Function of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers: Determination of Methemoglobin Content by Spectral Extinction Measurements

Suspensions of hemoglobin microparticles (HbMPs) are promising tools as oxygen therapeutics. For the approval of clinical studies extensive characterization of these HbMPs with a size of about 750 nm is required regarding physical properties, function, pharmaco-kinetics and toxicology. The standard absorbance measurements in blood gas analyzers require dissolution of red blood cells which does not work for HbMP. Therefore, we have developed a robust and rapid optical method for the quality and functionality control of HbMPs. It allows simultaneous determination of the portion of the two states of hemoglobin oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) as well as the content of methemoglobin (metHb). Based on the measurement of collimated transmission spectra between 300 nm and 800 nm, the average extinction cross section of HbMPs is derived. A numerical method is applied to determine the composition of the HbMPs based on their wavelength-dependent refractive index (RI), which is a superposition of the three different states of Hb. Thus, light-scattering properties, including extinction cross sections can be simulated for different compositions and sizes. By comparison to measured spectra, the relative concentrations of oxyHb, deoxyHb, metHb are accessible. For validation of the optically determined composition of the HbMPs, we used X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the ratio of Fe(II) (oxyHb/deoxyHb) and Fe(III) (metHb). High accuracy density measurements served to access heme-free proteins, size was determined by dynamic light scattering and analytical centrifugation and the shape of the HbMPs was visualized by electron and atomic force microscopy.

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Characterization of Surface Nanostructures on“Thin” Polyolephine Foils

Journal of Nano Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.27.31 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 31-39

Author(s):

Alena Řezníčková ◽

Zdeňka Kolská ◽

Petr Sajdl ◽

Václav Švorčík

Keyword(s):

Contact Angle ◽

Surface Properties ◽

Surface Polarity ◽

X Ray ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Complex Information ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Surface Nanostructures

Surface properties of nanostructures on 7 polyolephine foils were characterized using different analytical methods to discuss an effect of halogen presence in polymer chain to surface properties. Both sides of these foils were examined and compared. Surface roughness and morphology were determined by atomic force microscopy, contact angle by goniometry, surface polarity by electrokinetic analysis. X-ray photoelectron and ultraviolet visible spectroscopies were used for determination of surface chemistry. Combination of different analyses gives complex information about surface properties of the foils, which may be of importance for any future experiments, as well as for their application e.g. in tissue engineering and electronics.

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An x-ray photoelectron spectra and atomic force microscopy characterization of silica substrates engineered with a covalently assembled siloxane monolayer

Nanotechnology ◽

10.1088/0957-4484/16/10/033 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. 2170-2175 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Antonino Gulino ◽

Guglielmo G Condorelli ◽

Placido Mineo ◽

Ignazio Fragalà

Keyword(s):

Atomic Force Microscopy ◽

Photoelectron Spectra ◽

X Ray ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Microscopy Characterization ◽

Atomic Force Microscopy Characterization ◽

Silica Substrates

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Synthesis of Metarhizium anisopliae–Chitosan Nanoparticles and Their Pathogenicity against Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms10010001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Jianhui Wu ◽

Cailian Du ◽

Jieming Zhang ◽

Bo Yang ◽

Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plutella Xylostella ◽

Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

X Ray ◽

Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Afm Analysis

Nanotechnology is increasingly being used in areas of pesticide production and pest management. This study reports the isolation and virulence of a new Metarhizium anisopliae isolate SM036, along with the synthesis and characterization of M. anisopliae–chitosan nanoparticles followed by studies on the efficacy of nanoparticles against Plutella xylostella. The newly identified strain proved pathogenic to P. xylostella under laboratory conditions. The characterization of M. anisopliae–chitosan nanoparticles through different analytical techniques showed the successful synthesis of nanoparticles. SEM and HRTEM images confirmed the synthesis of spherical-shaped nanoparticles; X-ray diffractogram showed strong peaks between 2θ values of 16–30°; and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed a particle size of 75.83 nm for M. anisopliae–chitosan nanoparticles, respectively. The bioassay studies demonstrated that different concentrations of M. anisopliae–chitosan nanoparticles were highly effective against second instar P. xylostella under laboratory and semi-field conditions. These findings suggest that M. anisopliae–chitosan nanoparticles can potentially be used in biorational P. xylostella management programs.

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Detection Limits of DLS and UV-Vis Spectroscopy in Characterization of Polydisperse Nanoparticles Colloids

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2013/313081 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 155

Author(s):

Emilia Tomaszewska ◽

Katarzyna Soliwoda ◽

Kinga Kadziola ◽

Beata Tkacz-Szczesna ◽

Grzegorz Celichowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Light Scattering ◽

Dynamic Light Scattering ◽

Point Of View ◽

Spectroscopy Analysis ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Vis Spectroscopy ◽

The One

Dynamic light scattering is a method that depends on the interaction of light with particles. This method can be used for measurements of narrow particle size distributions especially in the range of 2–500 nm. Sample polydispersity can distort the results, and we could not see the real populations of particles because big particles presented in the sample can screen smaller ones. Although the theory and mathematical basics of DLS technique are already well known, little has been done to determine its limits experimentally. The size and size distribution of artificially prepared polydisperse silver nanoparticles (NPs) colloids were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Polydisperse colloids were prepared based on the mixture of chemically synthesized monodisperse colloids well characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DLS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Analysis of the DLS results obtained for polydisperse colloids reveals that several percent of the volume content of bigger NPs could screen completely the presence of smaller ones. The presented results could be extremely important from nanoparticles metrology point of view and should help to understand experimental data especially for the one who works with DLS and/or UV-Vis only.

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Growth and Characterization of bulk GaN by Ga Vapor Transport

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-831-e11.33 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 831 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Phanikumar Konkapaka ◽

Huaqiang Wu ◽

Yuri Makarov ◽

Michael G. Spencer

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Vapor Transport ◽

Spiral Growth ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Bulk Gan ◽

Diffraction Patterns

ABSTRACTBulk GaN crystals of dimensions 8.5 mm × 8.5 mm were grown at growth rates greater than 200μm/hr using Gallium Vapor Transport technique. GaN powder and Ammonia were used as the precursors for growing bulk GaN. Nitrogen is used as the carrier gas to transport the Ga vapor that was obtained from the decomposition of GaN powder. During the process, the source GaN powder was kept at 1155°C and the seed at 1180°C. Using this process, it was possible to achieve growth rates of above 200 microns/hr. The GaN layers thus obtained were characterized using X-Ray diffraction [XRD], scanning electron microscopy [SEM], and atomic force microscopy [AFM]. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the grown GaN layers are single crystals oriented along c direction. AFM studies indicated that the dominant growth mode was dislocation mediated spiral growth. Electrical and Optical characterization were also performed on these samples. Hall mobility measurements indicated a mobility of 550 cm2/V.s and a carrier concentration of 6.67 × 1018/cm3

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Microstructural Characterization of Polyanhydride Blends for Controlled Drug Delivery

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-662-nn4.2 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 662 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elizabeth E. Shen ◽

Hsin-Lung Chen ◽

Balaji Narasimhan

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Microstructural Characterization ◽

Peak Shift ◽

Crystalline Morphology ◽

X Ray ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Drug Delivery Devices

AbstractThis research examines the microstructure of polyanhydride blends for use in drug delivery devices. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies were performed on the homopolymers and blends of the polyanhydrides poly(1,6-carboxyphenoxy hexane) (CPH) and poly(sebacic anhydride) (SA). AFM of the CPH/SA blends 20:80, 50:50, and 80:20 showed distinct patterns indicating spinodal decomposition and phase separation on the micron-scale. Because it has been shown that incorporated drugs will thermodynamically partition into phase-separated domains depending on their hydrophobicity, polyanhydride blends will be able to encapsulate larger bioactive compounds including nucleotides, proteins, and vaccines. Preliminary SAXS studies of the CPH/SA blend systems provide information on the crystalline morphology of the polymer. A peak shift to a lower q from poly(SA) to the blends indicates that the poly(CPH) is incorporated into and causes swelling of the interlamellar amorphous regions of poly(SA).

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Simultaneous Determination of E, G and ν of Soft Hydrogels Using Theory of Elasticity

ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/sbc2009-204684 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Uday Chippada ◽

Xue Jiang ◽

Lulu Li ◽

Rene Schloss ◽

Bernard Yurke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Poisson’S Ratio ◽

Theory Of Elasticity ◽

Complete Characterization ◽

Poisson's Ratio ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Significant Research

Hydrogels have been used as substrates by many researchers in the study of cellular processes. The mechanical properties of these gels play a significant role in the growth of the cells. Significant research using several methods like compression, indentation, atomic force microscopy and manipulation of beads has been performed in the past to characterize the stiffness of these substrates. However, most of the methods employed assume the gel to be incompressible, with a Poisson’s ratio of 0.5. However, Poisson’s ratio can differ from 0.5. Hence, a more complete characterization of the elastic properties of hydrogels requires that one experimentally obtain the value of at least two of the three quantities: Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, and elastic modulus.

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Characterization of Multiple Functional Solid Line of Graphite Ink Surface Printed by Micro-Flexographic

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.1379 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 752-753 ◽

pp. 1379-1383

Author(s):

M.I. Maksud ◽

Mohd Sallehuddin Yusof ◽

Zaidi Embong

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Printing Plate ◽

X Ray ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Flexographic Printing ◽

Scanning Electron

The purpose of this paper is to study a ink surface morphology, quantify the chemical composition involved in processing of graphite ink printed by flexographic printing. The methodology is to use surface sensitive technique, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). As a finding we successfully achieved 25 micron lines array using PDMS printing plate. The Originality and value of this work is surface sensitive techniques like XPS, AFM and FESEM were exclusively used in order to characterize graphite inks printed by flexographic method, using PDMS printing plate.

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