scholarly journals Radiation on Earth or in Space: What Does It Change?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3739
Author(s):  
Juliette Restier-Verlet ◽  
Laura El-Nachef ◽  
Mélanie L. Ferlazzo ◽  
Joëlle Al-Choboq ◽  
Adeline Granzotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Fast Neutrons ◽  
Societal Challenge ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Spacecraft Shielding

After having been an instrument of the Cold War, space exploration has become a major technological, scientific and societal challenge for a number of countries. With new projects to return to the Moon and go to Mars, radiobiologists have been called upon to better assess the risks linked to exposure to radiation emitted from space (IRS), one of the major hazards for astronauts. To this aim, a major task is to identify the specificities of the different sources of IRS that concern astronauts. By considering the probabilities of the impact of IRS against spacecraft shielding, three conclusions can be drawn: (1) The impacts of heavy ions are rare and their contribution to radiation dose may be low during low Earth orbit; (2) secondary particles, including neutrons emitted at low energy from the spacecraft shielding, may be common in deep space and may preferentially target surface tissues such as the eyes and skin; (3) a “bath of radiation” composed of residual rays and fast neutrons inside the spacecraft may present a concern for deep tissues such as bones and the cardiovascular system. Hence, skin melanoma, cataracts, loss of bone mass, and aging of the cardiovascular system are possible, dependent on the dose, dose-rate, and individual factors. This suggests that both radiosusceptibility and radiodegeneration may be concerns related to space exploration. In addition, in the particular case of extreme solar events, radiosensitivity reactions—such as those observed in acute radiation syndrome—may occur and affect blood composition, gastrointestinal and neurologic systems. This review summarizes the specificities of space radiobiology and opens the debate as regards refinements of current radiation protection concepts that will be useful for the better estimation of risks.

scholarly journals Microgravity × Radiation: A Space Mechanobiology Approach Toward Cardiovascular Function and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carin Basirun ◽  
Melanie L. Ferlazzo ◽  
Nicholas R. Howell ◽  
Guo-Jun Liu ◽  
Ryan J. Middleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Near Future

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in space exploration, supported by the accelerated technological advancements in the field. This has led to a new potential environment that humans could be exposed to in the very near future, and therefore an increasing request to evaluate the impact this may have on our body, including health risks associated with this endeavor. A critical component in regulating the human pathophysiology is represented by the cardiovascular system, which may be heavily affected in these extreme environments of microgravity and radiation. This mini review aims to identify the impact of microgravity and radiation on the cardiovascular system. Being able to understand the effect that comes with deep space explorations, including that of microgravity and space radiation, may also allow us to get a deeper understanding of the heart and ultimately our own basic physiological processes. This information may unlock new factors to consider with space exploration whilst simultaneously increasing our knowledge of the cardiovascular system and potentially associated diseases.

Role of chromium (III) in the nutrition of pigs and cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
R. Iskra ◽  
V. Vlizlo ◽  
R. Fedoruk
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Cultural Medium ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Chromium Compounds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

The results of our studies and the data of modern literature regarding the biological role of Cr(III) compounds in conditions of their application in the nutrition for pigs and cattle are discussed. The metabolic impact of Cr(III), coming from different sources – mineral and organic compounds, obtained by chemical synthesis or a nanotechnological method (chromium citrate), as well as in the form of biocomplexes from the cultural medium of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts was analyzed. The metabolic connection between the impact of Cr(III) and the biosynthesis of some hormones – insulin, cortisol – as well as the sensitivity of some tissues and organs to the effect of chromium compounds was studied. A considerable part of the review material was dedicated to the metabolic effect of Cr(III) compounds on the reproductive function of pigs and cattle and their impact on the viability of the offspring and gametes of animals. The data about the stimulating effect of Cr(III) on the growth and development of the organism of piglets and calves, meat and milk performance of these species of animals are discussed. The relevance of dosing Cr(III) in the nutrition of pigs and cattle is highlighted.

IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS ROLE IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-783
Author(s):  
Victor A. Ognev ◽  
Anna A. Podpriadova ◽  
Anna V. Lisova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
High Level ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
The Impact

Introduction:The high level of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease is largely due toinsufficient influence on the main risk factors that contribute to the development of myocardial infarction.Therefore, a detailed study and assessment of risk factors is among the most important problems of medical and social importance. The aim: To study and evaluate the impact of biological, social and hygienic, social and economic, psychological, natural and climatic risk factors on the development of myocardial infarction. Materials and methods: A sociological survey was conducted in 500 people aged 34 to 85. They were divided into two groups. The main group consisted of 310 patients with myocardial infarction. The control group consisted of 190 practically healthy people, identical by age, gender and other parameters, without diseases of the cardiovascular system. Results: It was defined that 30 factors have a significant impact on the development of myocardial infarction.Data analysis revealed that the leading risk factors for myocardial infarction were biological and socio-hygienic. The main biological factors were: hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The man socio-hygienic factor was smoking. Conclusions: Identification of risk factors provides new opportunities for the development of more effective approaches for the prevention and treatment of myocardial infarction.

The Roots of Global Health Inequity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joia S. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

This chapter outlines the historical roots of health inequities. It focuses on the African continent, where life expectancy is the shortest and health systems are weakest. The chapter describes the impoverishment of countries by colonial powers, the development of the global human rights framework in the post-World War II era, the impact of the Cold War on African liberation struggles, and the challenges faced by newly liberated African governments to deliver health care through the public sector. The influence of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund’s neoliberal economic policies is also discussed. The chapter highlights the shift from the aspiration of “health for all” voiced at the Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, to the more narrowly defined “selective primary health care.” Finally, the chapter explains the challenges inherent in financing health in impoverished countries and how user fees became standard practice.

A New Narrative?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Nowakowska
Keyword(s):  
Master Narratives ◽  
European Context ◽  
Early Signs ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

Our three existing master narratives of the early Reformation in Poland are all over a century old and mutually contradictory, drawing on different sources to serve differing confessional and national/ist agendas. This chapter offers a fresh narrative of the impact of Lutheranism on the Polish composite monarchy to c.1540, synthesizing these older accounts and updating them with new research findings. This is a narrative in three parts: early signs (1517–24), the great Reformation year (1525), and aftershocks (1526–40). The chapter discusses the challenges of measuring ‘Lutheran’ sentiment, sets these Polish-Prussian events clearly in their comparative European context, and considers what implications they might have for that bigger, familiar tale. It stresses the precocity of Sigismund I’s monarchy, which saw the most far-reaching urban and violent Reformation in 1520s Europe (Danzig), a peasant Reformation rising, and Christendom’s first territorial-princely Reformation, in Ducal Prussia.

scholarly journals An advance in transfer line chilldown heat transfer of cryogenic propellants in microgravity using microfilm coating for enabling deep space exploration

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Chung ◽  
Jun Dong ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
S. R. Darr ◽  
J. W. Hartwig
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Fluid Management ◽  
Microgravity Condition ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
Quenching Efficiency ◽  
Proper Perspective

AbstractThe extension of human space exploration from a low earth orbit to a high earth orbit, then to Moon, Mars, and possibly asteroids is NASA’s biggest challenge for the new millennium. Integral to this mission is the effective, sufficient, and reliable supply of cryogenic propellant fluids. Therefore, highly energy-efficient thermal-fluid management breakthrough concepts to conserve and minimize the cryogen consumption have become the focus of research and development, especially for the deep space mission to mars. Here we introduce such a concept and demonstrate its feasibility in parabolic flights under a simulated space microgravity condition. We show that by coating the inner surface of a cryogenic propellant transfer pipe with low-thermal conductivity microfilms, the quenching efficiency can be increased up to 176% over that of the traditional bare-surface pipe for the thermal management process of chilling down the transfer pipe. To put this into proper perspective, the much higher efficiency translates into a 65% savings in propellant consumption.

Revisiting rating scale development for rater-mediated language performance assessments: Modelling construct and contextual choices made by scale developers

2021 ◽  
pp. 026553222199405
Author(s):  
Ute Knoch ◽  
Bart Deygers ◽  
Apichat Khamboonruang
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Language Assessment ◽  
Performance Assessments ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

Rating scale development in the field of language assessment is often considered in dichotomous ways: It is assumed to be guided either by expert intuition or by drawing on performance data. Even though quite a few authors have argued that rating scale development is rarely so easily classifiable, this dyadic view has dominated language testing research for over a decade. In this paper we refine the dominant model of rating scale development by drawing on a corpus of 36 studies identified in a systematic review. We present a model showing the different sources of scale construct in the corpus. In the discussion, we argue that rating scale designers, just like test developers more broadly, need to start by determining the purpose of the test, the relevant policies that guide test development and score use, and the intended score use when considering the design choices available to them. These include considering the impact of such sources on the generalizability of the scores, the precision of the post-test predictions that can be made about test takers’ future performances and scoring reliability. The most important contributions of the model are that it gives rating scale developers a framework to consider prior to starting scale development and validation activities.

scholarly journals Green Packaging from Consumer and Business Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1356
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Wandosell ◽  
María C. Parra-Meroño ◽  
Alfredo Alcayde ◽  
Raúl Baños
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Word Clouds ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Green Packaging ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Societal Challenge ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Sustainable development is a global objective that aims to address the societal challenge of climate action, the environment, resource efficiency, and raw materials. In this sense, an important strategy is the promotion of green packaging, that is, the use of sustainable materials and designs for the packaging of goods. In recent years, many research works have been published in the specialised area covering the different perspectives and dimensions of green packaging. However, to our knowledge, no previous investigations have analysed the research activity on green packaging from business and consumer perspectives. The present study intends to fill this gap by analysing all of the publications found in the Scopus database with the help of visual analytic tools, including word clouds and Gephi network visualization software. More specifically, our study analyses the impact of green packaging from business and consumer viewpoints, including some specific issues such as the design and materials used in green packaging, green packaging costs, marketing strategies and corporate social responsibility related to green packaging, and the impact of green packaging in waste management, the circular economy, logistics, and supply chain management. The results obtained reveal the growing interest of scholars and researchers in all of these dimensions, as is made patently clear by the increasing number of journal publications in recent years. The practical implications of this study are significant, given the growing awareness among companies and consumers about the importance of the promotion of sustainable development through green packaging alternatives. More specifically, the results of this research could be very useful for all of those agents who are interested in learning about the main lines of research being developed in the field of green packaging.

scholarly journals Effects of Technological Progress from Different Sources on Haze Pollution in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2730
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhao ◽  
Tian Zhang ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Shujing Xu ◽  
Shuwang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
National Level ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dynamic Panel Model ◽  
Independent Innovation ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Technology Introduction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

Technological progress has always been regarded as an important factor affecting haze pollution. A large number of academic studies have focused on the effect of technological progress on haze pollution, but there are few discussions on the effects of technological progress from different sources. In view of this, a dynamic panel model is constructed, and a systematic generalized method of moments (GMM) method is applied to empirically test the overall impact of technological progress from different sources on haze pollution and the regional heterogeneity of the impact. The results show that the overall and regional impact of technological progress from different sources on haze pollution is entirely different. Among them, for the whole country, independent innovation has a significant inhibitory effect on haze pollution, and technology introduction has aggravated haze pollution to a certain extent. At the regional level, all types of technological progress in the east can effectively reduce haze, the central region having haze reduction results consistent with the overall national level, and in the west, independent innovation and direct introduction can effectively reduce haze, while reverse technology spillover is ineffective. Therefore, policy recommendations such as improving the ability of independent innovation, improving the quality of technology introduction, and coordinating regional technology against haze are put forward.

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