scholarly journals Exosomes in Systemic Sclerosis: Messengers Between Immune, Vascular and Fibrotic Components?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colletti ◽  
Galardi ◽  
Santis ◽  
Guidelli ◽  
Giannatale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cellular Behavior ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease, characterized by vasculopathy and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. This disease is still considered incurable and is associated with a high risk of mortality, which is related to fibrotic events. An early diagnosis is useful for preventing complications, and targeted therapies reduce disease progression and ameliorate patients’ quality of life. Nevertheless, there are no validated biomarkers for early diagnosis with predictive prognostic value. Exosomes are membrane vesicles, transporting proteins and nucleic acids that may be delivered to target cells, which influences cellular behavior. They play important roles in cell–cell communication, both in physiological and pathological conditions, and may be useful as circulating biomarkers. Recent evidences suggest a role for these microvesicles in the three main aspects related to the pathogenesis of SSc (immunity, vascular damage, and fibrosis). Moreover, exosomes are of particular interest in the field of nano-delivery and are used as biological carriers. In this review, we report the latest information concerning SSc pathogenesis, clinical aspects of SSc, and current approaches to the treatment of SSc. Furthermore, we indicate a possible role of exosomes in SSc pathogenesis and suggest their potential use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic tools.

Neurotoxic and Neuroprotective Role of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (42) ◽  
pp. 4510-4522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biancamaria Longoni ◽  
Irene Fasciani ◽  
Shivakumar Kolachalam ◽  
Ilaria Pietrantoni ◽  
Francesco Marampon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
The Brain

: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles produced by eukaryotic cells that are also found in most biological fluids and tissues. While they were initially thought to act as compartments for removal of cellular debris, they are now recognized as important tools for cell-to-cell communication and for the transfer of pathogens between the cells. They have attracted particular interest in neurodegenerative diseases for their potential role in transferring prion-like proteins between neurons, and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), they have been shown to spread oligomers of α-synuclein in the brain accelerating the progression of this pathology. A potential neuroprotective role of exosomes has also been equally proposed in PD as they could limit the toxicity of α-synuclein by clearing them out of the cells. Exosomes have also attracted considerable attention for use as drug vehicles. Being nonimmunogenic in nature, they provide an unprecedented opportunity to enhance the delivery of incorporated drugs to target cells. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the potential neurotoxic and neuroprotective role of exosomes and their potential application as drug delivery systems in PD.

The role of interleukin-17 in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: Pro-fibrotic or anti-fibrotic?

2021 ◽  
pp. 239719832110394
Author(s):  
Silvia Bellando-Randone ◽  
Emanuel Della-Torre ◽  
Andra Balanescu
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
T Helper 17 ◽  
Attractive Therapeutic Target

Systemic sclerosis is characterized by widespread fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, vascular impairment, and dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune system. Growing evidence indicates that T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion play a major role in the initiation of systemic sclerosis, but the role of T helper 17 cells and of interleukin-17 cytokines in the development and progression of the disease remains controversial. In particular, an equally distributed body of literature supports both pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic effects of interleukin-17, suggesting a complex and nuanced role of this cytokine in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis that may vary depending on disease stage, target cells in affected organs, and inflammatory milieu. Although interleukin-17 already represents an established therapeutic target for several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, more robust experimental evidence is required to clarify whether it may become an attractive therapeutic target for systemic sclerosis as well.

scholarly journals On the Choice of the Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Purposes

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Campanella ◽  
Celeste Caruso Bavisotto ◽  
Mariantonia Logozzi ◽  
Antonella Marino Gammazza ◽  
Davide Mizzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Cellular Source ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane vesicles released by all human cells and are widely recognized to be involved in many cellular processes, both in physiological and pathological conditions. They are mediators of cell-cell communication, at both paracrine and systemic levels, and therefore they are active players in cell differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and organ remodeling. Due to their ability to serve as a cargo for proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which often reflects the cellular source, they should be considered the future of the natural nanodelivery of bio-compounds. To date, natural nanovesicles, such as exosomes, have been shown to represent a source of disease biomarkers and have high potential benefits in regenerative medicine. Indeed, they deliver both chemical and bio-molecules in a way that within exosomes drugs are more effective that in their exosome-free form. Thus, to date, we know that exosomes are shuttle disease biomarkers and probably the most effective way to deliver therapeutic molecules within target cells. However, we do not know exactly which exosomes may be used in therapy in avoiding side effects as well. In regenerative medicine, it will be ideal to use autologous exosomes, but it seems not ideal to use plasma-derived exosomes, as they may contain potentially dangerous molecules. Here, we want to present and discuss a contradictory relatively unmet issue that is the lack of a general agreement on the choice for the source of extracellular vesicles for therapeutic use.

T06.01.13 EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS IN PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS: THE ROLE OF NAILFOLD CAPILLAROSCOPY

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. S163-S164
Author(s):  
D. Crescenzi ◽  
L. Maroni ◽  
M. Mazzetti ◽  
D. Menghini ◽  
C. Gelardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Nailfold Capillaroscopy ◽  
Primary Biliary Cholangitis

scholarly journals Why the need and how to approach the functional diversity of extracellular vesicles

2017 ◽  
Vol 373 (1737) ◽  
pp. 20160479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Tkach ◽  
Joanna Kowal ◽  
Clotilde Théry
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Efficient Separation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Opinion Article ◽  
Current Stage

In the past decade, cell-to-cell communication mediated by exosomes has attracted growing attention from biomedical scientists and physicians, leading to several recent publications in top-tier journals. Exosomes are generally defined as secreted membrane vesicles, or extracellular vesicles (EVs), corresponding to the intraluminal vesicles of late endosomal compartments, which are secreted upon fusion of multi-vesicular endosomes with the cell's plasma membrane. Cells, however, were shown to release other types of EVs, for instance, by direct budding off their plasma membrane. Some of these EVs share with exosomes major biophysical and biochemical characteristics, such as size, density and membrane orientation, which impose difficulties in their efficient separation. Despite frequent claims in the literature, whether exosomes really display more important patho/physiological functions, or are endowed with higher potential as diagnostic or therapeutic tools than other EVs, is not yet convincingly demonstrated. In this opinion article, we describe reasons for this lack of precision knowledge in the current stage of the EV field, we review recently described approaches to overcome these caveats, and we propose ways to improve our knowledge on the respective functions of distinct EVs, which will be crucial for future development of well-designed EV-based clinical applications. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment’.

scholarly journals Microvascular damage evaluation in systemic sclerosis: the role of nailfold videocapillaroscopy and laser techniques

Reumatismo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ruaro ◽  
A. Sulli ◽  
V. Smith ◽  
C. Pizzorni ◽  
S. Paolino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Damage Evaluation ◽  
Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy ◽  
Microvascular Damage ◽  
Laser Technologies

Microvascular damage and a decrease in peripheral blood perfusion are typical features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) with serious clinical implications, not only for a very early diagnosis, but also for disease progression. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy is a validated and safe imaging technique able to detect peripheral capillary morphology, as well as to classify and to score any nailfold abnormalities into different microangiopathy patterns. Capillaroscopic analysis is now included in the ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SSc. The decrease in peripheral blood perfusion is usually associated with microvascular damage in SSc, which may be studied by different methods. Several of these make use of safe laser technologies. This paper focuses on these new clinical aspects to assess SSc microvascular impairment.

Microvesicles-mediated Cell Communication in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Chen ◽  
Ying-Jian Gu ◽  
Ming-Yuan Zhou ◽  
Lin Cheng ◽  
Yun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is one of the chronic diseases that affect the human health. Microvesicles participate in the communication between cells by fusing with the recipient cells to transfer the bioactive molecules, such as lipids, proteins, RNA, etc., to the target cells. Microvesicles are involved in various biological processes, and have the functions of regulating immunity, promoting angiogenesis and so on. Microvesicles derived from various cells may become diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets to the diseases. Therefore, exploring the role of microvesicles-mediated cell communication has become a potential therapeutic target to pulmonary arterial hypertension. Objective: It is to clarify the classification, features and mechanism of microvesicles in cell communication, and to discuss the potential important roles of microvesicles-mediated cell communication in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Results: Inflammation is an important the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Many studies have shown that microvesicles from different cells can participate in the pathological process of PAH by transferring the inflammatory factors contained in them. Conclusion: Microvesicles-mediated cell communication may become the therapeutic target to pulmonary arterial hypertension.

scholarly journals The Expanding Role of Vesicles Containing Aquaporins

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Martinez-Ballesta ◽  
Paula Garcia-Ibañez ◽  
Lucía Yepes-Molina ◽  
Juan Rios ◽  
Micaela Carvajal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Other Substances

In animals and plants, membrane vesicles containing proteins have been defined as key for biological systems involving different processes such as trafficking or intercellular communication. Docking and fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane occur in living cells in response to different stimuli, such as environmental changes or hormones, and therefore play an important role in cell homeostasis as vehicles for certain proteins or other substances. Because aquaporins enhance the water permeability of membranes, their role as proteins immersed in vesicles formed of natural membranes is a recent topic of study. They regulate numerous physiological processes and could hence serve new biotechnological purposes. Thus, in this review, we have explored the physiological implications of the trafficking of aquaporins, the mechanisms that control their transit, and the proteins that coregulate the migration. In addition, the importance of exosomes containing aquaporins in the cell-to-cell communication processes in animals and plants have been analyzed, together with their potential uses in biomedicine or biotechnology. The properties of aquaporins make them suitable for use as biomarkers of different aquaporin-related diseases when they are included in exosomes. Finally, the fact that these proteins could be immersed in biomimetic membranes opens future perspectives for new biotechnological applications.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles: A New Prospective in Crosstalk between Microenvironment and Stem Cells in Hematological Malignancies

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Laurenzana ◽  
Daniela Lamorte ◽  
Stefania Trino ◽  
Luciana De Luca ◽  
Concetta Ambrosino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Bm Niche ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions

The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in hematological malignancies (HMs) comprises heterogeneous populations of neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), neoplastic cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are all components of this microenvironment. CSCs are the HM initiators and are associated with neoplastic growth and drug resistance, while HSCs are able to reconstitute the entire hematopoietic system; finally, MSCs actively support hematopoiesis. In some HMs, CSCs and neoplastic cells compromise the normal development of HSCs and perturb BM-MSCs. In response, “reprogrammed” MSCs generate a favorable environment to support neoplastic cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an important cell-to-cell communication type in physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, in HMs, EV secretion participates to unidirectional and bidirectional interactions between neoplastic cells and BM cells. The transfer of EV molecular cargo triggers different responses in target cells; in particular, malignant EVs modify the BM environment in favor of neoplastic cells at the expense of normal HSCs, by interfering with antineoplastic immunity and participating in resistance to treatment. Here, we review the role of EVs in BM cell communication in physiological conditions and in HMs, focusing on the effects of BM niche EVs on HSCs and MSCs.

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