scholarly journals New Insights into the Role of Glutathione in the Mechanism of Fever

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Wrotek ◽  
Justyna Sobocińska ◽  
Henryk M. Kozłowski ◽  
Małgorzata Pawlikowska ◽  
Tomasz Jędrzejewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Glutathione Homeostasis

Glutathione is one of the most important and potent antioxidants. The development of pharmacological compounds that can either increase or decrease glutathione concentrations has allowed investigation into the role of glutathione in various biological processes, including immune responses. Recent findings have shown that glutathione not only affects certain factors involved in immunological processes but also modifies complex immune reactions such as fever. Until recently, it was not known why some patients do not develop fever during infection. Data suggest that fever induction is associated with oxidative stress; therefore, antioxidants such as glutathione can reduce pyrexia. Surprisingly, new studies have shown that low glutathione levels can also inhibit fever. In this review, we focus on recent advances in this area, with an emphasis on the role of glutathione in immune responses accompanied by fever. We describe evidence showing that disturbed glutathione homeostasis may be responsible for the lack of fever during infections. We also discuss the biological significance of the antipyretic effects produced by pharmacological glutathione modulators.

The Role of Biomaterials and Scaffolds on Immune Responses in Regenerative Medicine: Macrophage Phenotype Modulation by Biomaterial Properties and Scaffold Architectures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezgi Antmen ◽  
Nihal Engin Vrana ◽  
Vasif Hasirci
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Macrophage Phenotype ◽  
Immune Reactions

Scaffolds are an integral part of the regenerative medicine field. The contact of biomaterials with tissue, as was clearly observed over the years, induces immune reactions in a material and...

scholarly journals Role of Forkhead Transcription Factors in Diabetes-Induced Oxidative Stress

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Ponugoti ◽  
Guangyu Dong ◽  
Dana T. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Forkhead Transcription Factors ◽  
Foxo Transcription Factors

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder, characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin deficiency and/or insulin resistance. Recent evidence suggests that high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress are key contributors in the development of diabetic complications. The FOXO family of forkhead transcription factors including FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6 play important roles in the regulation of many cellular and biological processes and are critical regulators of cellular oxidative stress response pathways. FOXO1 transcription factors can affect a number of different tissues including liver, retina, bone, and cell types ranging from hepatocytes to microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes to osteoblasts. They are induced by oxidative stress and contribute to ROS-induced cell damage and apoptosis. In this paper, we discuss the role of FOXO transcription factors in mediating oxidative stress-induced cellular response.

Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Wessels ◽  
Henrike Josephine Fischer ◽  
Lothar Rink
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Broad Overview

Evidence for the importance of zinc for all immune cells and for mounting an efficient and balanced immune response to various environmental stressors has been accumulating in recent years. This article describes the role of zinc in fundamental biological processes and summarizes our current knowledge of zinc's effect on hematopoiesis, including differentiation into immune cell subtypes. In addition, the important role of zinc during activation and function of immune cells is detailed and associated with the specific immune responses to bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The association of zinc with autoimmune reactions and cancers as diseases with increased or decreased immune responses is also discussed. This article provides a broad overview of the manifold roles that zinc, or its deficiency, plays in physiology and during various diseases. Consequently, we discuss why zinc supplementation should be considered, especially for people at risk of deficiency. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Mosquito Phenoloxidase and Defensin Colocalize in Melanization Innate Immune Responses

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián F. Hillyer ◽  
Bruce M. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Rate Limiting

Mosquitoes mount strong humoral and cellular immune responses against foreign organisms. Two components of the mosquito immune response that have received much attention are the phenoloxidase cascade that leads to melanization and antimicrobial peptides. The purpose of the current study was to use immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy to identify the location of the melanization rate-limiting enzyme phenoloxidase and the antimicrobial peptide defensin in innate immune reactions against Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Our results show that both phenoloxidase and defensin are present at the sites of melanin biosynthesis in immune reactions against bacteria. Furthermore, both proteins are often present inside the same melanotic capsules. When hemocytes were analyzed, phenoloxidase was present in the cytosol of oenocytoids, but no significant amounts of defensin were detected inside any hemocytes. In summary, these data show that phenoloxidase and defensin colocalize in melanization reactions against bacteria and argue for further studies into the potential role of defensin in phenoloxidase-based melanization innate immune responses in mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Recent Advances on the Role and Therapeutic Potential of Regulatory T Cells in Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 5907
Author(s):  
Toru Tanaka ◽  
Naoto Sasaki ◽  
Yoshiyuki Rikitake
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Recent Advances

Atherosclerotic diseases, including ischemic heart disease and stroke, are a main cause of mortality worldwide. Chronic vascular inflammation via immune dysregulation is critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that regulatory T cells (Tregs), responsible for maintaining immunological tolerance and suppressing excessive immune responses, play an important role in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerosis through the regulation of pathogenic immunoinflammatory responses. Several strategies to prevent and treat atherosclerosis through the promotion of regulatory immune responses have been developed, and could be clinically applied for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the protective role of Tregs in atherosclerosis and discuss attractive approaches to treat atherosclerotic disease by augmenting regulatory immune responses.

scholarly journals Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway as a novel link between gut microbiota and schizophrenia: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-905
Author(s):  
Yaping Wang ◽  
Xiuxia Yuan ◽  
Yulin Kang ◽  
Xueqin Song
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Tryptophan Catabolism ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Gut microbiota and its metabolite tryptophan play an important role in regulating neurotransmission, immune homeostasis and oxidative stress which are critical for brain development. The kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan catabolism. Kynurenine metabolites regulate many biological processes including host-microbiome communication, immunity and oxidative stress, as well as neuronal excitability. The accumulation of metabolites produced by kynurenine pathway in brain results in the activation of the immune system (increase in the levels of inflammatory factors) and oxidative stress (production of reactive oxygen species, ROS), which are associated with mental disorders, for example schizophrenia. Thus, it was hypothesized that perturbations in kynurenine pathway could cause activation of immunity, and that oxidative stress may be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. The present work is a review of the latest studies on the possible role of kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia, and mechanism(s) involved.

scholarly journals The role of antioxidants in restoring MAPK 14 and a DNA damage marker level following autophagy suppression

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 200253
Author(s):  
Abdalla Elbialy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Damage Response ◽  
Oxidative Stress Marker ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Bafilomycin A1 ◽  
Damage Response ◽  
Damage Marker

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation mechanism for elimination and recycling of damaged intracellular organelles and proteins. Recent studies have shown that autophagy could help reduce oxidative stress by removing oxidized proteins and damaged mitochondria. Autophagy deficiency is associated with the disruption of many intracellular biological processes. Using bioinformatics tools and fibroblast immunostaining technology, I tried to investigate whether oxidative stress is involved in mediating the effect of autophagy suppression on certain cell biological processes and signalling pathways. Many pharmaceutical components have different modes of action to suppress autophagy. In this study, I performed analysis on autophagy suppression induced by neutralizing lysosomal pH (NH 4 Cl and bafilomycin A1). Bioinformatics analysis of GEO data, GSE60570 accession number, revealed that p38 signalling induction and DNA damage response are among the main disrupted signalling pathways in bafilomycin A1-treated RPE-1 cells. Likewise, fibroblast immunostaining showed that autophagy deficiency established by ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) has significantly increased P38 signalling, DNA damage marker (H2A.X), and oxidative stress marker (dityrosine). I therefore investigated the role of oxidative stress and whether antioxidants treatment could reverse autophagy suppression effects on p38 signalling and DNA damage response. Importantly, antioxidant treatment clearly restored P38 signalling and H2A.X levels in autophagy-suppressed fibroblast cells. Indicating that oxidative stress might be associated with the harmful effect of autophagy suppression.

An Increasing Role of Polyphenols as Novel Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasiara Karim ◽  
Haroon Khan ◽  
Imran Khan ◽  
Ouyang Guo ◽  
Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Stress Formation ◽  
Molecular Aspects

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, with approximately 29 million older people suffering from this disease worldwide. This number is expected to become triple by 2050. AD is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative condition, characterized by complex pathology including oxidative stress, formation of aggregates of amyloid and tau, enhanced immune responses, metal deposition and disturbances in cholinesterase enzymes. There is no effective pharmacological treatment for combating the disease to date. The ineffectiveness of current pharmacological interventions in AD has led scientists to search for more safe and effective alternative therapeutic agents. Thus, natural products have become an important avenue for drug discovery in AD research. In this regard, polyphenols are natural products that have been shown to be effective in the modulation of the type of neurodegenerative changes seen in AD, suggesting a possible therapeutic role. The present review focuses on the chemistry of polyphenols, clinical studies for evaluating polyphenols as effective alternatives in AD treatment, cellular and molecular aspects of polyphenols in improving cognitive deficits and the current challenges and futuristic approaches to use polyphenols as safe and effective therapeutic agents in AD treatment.

ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PROMOTING IMMUNE REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE.

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 55A
Author(s):  
E Albano ◽  
M Vidali ◽  
S F. Stewart ◽  
E Mottaran ◽  
G Occhino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Immune Reactions

scholarly journals Macrophage Autophagy in Atherosclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara Maiuri ◽  
Gianluca Grassia ◽  
Andrew M. Platt ◽  
Rosa Carnuccio ◽  
Armando Ialenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Catabolic Process ◽  
Early Atherosclerosis ◽  
Therapeutic Utility

Macrophages play crucial roles in atherosclerotic immune responses. Recent investigation into macrophage autophagy (AP) in atherosclerosis has demonstrated a novel pathway through which these cells contribute to vascular inflammation. AP is a cellular catabolic process involving the delivery of cytoplasmic contents to the lysosomal machinery for ultimate degradation and recycling. Basal levels of macrophage AP play an essential role in atheroprotection during early atherosclerosis. However, AP becomes dysfunctional in the more advanced stages of the pathology and its deficiency promotes vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and plaque necrosis. In this paper, we will discuss the role of macrophages and AP in atherosclerosis and the emerging evidence demonstrating the contribution of macrophage AP to vascular pathology. Finally, we will discuss how AP could be targeted for therapeutic utility.

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