surface of HN protein and that this change triggers the activation of the F protein, which initiates membrane fusion.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Barley Genotypes (Hordeum vulgar l.) by drought tolerance indices and Multivariate analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soran Sharafi ◽  
Kazem Ghassemi Golezani ◽  
Soleyman Mohammadi ◽  
Shahram Lak ◽  
Behzad Sorkhy
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Drought Tolerance Indices ◽  
Tolerance Indices ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Context: Evaluation of tolerance of different barley genotypes to drought stress, an experiment carried out in randomized block design (RCBD) with three replication during 2009-2010 growing seasons and 20 barley genotypes were studied in normal and water deficit in post anthesis stage conditions at the Saatloo Research Farm Azerbaiejan, Iran. Results: The result of variance analysis showed that there were highly significant differences between genotypes in all of the studied traits, also it was cleared that all of traits except spike length reduced in water deficit condition as compared to normal condition and seed yield, biomass and 1000 seed weight traits had the most reduction (31, 25 and 20 percent, respectively). To identify of tolerance barley genotypes to drought stress, drought tolerance indices (STI, TOL, SSI, MP, HM and GMP), correlation coefficients, principal components analysis and cluster analysis were used. The result of correlation coefficients indicated that there were significant and positive correlation between seed yield in normal and stress conditions and drought tolerance indices. Also the result of principal components analysis showed that two components justified 99% of total variations. MP, GMP, STI and HM indices and TOL and SSI indices had the most coefficients in the first and second component, respectively, so are named tolerance and sensitivity component, respectively. Conclusion: MP, HM, STI and GMP indices were appropriate indices to select of drought tolerance barley genotypes. On the other hand, the result of cluster analysis showed that 13, 14 and 7 genotypes and 18, 1 and 2 genotypes were tolerance and sensitivity genotypes to water deficit at post anthesis stage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v21i0.22525 J. bio-sci. 21: 109-122, 2013

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