Seed Germination in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): A Review of Metabolic Pathways and Control Mechanisms

Oil palm is an oil-producing crop of major importance at the global scale. Oil palm mesocarp lipids are used for myriads industrial applications, and market demand has been growing for decades. In addition, oil palm seeds are oleaginous, and the oil extracted therefrom can be used for several purposes, from food to cosmetics. As such, there is a huge need in oil palm seeds to maintain the global cohort of more than 2 billion trees. However, oil palm seed germination is a rather difficult process, not only to break dormancy, but also because it is long and often reaches lower-than-expected germination rates. Surprisingly, despite the crucial importance of germination for oil palm plantation management, our knowledge is still rather limited, in particular about germinating oil palm seed metabolism. The present review incorporates different pieces of information that have been obtained in the past few years, in oil palm and in other palm species, in order to provide an overview of germination metabolism and its control. Further insights can also be gained from other oleaginous model plants, such as Arabidopsis or canola, however, palm seeds have peculiarities that must be accounted for, to gain a better understanding of germinating seed metabolism.

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Reversion from organic to conventional agriculture: A review

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s1742170512000117 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 263-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Henriette Sahm ◽

Jürn Sanders ◽

Hiltrud Nieberg ◽

Gesine Behrens ◽

Heike Kuhnert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Absolute Number ◽

Organic Production ◽

Policy Support ◽

Main Role ◽

Market Demand ◽

Organic Farms ◽

Conventional Agriculture ◽

Organic Certification ◽

The Past ◽

And Control

AbstractOver the past 10 years, the organic sector has expanded continuously in Europe due to policy support and a growing market demand for organic products. In line with this development, many farmers converted to organic farming each year. Nevertheless, the total number of organic farms has not increased constantly in Europe. In several countries, the absolute number of organic farms actually decreased in some years of the past decade. Some of the deregistered farmers gave up completely; others reverted to conventional agriculture. Against this background, this article aims (i) to give an overview of the extent of reversion to conventional agriculture in Europe based on statistics, (ii) to conceptualize the decision to revert in the form of a theoretical model, (iii) to compare farmers’ reasons to revert to conventional farming based on existing studies, and (iv) to identify further research needs. The importance of reversions to conventional agriculture is difficult to determine with the existing data, especially as in most cases it is not recorded as to what happened to the farms after deregistering from organic certification. The data nevertheless show that there are large fluctuations in the organic sector with many farmers entering and exiting each year. In order to reveal the farmers’ reasons for deregistering, various qualitative as well as quantitative surveys have been carried out already. For most farmers, the decision to revert is a result of different factors. Reasons for the reversion of their farms can be classified into economic motives, difficulties regarding certification and control, problems with organic production techniques as well as the farms’ macro environment. In most cases, however, economic reasons played a main role. Suggestions for organic legislation bodies, advisory services and policy makers are derived out of the findings. A deeper understanding of the influencing aspects regarding reversions and the necessary changes in the organic sector to avoid them should be an important objective of forthcoming research.

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Bud Rot Caused by Phytophthora palmivora: A Destructive Emerging Disease of Oil Palm

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-09-15-0243-rvw ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (4) ◽

pp. 320-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

G. A. Torres ◽

G. A. Sarria ◽

G. Martinez ◽

F. Varon ◽

A. Drenth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Phytophthora Palmivora ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Irish Famine ◽

Palm Species ◽

Great Irish Famine ◽

The Tropics

Oomycetes from the genus Phytophthora are among the most important plant pathogens in agriculture. Epidemics caused by P. infestans precipitated the great Irish famine and had a major impact on society and human history. In the tropics, P. palmivora is a pathogen of many plant species including cacao (Theobroma cacao), citrus (Citrus sp.), durian (Durio zibethines), jackfruit (Artrocarpus heterophyllus), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), and several palm species including coconut (Cocos nucifera), and the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) as determined recently. The first localized epidemics of bud rot in oil palm in Colombia were reported in 1964. However, recent epidemics of bud rot have destroyed more than 70,000 ha of oil palm in the Western and Central oil palm growing regions of Colombia. The agricultural, social, and economic implications of these outbreaks have been significant in Colombia. Identification of the pathogen after 100 years of investigating the disease in the world enabled further understanding of infection, expression of a range of symptoms, and epidemiology of the disease. This review examines the identification of P. palmivora as the cause of bud rot in Colombia, its epidemiology, and discusses the importance of P. palmivora as a major threat to oil palm plantings globally.

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Development of new marker methods—an example from oil palm

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1079/pgr200317 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 1 (2-3) ◽

pp. 103-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Zuzana Price ◽

Alan H. Schulman ◽

Sean Mayes

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Long Terminal Repeats ◽

Marker System ◽

Elaeis Oleifera ◽

Palm Species ◽

Diversity Studies

AbstractThis paper reviews marker methods based on retrotransposons and illustrates examples from oil palm. Prior to this study, very little had been known about the repetitive DNA present in oil palm and no marker systems based on retrotransposons had been developed. Firstly, copia like retrotransposons of Elaeis oleifera, Elaeis guineensis and Cocos nucifera were characterized by performing phylogenetic analyses on a portion of the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene of copia-like retrotransposons. The results identified three classes of copia-like retrotransposons in the three species studied. While the C-class RT sequences seemed to have amplified preferentially only in Elaeis guineensis, the classes A and B were present in Elaeis guineensis and Cocos nucifera as well. Secondly, long terminal repeats (LTRs) from these retrotransposon classes were isolated as a prelude to developing a marker system in palm based on retrotransposons. The B- and C-class LTRs were isolated by primer walking from the RT region and the B-class from Elaeis oleifera and Cocos nucifera with the use of oil palm-specific RnaseH primers. The method has been developed and applied for breeding purposes in oil palm, hybrids between E. oleifera and E. guineensis and within the tribe Cocoeae. There is scope for the method to be used in the isolation of new retrotransposon families endogenous for each palm species and as an alternative to amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in diversity studies within the Palmae.

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Stimulation of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) seed germination by exposure to electromagnetic fields

Scientia Horticulturae ◽

10.1016/j.scienta.2017.03.036 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 220 ◽

pp. 66-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chadapust J. Sudsiri ◽

Nattawat Jumpa ◽

Pinpong Kongchana ◽

Raymond J. Ritchie

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Stimulation Of

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EFIKASI HERBISIDA ISOPROPILAMINA GLIFOSAT 240 g l-1 TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN GULMA DI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) TANAMAN MENGHASILKAN

Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan ◽

10.35450/jip.v9i02.228 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (02) ◽

pp. 189

Author(s):

Wasri Yaman

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Block Design ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Homogeneity Of Variance ◽

Glyphosate Herbicide ◽

Elaeis Guineensis Jacq ◽

Plantation Crops ◽

And Control

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Is one of the most widely cultivated plantation crops in Indonesia. The decrease in productivity of oil palm is caused by presence of weeds around the plant that can be controled. One of the most commonly used controls is the use of the isopropylamine glyphosate herbicide. This research aims to determine the dosage of the Isopropylamine glyphosate herbicide which is oil palm yields. Determining changes in weed composition after application of Isopropylamine glyphosate herbicide in oil palm yields. Determining whether phytotoxicity occurs in oil palm yields after application of the Isopropylamine glyphosate herbicide. This research was conducted in oil palm plantations owned by farmers in Jontor Kenangasari Village, Seputih Surabaya District, Central Lampung Regency and the Weed Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Gedong Meneng, Bandar Lampung. The research was conducted using a randomized block design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications, namely various doses of isopropylamine glyphosate (360, 600, 480, and 720 g ha-1), manual weeding, and control. Homogeneity of variance was tested using the Bartlet test, additivity was tested by the Tukey test, and the mean difference was tested by the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) at the 5% level. The results showed that: (1) The isopropylamine glyphosate herbicide dose of 480-720 g ha-1 is effective in controlling total weeds, grasses weeds, Brachiaria mutica weeds and Mikania micrantha weeds up to 12 MSA and the herbicide dose of 600-720 g ha-1 is effective in controlling wide leaf weeds, and Cyrtococcum acrescens weeds up to 8 MSA, (2) The isopropylamine glyphosate herbicide 360- 720 g ha-1 causes changes in weed composition at 4, 8, and 12 MSA, and (3) Application of the isopropylamine glyphosate herbicide 360 - 720 g ha-1 on plant plates did not cause poisoning to oil palm plants.

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Comportamiento agronómico del cultivar híbrido RC1 de Palma de aceite (Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis) x Elaeis guineensis

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ◽

10.21930/rcta.vol8_num1_art:77 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Silvio Bastidas ◽

Eduardo Peña ◽

Rafael Reyes ◽

José Pérez ◽

William Tolosa

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Female Parent ◽

Oil Production ◽

F1 Hybrid ◽

Elaeis Oleifera ◽

La Palma ◽

Palm Species

Se realizó transferencia de genes desde la especie Nolí (Elaeis oleifera) a la especie Palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis) mediante retrocruzamientos con el propósito de obtener un cultivar que tuviera alta producción de frutos y aceite por unidad de área, baja tasa de crecimiento, tolerancia a enfermedades, y aceite con alto contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados y carotenos. La primera generación de retrocruzamiento RC1 se obtuvo mediante polinización controlada entre palmas del híbrido interespecífico F1 (Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis) usadas como progenitor femenino, con palmas de la especie Elaeis guineensis como progenitor masculino. En 1995 se establecieron en campo las descendencias de cinco cruces RC1, planteando como hipótesis de segregación que el 50% de los descendientes corresponderían al genotipo de palma de aceite y el 50% restante al genotipo del híbrido RC1 con carga genética africana (75% E. guineensis y 25% E. oleifera). Los datos de campo se analizaron con base en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo jerárquico y desigual número de repeticiones por tratamiento; para probar la hipótesis se aplicó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado (χ2). En el cuarto año de producción los híbridos RC1 promisorios alcanzaron 35,0 t·ha-1 de fruto, con 19,6% de aceite y una producción anual estimada de aceite de 6,3 t·ha-1. Estos híbridos crecieron en promedio 25,8 cm por año, característica que aumenta a más de 40 años la expectativa de vida útil de la plantación. Hasta la fecha presentan tolerancia a cuatro enfermedades de carácter letal que afectan la Palma de aceite en Colombia, puesto que durante siete años de evaluación no se han presentado síntomas. El aceite de estos híbridos contiene mayor concentración de ácidos grasos insaturados y carotenos que el de la Palma de aceite. Agronomic behavior of the BC1 hybrid cultivar of oil palm (Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis) x Elaeis guineensisA transfer of genes from the species Nolí (Elaeis oleifera) to the oil palm species (Elaeis guineensis) was made using backcrosses, with the objective of obtaining a cultivar with high fruit and oil production per unit of area, slow rate of growth, disease tolerance, and oil with high content of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenes. The first backcross generation, BC1, was obtained using controlled pollination between palms of the interspecific F1 hybrid (Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis) used as the female parent with palms of the species Elaeis guineensis as the male progenitor. In 1995 the progeny of five BC1s were established in the field, proposing the segregation hypothesis that 50% of the progeny would correspond to the genotype of oil palm and the remaining 50% to the genotype of the BC1 hybrid with a load of African genes (75% E. guineensis and 25% E. oleifera). The field data were analyzed based on a completely random design with hierarchical array and uneven number of repetitions per treatment; Chi2 was used to test the hypothesis. In the fourth year of production the promising BC1s reached 35 t·ha-1 of fruit, with 19.6% of oil and an estimated oil production of 6.3 t·ha-1 per year. These hybrids grew an average of 25.8 cm per year, a characteristic that increases the useful life expectancy of a plantation to more than 40 years. To date, these hybrids show tolerance to four deadly diseases that affect the oil palm in Colombia, since no symptoms have been observed during the eight years of evaluation. The oil from these hybrids contains greater concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids than that of oil palm.

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Distribution of macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg) from single-nutrient and compound fertilizers application in oil palm seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) ◽

10.22146/ipas.60205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Eko Noviandi Ginting ◽

Suroso Rahutomo ◽

Rana Farrasati ◽

Iput Pradiko

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Nutrient Use ◽

Nutrients Availability ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

And Control

Nutrients availability and plant's ability to absorb nutrients are essential factors in supporting plant performance. There are two forms of fertilizer as a source of nutrients for oil palm, which are single-nutrient fertilizer (SNF) and briquette compound-nutrient fertilizer (BCNF). This study observed the concentration, uptake, distribution, and efficiency of macronutrients in plant organs of oil palm seedlings with two different fertilizer types. An experiment using oil palm seedlings was arranged in non-factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with three treatments, namely control, NPK in the form of briquettes, and single nutrient fertilizer consisting of urea, TSP, MOP, and kieserite with doses adjusting the composition of the slow-release BCNF (16-10-24-0.75) in three replications with a total of 27 seedlings. The results showed that the concentration, uptake, and distribution of nutrients between treatments and control were not significantly different. The order of nutrient uptake in leaves and stems of plants was N > K > Mg and P, while in roots was K > N > Mg > P. In BCNF and SNF treatments, the biomass accumulation in the stems, roots, and leaves were at percentage of 41 %, 30 %, and 29 %, while in the control, the biomass accumulation in the roots, stems, and leaves were at percentage of 39 %, 33 %, and 28 %, respectively. BCNF treatment had a greater efficiency indicated by a higher nutrient use efficiency (NUE) value compared to SNF or control.

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Pollination in the oil palms Elaeis guineensis, E. oleifera and their hybrids (OxG), in tropical America

Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical ◽

10.1590/1983-40632016v4638196 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 102-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

María Raquel Meléndez ◽

William Patricio Ponce

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Insect Behavior ◽

South American ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Elaeis Oleifera ◽

Palm Species ◽

Tropical America

ABSTRACT Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is very important in the Central and South American economies. Plants suffer from a devastating fungal disease known as "lethal decay" or "pudrición del cogollo", in Spanish. Producer countries in Africa, Asia and tropical America have developed breeding programs that seek the tolerance of this disease by plants. The hybrids Elaeis guineensis x Elaeis oleifera (OxG) are resistant, but show physiological problems that affect commercial productivity. Natural pollination in these hybrids is low and manual pollination has high labor costs. The Coleoptera order is the most numerous and diverse natural pollinator, and the Elaeidobius genus has high efficiency and specificity to oil palm species. Elaeidobius kameronicus, Elaeidobius subvittatus and Mystrops costaricensis are the insects most commonly associated with oil palm inflorescences. Dynamics in insect populations change according to palm species and weather conditions. It is necessary to understand the insect behavior and population dynamics in OxG hybrids. Thus, recent studies on oil palm pollination, insect diversity and distribution in Latin America are discussed in this study.

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Heat-treatment and germination of oil palm seeds (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Journal of Seed Science ◽

10.1590/s2317-15372013000300004 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 296-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Márcia Green ◽

Wanderlei Antonio Alves Lima ◽

Antenor Francisco de Figueiredo ◽

André Luiz Atroch ◽

Ricardo Lopes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Statistical Design ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Elaeis Guineensis Jacq ◽

Seeds Germination ◽

Low Rate

Under natural conditions the germination of oil palm seeds may take years, and it is usually uneven and has a very low rate. To increase the germination rate it is necessary to break the dormancy, through heat-treatment (HT). In the germination of oil palm seeds produced by Embrapa Western Amazon the HT used is at 40 °C during 80 days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the periods of 40, 50, 60 and 80 days of HT at 40 °C on seeds germination of six oil palm cultivars BRS C2001, BRS C2328, BRS C2501, BRS C2528, BRS C3701 and BRS C7201. The statistical design was randomized block, 6 x 4 factorial, with four replications of 500 seeds each. The minimum HT period for maximum germination ranged from 45 days for BRS C2328 (70%) to 80 days for BRS C2528 (84%). For BRS C7201 was not observed significant effect of the HT period for seed germination, estimated as 82%. The maximum germination of oil palm seeds varies with the duration of heat treatment. With the exception of cultivar BRS C2528, heat treatment may be less than 80 days.

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In Silico Approach for Characterization and Comparison of Repeats in the Genomes of Oil and Date Palms

Bioinformatics and Biology Insights ◽

10.1177/1177932217702388 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 117793221770238 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jaire Alves Ferreira Filho ◽

Lucas Soares de Brito ◽

André Pereira Leão ◽

Alexandre Alonso Alves ◽

Eduardo Fernandes Formighieri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Complex Analysis ◽

De Novo ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Phoenix Dactylifera ◽

Date Palms ◽

Elaeis Oleifera ◽

Palm Species ◽

Almost All

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements present in almost all eukaryotic genomes. Due to their typical patterns of repetition, discovery, and characterization, they demand analysis by various bioinformatics software. Probably, as a result of the need for a complex analysis, many genomes publicly available do not have these elements annotated yet. In this study, a de novo and homology-based identification of TEs and microsatellites was performed using genomic data from 3 palm species: Elaeis oleifera (American oil palm, v.1, Embrapa, unpublished; v.8, Malaysian Palm Oil Board [MPOB], public), Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm, v.5, MPOB, public), and Phoenix dactylifera (date palm). The estimated total coverage of TEs was 50.96% (523 572 kb) and 42.31% (593 463 kb), 39.41% (605 015 kb), and 33.67% (187 361 kb), respectively. A total of 155 726 microsatellite loci were identified in the genomes of oil and date palms. This is the first detailed description of repeats in the genomes of oil and date palms. A relatively high diversity and abundance of TEs were found in the genomes, opening a range of further opportunities for applied research in these genera. The development of molecular markers (mainly simple sequence repeat), which may be immediately applied in breeding programs of those species to support the selection of superior genotypes and to enhance knowledge of the genetic structure of the breeding and natural populations, is the most notable opportunity.

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