scholarly journals Diet, Microbiota and Brain Health: Unraveling the Network Intersecting Metabolism and Neurodegeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Gentile ◽  
Pietro Emiliano Doneddu ◽  
Nilo Riva ◽  
Eduardo Nobile-Orazio ◽  
Angelo Quattrini
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Neurologic Disability ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Increasing evidence gives support for the idea that extra-neuronal factors may affect brain physiology and its predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological and experimental studies show that nutrition and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases after midlife, while the relationship with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is uncertain, but suggests a protective effect of features of metabolic syndrome. The microbiota has recently emerged as a novel factor engaging strong interactions with neurons and glia, deeply affecting their function and behavior in these diseases. In particular, recent evidence suggested that gut microbes are involved in the seeding of prion-like proteins and their spreading to the central nervous system. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the impact of metabolism, diet and microbiota in neurodegeneration, by affecting simultaneously several aspects of health regarding energy metabolism, immune system and neuronal function. Advancing technologies may allow researchers in the future to improve investigations in these fields, allowing the buildup of population-based preventive interventions and development of targeted therapeutics to halt progressive neurologic disability.

scholarly journals Impact of type 2 diabetes and microvascular complications on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in a multiethnic Asian population

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e001413
Author(s):  
Jonathan Yap ◽  
Kamalesh Anbalakan ◽  
Wan Ting Tay ◽  
Daniel Ting ◽  
Carol Yim Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cardiovascular Outcomes ◽  
Microvascular Complication ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hba1c Levels

IntroductionDiabetes mellitus is a growing public health epidemic in Asia. We examined the impact of type 2 diabetes, glycemic control and microvascular complications on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in a multiethnic population-based cohort of Asians without prior cardiovascular disease.Research design and methodsThis was a prospective population-based cohort study in Singapore comprising participants from the three major Asian ethnic groups: Chinese, Malays and Indians, with baseline examination in 2004–2011. Participants with type 1 diabetes and those with cardiovascular disease at baseline were excluded. Type 2 diabetes, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and presence of microvascular complications (diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy) were defined at baseline. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), defined as a composite of cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and revascularization, collected using a national registry.ResultsA total of 8541 subjects were included, of which 1890 had type 2 diabetes at baseline. Subjects were followed for a median of 6.4 (IQR 4.8–8.8) years. Diabetes was a significant predictor of mortality (adjusted HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.08, p<0.001) and MACE (adjusted HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.93, p<0.001). In those with diabetes, higher HbA1c levels were associated with increased MACE rates (adjusted HR (per 1% increase) 1.18, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.26, p<0.001) but not mortality (p=0.115). Subjects with two microvascular complications had significantly higher mortality and MACE compared with those with only either microvascular complication (adjusted p<0.05) and no microvascular complication (adjusted p<0.05).ConclusionDiabetes is a significant predictor of mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in Asian patients without prior cardiovascular disease. Among patients with type 2 diabetes, poorer glycemic control was associated with increased MACE but not mortality rates. Greater burden of microvascular complications identified a subset of patients with poorer outcomes.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota and Gut–Brain Interplay in Selected Diseases of the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 10028
Author(s):  
Julia Doroszkiewicz ◽  
Magdalena Groblewska ◽  
Barbara Mroczko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The gut microbiome has attracted increasing attention from researchers in recent years. The microbiota can have a specific and complex cross-talk with the host, particularly with the central nervous system (CNS), creating the so-called “gut–brain axis”. Communication between the gut, intestinal microbiota, and the brain involves the secretion of various metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), structural components of bacteria, and signaling molecules. Moreover, an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition modulates the immune system and function of tissue barriers such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to describe how the gut–brain interplay may contribute to the development of various neurological disorders, combining the fields of gastroenterology and neuroscience. We present recent findings concerning the effect of the altered microbiota on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as multiple sclerosis. Moreover, the impact of the pathological shift in the microbiome on selected neuropsychological disorders, i.e., major depressive disorders (MDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is also discussed. Future research on the effect of balanced gut microbiota composition on the gut–brain axis would help to identify new potential opportunities for therapeutic interventions in the presented diseases.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF BROADBAND ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSES ON THE COGNITIVE REACTIONS OF WHITE MICE

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 664-666
Author(s):  
Andrey S. Afanasev ◽  
E. V. Zibarev ◽  
T. V. Kalyada
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulses ◽  
Cognitive Reactions ◽  
Anechoic Chambers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Broadband Pulse ◽  
Pulsed Electromagnetic ◽  
The Impact

There were executed studies to assess the impact of broadband pulsed electromagnetic radiation on the central nervous system of white mice in test “open field”, “T-maze”, “Forced swimming”. The results of the study proved the influence of pulsed electromagnetic radiation on cognitive function. Experimental studies were performed in a shielded equipped semi-anechoic chambers with the remote control of the work of the simulator of broadband pulse EMT. At the end of the performed studies it was revealed that when exposed to broadband pulsed electromagnetic radiation into three groups of animals (exposure of 15, 30, 60 minutes) only in the group with exposure for 15 minutes there were no detected changes in behavioral responses. In the other two groups there were shown statistically significant changes in indices of the horizontal and vertical locomotor activity. The results confirm the possibility of separation between the processes of inhibition and excitation under the influence of EMF of low intensity (non-thermal) on biological objects.

scholarly journals The impact of bariatric surgery on incident microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: A matched controlled population-based retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpa Singh ◽  
Nicola Adderley ◽  
Anuradhaa Subramanian ◽  
Krishna Gokhale ◽  
Rishi Singhal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Type2 Diabetes ◽  
Foot Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Surgical Group

Aim: To assess the impact of bariatric surgery (BS) on incident microvascular complications [diabetes-related foot disease (DFD), sight threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR), chronic kidney disease (CKD)] in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. <p>Methods: <a>A retrospective matched, controlled population-based cohort study of adults with type 2 diabetes between 1/1/1990 and 31/1/2018 using </a><a>IQVIA Medical Research Data (IMRD), </a>a database of primary care electronic records. <a>Each patient with type2 diabetes who subsequently had BS (surgical) was matched on index date with up to 2 patients with type 2 diabetes did not have BS (non-surgical) within the same general practice by age, sex, pre-index body mass index and diabetes duration</a>.</p> <p>Results: 1126 surgical and 2219 non-surgical participants were included. In the study population, 2261 (68%) were women; Mean (SD) age was 49.87 (9.3) vs 50.12 (9.3) years and BMI was 46.76 (7.96) kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs 46.14 (7.49) kg/m<sup>2</sup> in surgical vs non-surgical group respectively. In surgical group, 22.1%, 22.7%, 52.2% and 1.1% patients had gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass & duodenal switch respectively.</p> <p>Over median (IQR) follow-up was 3.9 years (1.8-6.4), BS was associated with reduction in incident combined microvascular complications (adjusted HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.78, p<0.001), DFD (0.61, 0.50 to 0.75, p<0.001), STDR (0.66, 0.44 to 1.00, p<0.001), CKD (0.63, 0.51 to 0.78, p<0.001). Analysis based on the type of surgery showed that all types of surgery were associated with favourable impact on the incident of composite microvascular complications, greatest reduction RYGB.</p> <p>Conclusions: BS was associated with a significant reduction in incident diabetes-related microvascular complications. </p>

The Impact of Temperament in a School Setting: An Epidemiological Study

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Boudreault ◽  
Jacques Thivierge
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Child Temperament ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

The authors present the results of an epidemiological study on a large non-clinical population-based sample of French speaking seven year-old children (N = 596) whose aim was to verify if a relation exists between temperament and outward-type or inward-type behavior problems in school. The Thomas and Chess’ Parent Temperament Questionnaire, filled out twice by the parents over a four-week interval, was used to determine temperament. The Conners Teacher Questionnaire, filled out twice by the teachers over a four-week interval, was used to determine behavior problems in school. Five points emerge from this study. First, “difficult” temperament ‘per se’ is not associated either with outward-type or inward-type behavior problems in school. Second, a temperamental pattern of high activity and high approach with new stimuli predisposes boys to present outward-type behavior problems in school. Third, the temperamental traits of low adaptability or withdrawal with new stimuli predisposes girls to inward-type behavior problems in school. Fourth, the study demonstrates the importance of verifying if the associations between temperament and behavior problems are stable since, in the comparisons between results of the test with those of the retest, several of the associations found in one occasion failed to be replicated at the other. Fifth, the different influences of temperament according to sex emphasize the need to study boys and girls separately. Future studies should take into account interactions between parents/teachers and child temperament since these sex-related different influences of temperament could be related to the sex-related different attitudes of caretakers.

The impact of inflammation-mediated stress reactivity in type 2 diabetes patients. Findings from the population-based KORA age study

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S1-S84
Author(s):  
H Johar ◽  
M Bidlingmeier ◽  
W Koenig ◽  
B Thorand ◽  
J Kruse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diabetes Patients

scholarly journals The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrina Rutsch ◽  
Johan B. Kantsjö ◽  
Francesca Ronchi
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is a condition associated not only with gastrointestinal disorders but also with diseases affecting other distal organs. Recently it became evident that the intestinal bacteria can affect the central nervous system (CNS) physiology and inflammation. The nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract are communicating through a bidirectional network of signaling pathways called the gut-brain axis, which consists of multiple connections, including the vagus nerve, the immune system, and bacterial metabolites and products. During dysbiosis, these pathways are dysregulated and associated with altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation. However, numerous mechanisms behind the impact of the gut microbiota in neuro-development and -pathogenesis remain poorly understood. There are several immune pathways involved in CNS homeostasis and inflammation. Among those, the inflammasome pathway has been linked to neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, but also anxiety and depressive-like disorders. The inflammasome complex assembles upon cell activation due to exposure to microbes, danger signals, or stress and lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and interleukin-18) and to pyroptosis. Evidences suggest that there is a reciprocal influence of microbiota and inflammasome activation in the brain. However, how this influence is precisely working is yet to be discovered. Herein, we discuss the status of the knowledge and the open questions in the field focusing on the function of intestinal microbial metabolites or products on CNS cells during healthy and inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and also neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, we focus on the innate inflammasome pathway as immune mechanism that can be involved in several of these conditions, upon exposure to certain microbes.

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