scholarly journals Role of Neuroendocrine, Immune, and Autonomic Nervous System in Anorexia Nervosa-Linked Cardiovascular Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7302
Author(s):  
Nikola Sekaninova ◽  
Lucia Bona Olexova ◽  
Zuzana Visnovcova ◽  
Igor Ondrejka ◽  
Ingrid Tonhajzerova
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Cardiac Vagal Control ◽  
Vascular Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Autonomic Regulation

Anorexia nervosa represents a severe mental disorder associated with food avoidance and malnutrition. In patients suffering from anorexia nervosa, cardiovascular complications are the main reason leading to morbidity and mortality. However, the origin and pathological mechanisms leading to higher cardiovascular risk in anorexia nervosa are still unclear. In this aspect, the issue of exact pathological mechanisms as well as sensitive biomarkers for detection of anorexia nervosa-linked cardiovascular risk are discussed. Therefore, this review synthesised recent evidence of dysfunction in multiple neuroendocrine axes and alterations in the immune system that may represent anorexia nervosa-linked pathological mechanisms contributing to complex cardiovascular dysregulation. Further, this review is focused on identification of non-invasive biomarkers for the assessment of increased cardiovascular risk in anorexia nervosa that can be linked to a clinical application. Complex non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular autonomic regulation—cardiac vagal control (heart rate variability), sympathetic vascular activity (blood pressure variability), and cardiovascular reflex control (baroreflex sensitivity)—could represent a promising tool for early diagnosis, personalized therapy, and monitoring of therapeutic interventions in anorexia nervosa particularly at a vulnerable adolescent age.

scholarly journals Cerebellar contribution to emotional body language perception: a TMS study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Ferrari ◽  
Andrea Ciricugno ◽  
Cosimo Urgesi ◽  
Zaira Cattaneo
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Body Postures ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Emotional Face Processing ◽  
Affective Deficits ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Emotional Face ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Consistent evidence suggests that the cerebellum contributes to the processing of emotional facial expressions. However, it is not yet known whether the cerebellum is recruited when emotions are expressed by body postures or movements, or whether it is recruited differently for positive and negative emotions. In this study, we asked healthy participants to discriminate between body postures (with masked face) expressing emotions of opposite valence (happiness vs anger, Experiment 1), or of the same valence (negative: anger vs sadness; positive: happiness vs surprise, Experiment 2). While performing the task, participants received online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over a region of the posterior left cerebellum and over two control sites (early visual cortex and vertex). We found that TMS over the cerebellum affected participants’ ability to discriminate emotional body postures, but only when one of the emotions was negatively valenced (i.e. anger). These findings suggest that the cerebellar region we stimulated is involved in processing the emotional content conveyed by body postures and gestures. Our findings complement prior evidence on the role of the cerebellum in emotional face processing and have important implications from a clinical perspective, where non-invasive cerebellar stimulation is a promising tool for the treatment of motor, cognitive and affective deficits.

scholarly journals Electro-acupuncture Alleviates METH Withdrawal-induced Spatial Memory Deficits by Restoring Astrocyte-drived Glutamate Uptake in dCA1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengbo Shi ◽  
Zhaosu Li ◽  
Xing Xu ◽  
Jiaxun Nie ◽  
Dekang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Glutamate Uptake ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTMethamphetamine (METH) is frequently abused drug and produces cognitive deficits. METH could induce hyper-glutamatergic state in the brain, which could partially explain METH-related cognitive deficits, but the synaptic etiology remains incompletely understood. To address this issue, we explored the role of dCA1 tripartite synapses and the potential therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) in the development of METH withdrawal-induced spatial memory deficits in mice. We found that METH withdrawal weakened astrocytic capacity of glutamate (Glu) uptake, but failed to change Glu release from dCA3, which lead to hyper-glutamatergic excitotoxicity at dCA1 tripartite synapses. By restoring the astrocytic capacity of Glu uptake, EA treatments suppressed the hyper-glutamatergic state and normalized the excitability of postsynaptic neuron in dCA1, finally alleviated spatial memory deficits in METH withdrawal mice. These findings indicate that astrocyte at tripartite synapses might be a key target for developing therapeutic interventions against METH-associated cognitive disorders, and EA represent a promising non-invasive therapeutic strategy for the management of drugs-caused neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals Role of Adipokines in Atherosclerosis: Interferences with Cardiovascular Complications in Rheumatic Diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morena Scotece ◽  
Javier Conde ◽  
Rodolfo Gómez ◽  
Verónica López ◽  
Jesús Pino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pathologic Alteration ◽  
Holistic Vision

Patients with rheumatic diseases have an increased risk of mortality by cardiovascular events. In fact, several rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ankylosing spondylitis are associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Although traditional cardiovascular risk factors have been involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in rheumatic patients, these alterations do not completely explain the enhanced cardiovascular risk in this population. Obesity and its pathologic alteration of fat mass and dysfunction, due to an altered pattern of secretion of proinflammatory adipokines, could be one of the links between cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases. Indeed, the incidence of CVDs is augmented in obese individuals with rheumatic disorders. Thus, in this paper we explore in detail the relationships among adipokines, rheumatic diseases, and cardiovascular complications by giving to the reader a holistic vision and several suggestions for future perspectives and potential clinical implications.

scholarly journals The COSEVAST Study: Unravelling the role of Arterial Stiffness in COVID-19 Disease severity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
Neeraj Kumar ◽  
Abhyuday Kumar ◽  
Divendu Bhushan ◽  
Amarjeet Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Independent Marker ◽  
Invasive Measurement

AbstractBackgroundBased on the detailed review of available research and case studies reported in reputed international journals, it can be concluded that endothelial damage (En-dotheliitis) both in small and large arteries may be an important factor of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Arterial stiffness due to Endothelial Dysfunction has been established as an independent and specific marker of various chronic cardiovascular diseases.ObjectiveOur objective was to examine functional impairment of the arteries in COVID-19 disease and establish the non-invasive measurement of Arterial Stiffness as an independent marker of disease severity.MethodsWe recorded the Arterial Stiffness of 23 Mild, 21 Moderate and 20 Severe COVID-19 patients grouped on latest NIH severity criteria. We observed Arterial Stiffness of COVID-19 patients with standard parameters like non-invasive Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave velocity (cfPWV), Age-Normalized increase in cfPWV (ANI_cfPWV).ResultsModerate and Severe COVID-19 patients have extremely elevated arterial stiffness than Mild patients. In Mild patients, cfPWV (829.1 ± 139.2 cm/s) was extremely significantly lower than both Moderate (1067 ± 152.5 cm/s, P< 0.0001) and Severe (1416 ± 253.9 cm/s, P < 0.0001) patients. ANI_cfPWV in Moderate and Severe patients was significantly higher than Mild patients. (Mild: 101.2 ± 126.1 cm/s; Moderate: 279 ± 114.4 cm/s; Severe: 580.1 ± 216.4 cm/s; intergroup P <0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings strongly suggest that arterial stiffness can be an independent and accurate marker for objective risk stratification and therapeutic alleviation of the acute cardiovascular complications like MODS in COVID-19.

Circulating bile acid profiles: a need for further examination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Qi ◽  
Yu Tian ◽  
Yongsheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Bile Acid Profiles

Abstract Context Bile acids (BAs) are increasingly recognized as metabolic and chronobiologic integrators that synchronize the systemic metabolic response to nutrient availability. Alterations in the concentration and/or composition of circulating BAs are associated with a number of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This review summarizes recent evidence that links abnormal circulating BA profiles to multiple metabolic disorders, and discusses the possible mechanisms underlying the connections to determine the role of BA profiling as a novel biomarker for these abnormalities. Evidence Acquisition The review is based on a collection of primary and review literature gathered from a PubMed search of BAs, T2DM, IR, and MAFLD, among other keywords. Evidence Synthesis Obese and IR subjects appear to have elevated fasting circulating BAs but lower postprandial increase when compared with controls. The possible underlying mechanisms are the disruption in the synchronization between the feeding/fasting cycle and the properties of BA-regulated metabolic pathways. Whether BA alterations are associated per se with MAFLD remains inconclusive. However, increased fasting circulating BAs level was associated with higher risk of advanced fibrosis stage. Thus, for patients with MAFLD, dynamically monitoring the circulating BA profiles may be a promising tool for the stratification of MAFLD. Conclusions Alterations in the concentration, composition, and rhythm of circulating BAs are associated with adverse events in systemic metabolism. Subsequent investigations regarding these aspects of circulating BA kinetics may help predict future metabolic disorders and guide therapeutic interventions.

Advances in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a review of established and emerging interventions

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1228-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Brockmeyer ◽  
H.-C. Friederich ◽  
U. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cognitive Remediation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Pilot Trials ◽  
Emerging Treatments ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Randomised Controlled

AbstractBackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a disabling, deadly and costly mental disorder. Until recently, treatment recommendations were based on expert opinion and limited evidence. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesise recent evidence on established and emerging AN treatments and to forecast trends for future developments.MethodsWe systematically review trials of established treatments and associated process outcome studies from the last 5 years, published since a previous review in this journal. ‘Established’ treatments were those that are widely used in AN, recommended by guidelines and/or have been tested in at least one large randomised controlled trial. Secondly, we summarise emerging treatments for AN, i.e. those that have only been (or are currently being) tested in proof-of concept, feasibility or pilot trials.ResultsWe identified 19 published trials of established treatments (15 of high or moderate quality), mostly assessing psychological therapies (n = 17). We also found 11 published trials of emerging treatments, and a total of 34 registered, as yet unpublished trials. Promising emerging treatments include cognitive remediation therapy, exposure therapy and non-invasive neuromodulation.ConclusionsEvidence generation on the treatment of AN has dramatically accelerated, with our understanding of the role of family-based approaches for adolescents more nuanced and a range of psychological approaches available for the treatment of adults. Evidence on emerging treatments and from forthcoming trials suggests that there is a shift towards more targeted brain-based interventions. Future studies need to focus on elucidating mechanisms of action of treatments and what works best for whom.

scholarly journals TARGET DOSES OR TARGET PARAMETERS: WHAT IS PIVOTAL FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK DECREASE?

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
S. R. Gilyarevskiy ◽  
I. M. Kuzmina ◽  
M. V. Golshmid ◽  
I. I. Sinitsina ◽  
G. U. Zakharova
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Beta Blockers ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Target Drug ◽  
Drug Doses

The article reviews the up-to-date approaches to the secondary prevention of cardiovascular complications, and the clinical situations when the target drug doses or target parameter levels are important to achieve an effect. We discuss the role of available evidence in titrating doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins and beta-blockers.

scholarly journals Abilitation of Infants with Combined Perinatal Pathology: Capabilities of Approaches and Methods Personalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Аlexander A. Baranov ◽  
Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova ◽  
Irina A. Belyaeva ◽  
Еlena V. Аntonova ◽  
Еlena A. Vishneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vital Signs ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Cascade Reactions ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Perinatal Pathology ◽  
The Family ◽  
Team Activity ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Perinatal pathologies and foremost perinatal central nervous system injury are attended with delayed neurosomatic disorders frequently leading to disability. The success of realisation of individual compensation potential of every child depends on dynamics analysis of patient's condition on every survey stage, personalized choice of necessary and sufficient methods of polysystemic diseases correction. The contemporary view on ethiology and pathogenesis of main perinatal pathologies are presented in this review, main mechanisms of its development are also revealed. Recent non-invasive diagnostic technique allow to perform correction of vital signs and prevent cascade reactions of neuronal apoptosis. The sanogenetic importance of some therapeutic interventions (therapeutic hypothermia, erythropoietin, caffeine) is established in early neonatal period. The role of implementation of external factors causing epigenetic effects is clear: optimal nutrition, correction of intestinal microbiota, sensory and motional stimulation. The abilitation success depends largely on successive team activity of specialists and their collaboration with the family. Methods of multifactorial statistical analysis allow not only to prognosticate the outcomes of perinatal affection, but also to create effective mathematical models for personalized choice of facilitation measures.

What is the role of non-invasive measurements of atherosclerosis in individual cardiovascular risk prediction?

2007 ◽  
Vol 112 (10) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewoud ter Avest ◽  
Anton F. H. Stalenhoef ◽  
Jacqueline de Graaf
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction

Primary prevention of CVD (cardiovascular disease) is mainly based on the assessment of individual cardiovascular risk factors. However, often, only the most important (conventional) cardiovascular risk factors are determined, and every level of risk factor exposure is associated with a substantial variation in the amount of atherosclerosis. Measuring the effect of risk factor exposure over time directly in the vessel might (partially) overcome these shortcomings. Several non-invasive imaging techniques have the potential to accomplish this, each of these techniques focusing on a different stage of the atherosclerotic process. In this review, we aim to define the current role of various of these non-invasive measurements of atherosclerosis in individual cardiovascular risk prediction, taking into account the most recent insights about validity and reproducibility of these techniques and the results of recent prospective outcome trials. We conclude that, although the clinical application of FMD (flow-mediated dilation) and PWA (pulse wave analysis) in individual cardiovascular risk prediction seems far away, there may be a role for PWV (pulse wave velocity) and IMT (intima-media thickness) measurements in the near future.

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