scholarly journals Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Functional Metabolite of Clostridium sporogenes, Promotes Muscle Tissue Development and Reduces Muscle Cell Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12435
Author(s):  
Lei Du ◽  
Renli Qi ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Zuohua Liu ◽  
Zhenlong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Pregnane X Receptor ◽  
The Body ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Clostridium Sporogenes

Clostridium sporogenes (C. sporogenes), as a potential probiotic, metabolizes tryptophan and produces an anti-inflammatory metabolite, indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). Herein, we studied the effects of C. sporogenes and its bioactive metabolite, IPA, on skeletal muscle development and chronic inflammation in mice. In the in vivo study, the muscle tissues and serum samples of mice with C. sporogenes supplementation were used to analyze the effects of C. sporogenes on muscle metabolism; the IPA content was determined by metabonomics and ELISA. In an in vitro study, C2C12 cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or LPS + IPA to verify the effect of IPA on muscle cell inflammation by transcriptome, and the involved mechanism was revealed by different functional assays. We observed that C. sporogenes colonization significantly increased the body weight and muscle weight gain, as well as the myogenic regulatory factors’ (MRFs) expression. In addition, C. sporogenes significantly improved host IPA content and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the muscle tissue of mice. Subsequently, we confirmed that IPA promoted C2C12 cells’ proliferation by activating MRF signaling. IPA also effectively protected against LPS-induced C2C12 cells inflammation by activating Pregnane X Receptor and restoring the inhibited miR-26a-2-3p expression. miR-26a-2-3p serves as a novel muscle inflammation regulatory factor that could directly bind to the 3′-UTR of IL-1β, a key initiator factor in inflammation. The results suggested that C. sporogenes with its functional metabolite IPA not only helps muscle growth development, but also protects against inflammation, partly by the IPA/ miR-26a-2-3p /IL-1β cascade.

scholarly journals A screen for genetic loci required for body-wall muscle development during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-498
Author(s):  
J Ahnn ◽  
A Fire
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
Genetic Loci

Abstract We have used available chromosomal deficiencies to screen for genetic loci whose zygotic expression is required for formation of body-wall muscle cells during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. To test for muscle cell differentiation we have assayed for both contractile function and the expression of muscle-specific structural proteins. Monoclonal antibodies directed against two myosin heavy chain isoforms, the products of the unc-54 and myo-3 genes, were used to detect body-wall muscle differentiation. We have screened 77 deficiencies, covering approximately 72% of the genome. Deficiency homozygotes in most cases stain with antibodies to the body-wall muscle myosins and in many cases muscle contractile function is observed. We have identified two regions showing distinct defects in myosin heavy chain gene expression. Embryos homozygous for deficiencies removing the left tip of chromosome V fail to accumulate the myo-3 and unc-54 products, but express antigens characteristic of hypodermal, pharyngeal and neural development. Embryos lacking a large region on chromosome III accumulate the unc-54 product but not the myo-3 product. We conclude that there exist only a small number of loci whose zygotic expression is uniquely required for adoption of a muscle cell fate.

Unloading of juvenile muscle results in a reduced muscle size 9 wk after reloading

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Mozdziak ◽  
P. M. Pulvermacher ◽  
E. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Unit Size ◽  
Muscle Weight

The role of satellite cells and DNA unit size in determining muscle size was examined by inhibiting postnatal skeletal muscle development by using hindlimb suspension. Satellite cell mitotic activity and DNA unit size were determined in the soleus muscles from hindlimb-suspended and age-matched weight-bearing rats before the initiation of hindlimb suspension, at the conclusion of a 28-day hindlimb-suspension period, 2 wk after reloading, and 9 wk after reloading. The body weights of hindlimb-suspended rats were significantly ( P < 0.05) less than those of weight-bearing rats at the conclusion of hindlimb suspension, but they were the same ( P > 0.05) as those of weight-bearing rats 9 wk after reloading. The soleus muscle weight, soleus muscle weight-to-body weight ratio, myofiber diameter, nuclei per millimeter, and DNA unit size for the hindlimb-suspended rats were significantly ( P < 0.05) smaller than for the weight-bearing rats at all recovery times. Satellite cell mitotic activity was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in the soleus muscles from hindlimb-suspended rats 2 wk after reloading, but it was the same ( P > 0.05) as in weight-bearing rats 9 wk after reloading. Juvenile soleus muscles failed to achieve normal muscle size 9 wk after reloading because there was incomplete compensation for the hindlimb-suspension-induced interruptions in myonuclear accretion and DNA unit size expansion.

Growth of bovine tissues 2. Genetic influences on muscle growth and distribution in young bulls

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Berg ◽  
B. B. Andersen ◽  
T. Liboriussen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Tissue Separation ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTMuscle weight distribution was compared by jointing and complete tissue separation of carcasses from 277 young male progeny of eight sire breeds and two dam breeds, serially slaughtered at 300 kg live weight, 12 months and 15 months of age. The sire breeds were Simmental, Charolais, Danish Red and White, Romagnola, Chianina. Hereford, Blonde d'Aquitaine and Limousin; the dam breeds were Danish Red and Danish Black Pied.Growth impetus for muscle in each joint was established from the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients, b, were homogenous among breeds, indicating similar muscle development patterns over the range of weights studied. Growth impetus waves increased centripetally on the limbs, caudocephalically on the whole of the body (being more marked dorsally) and dorsoventrally on the trunk.There were small but significant breed differences in the proportion of muscle in different joints at similar total muscle weight. They probably reflect differences in maturity and other minor functional influences. Chianina and Hereford crosses were the two extremes for muscle distribution with many of the remaining breed groups being very similar. Differences were already established by 300 kg live weight and muscle growth patterns were similar among breeds over the range of the experiment.

scholarly journals The intestinal microbiota contributes to the growth and physiological state of muscle tissue in piglets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renli Qi ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Xiaoyu Qiu ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
The Body ◽  
And Function

AbstractAlthough the importance of the intestinal microbiota in host growth and health is well known, the relationship between microbiota colonization and muscle development is unclear. In this study, the direct causal effects of the colonization of gut microorganisms on the muscle tissue of piglets were investigated. The body weight and lean mass of germ-free (GF) piglets were approximately 40% lower than those of normal piglets. The deletion of the intestinal microbiota led to weakened muscle function and a reduction in myogenic regulatory proteins, such as MyoG and MyoD, in GF piglets. In addition, the blinded IGF1/AKT/mTOR pathway in GF piglets caused muscle atrophy and autophagy, which were characterized by the high expression of Murf-1 and KLF15. Gut microbiota introduced to GF piglets via fecal microbiota transplantation not only colonized the gut but also partially restored muscle growth and development. Furthermore, the proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers was lower in the muscle of GF piglets, which was caused by the reduced short-chain fatty acid content in the circulation and impaired mitochondrial function in muscle. Collectively, these findings suggest that the growth, development and function of skeletal muscle in animals are mediated by the intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals PSIX-33 Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) but not Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) induces the trans-differentiation of C2C12 into white-like adipocytes phenotype

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 309-310
Author(s):  
Yan Huang ◽  
Saeed Ghnaimawi ◽  
Yongjie Wang ◽  
Shilei Zhang ◽  
Jamie Baum
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Adipogenic Differentiation ◽  
The Body ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Spare Capacity ◽  
Epa And Dha

Abstract Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs, or myoblasts) play an important role in myotubes regeneration. However, these cells can differentiate into adipocytes once exposed to EPA and DHA, which are highly suggested during pregnancy. The objective of this study aims at determining the effect of isolated EPA and DHA on C2C12 cells undergoing white and brown adipogenic differentiation. Confluent cultured cells were treated with white and brown adipocyte induction medium (WIM and BIM respectively) with 50µM EPA and 50µM DHA separately. DHA treated groups differentiated into white-like adipocyte by down-regulating the expression of myogenic genes such as MyoD, MyoG, and Mrf4; but promoted white adipocyte marker genes(P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, cells treated with WIM and DHA exhibited a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis through suppressing PGC1a and TFAM expression (P &lt; 0.05). Also, DHA promoted the expression of lipolysis regulating genes. DHA impaired C2C12 cells browning through reducing the mitochondrial biogenesis by significantly suppressing the expression of COX7a1, PGC1a, and UCP3 genes (P &lt; 0.05). DHA treated groups showed an increased accumulation of lipid droplets and suppressed maximal mitochondrial respiration and spare capacity. EPA treatment reduced myogenesis regulating genes (P &lt; 0.05) but did not affect adipogenic genes (P &gt;0.05). Likewise, EPA suppressed the expression of WAT signature genes (P &lt; 0.05), indicating its antagonism to DHA. EPA and WIM treatment suppressed the expression of TFAM and PGC1a, but did not affect PGC1a protein level. Although mitochondrial biogenic gene expression was reduced in EPA and BIDM treated group, no changes in mitochondrial function were observed. EPA supplementation did not affect the differential route of C2C12 into brown adipocytes. To conclude, EPA and DHA may similarly affect the integrity of muscle tissue, but DHA is a potent adipogenic and lipogenic factor that can change the metabolic profile of the body by increasing intramuscular fat.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature on proliferation of myoblasts from donor piglets with different thermoregulatory maturities

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Metzger ◽  
Dirk Dannenberger ◽  
Armin Tuchscherer ◽  
Siriluck Ponsuksili ◽  
Claudia Kalbe
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Protein Levels

Abstract Background Climate change and the associated risk for the occurrence of extreme temperature events or permanent changes in ambient temperature are important in the husbandry of farm animals. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of permanent cultivation temperatures below (35 °C) and above (39 °C, 41 °C) the standard cultivation temperature (37 °C) on porcine muscle development. Therefore, we used our porcine primary muscle cell culture derived from satellite cells as an in vitro model. Neonatal piglets have limited thermoregulatory stability, and several days after birth are required to maintain their body temperature. To consider this developmental step, we used myoblasts originating from thermolabile (five days of age) and thermostable piglets (twenty days of age). Results The efficiency of myoblast proliferation using real-time monitoring via electrical impedance was comparable at all temperatures with no difference in the cell index, slope or doubling time. Both temperatures of 37 °C and 39 °C led to similar biochemical growth properties and cell viability. Only differences in the mRNA expression of myogenesis-associated genes were found at 39 °C compared to 37 °C with less MYF5, MYOD and MSTN and more MYH3 mRNA. Myoblasts grown at 35 °C are smaller, exhibit higher DNA synthesis and express higher amounts of the satellite cell marker PAX7, muscle growth inhibitor MSTN and metabolic coactivator PPARGC1A. Only permanent cultivation at 41 °C resulted in higher HSP expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Interactions between the temperature and donor age showed that MYOD, MYOG, MYH3 and SMPX mRNAs were temperature-dependently expressed in myoblasts of thermolabile but not thermostable piglets. Conclusions We conclude that 37 °C to 39 °C is the best physiological temperature range for adequate porcine myoblast development. Corresponding to the body temperatures of piglets, it is therefore possible to culture primary muscle cells at 39 °C. Only the highest temperature of 41 °C acts as a thermal stressor for myoblasts with increased HSP expression, but it also accelerates myogenic development. Cultivation at 35 °C, however, leads to less differentiated myoblasts with distinct thermogenetic activity. The adaptive behavior of derived primary muscle cells to different cultivation temperatures seems to be determined by the thermoregulatory stability of the donor piglets.

scholarly journals Identification of the conserved long non-coding RNAs in myogenesis

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Bhattacharya ◽  
Simang Champramary ◽  
Tanya Tripathi ◽  
Debajit Thakur ◽  
Ilya Ioshikhes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
Mouse Muscle ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Topologically Associated Domains

Abstract Background Our understanding of genome regulation is ever-evolving with the continuous discovery of new modes of gene regulation, and transcriptomic studies of mammalian genomes have revealed the presence of a considerable population of non-coding RNA molecules among the transcripts expressed. One such non-coding RNA molecule is long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). However, the function of lncRNAs in gene regulation is not well understood; moreover, finding conserved lncRNA across species is a challenging task. Therefore, we propose a novel approach to identify conserved lncRNAs and functionally annotate these molecules. Results In this study, we exploited existing myogenic transcriptome data and identified conserved lncRNAs in mice and humans. We identified the lncRNAs expressing differentially between the early and later stages of muscle development. Differential expression of these lncRNAs was confirmed experimentally in cultured mouse muscle C2C12 cells. We utilized the three-dimensional architecture of the genome and identified topologically associated domains for these lncRNAs. Additionally, we correlated the expression of genes in domains for functional annotation of these trans-lncRNAs in myogenesis. Using this approach, we identified conserved lncRNAs in myogenesis and functionally annotated them. Conclusions With this novel approach, we identified the conserved lncRNAs in myogenesis in humans and mice and functionally annotated them. The method identified a large number of lncRNAs are involved in myogenesis. Further studies are required to investigate the reason for the conservation of the lncRNAs in human and mouse while their sequences are dissimilar. Our approach can be used to identify novel lncRNAs conserved in different species and functionally annotated them.

scholarly journals Analysis of Relationship between the Body Mass Composition and Physical Activity with Body Posture in Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Wyszyńska ◽  
Justyna Podgórska-Bednarz ◽  
Justyna Drzał-Grabiec ◽  
Maciej Rachwał ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Body Mass Composition ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. Excessive body mass in turn may contribute to the development of many health disorders including disorders of musculoskeletal system, which still develops intensively at that time.Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between children’s body mass composition and body posture. The relationship between physical activity level of children and the parameters characterizing their posture was also evaluated.Material and Methods. 120 school age children between 11 and 13 years were enrolled in the study, including 61 girls and 59 boys. Each study participant had the posture evaluated with the photogrammetric method using the projection moiré phenomenon. Moreover, body mass composition and the level of physical activity were evaluated.Results. Children with the lowest content of muscle tissue showed the highest difference in the height of the inferior angles of the scapulas in the coronal plane. Children with excessive body fat had less slope of the thoracic-lumbar spine, greater difference in the depth of the inferior angles of the scapula, and greater angle of the shoulder line. The individuals with higher level of physical activity have a smaller angle of body inclination.Conclusion. The content of muscle tissue, adipose tissue, and physical activity level determines the variability of the parameter characterizing the body posture.

Review: The skeletal muscle extracellular matrix: Possible roles in the regulation of muscle development and growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra G. Velleman ◽  
Jonghyun Shin ◽  
Xuehui Li ◽  
Yan Song
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Architecture Framework ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Structural Architecture ◽  
Cellular Components

Velleman, S. G., Shin, J., Li, X. and Song, Y. 2012. Review: The skeletal muscle extracellular matrix: Possible roles in the regulation of muscle development and growth. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 1–10. Skeletal muscle fibers are surrounded by an extrinsic extracellular matrix environment. The extracellular matrix is composed of collagens, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, growth factors, and cytokines. How the extracellular matrix influences skeletal muscle development and growth is an area that is not completely understood at this time. Studies on myogenesis have largely been directed toward the cellular components and overlooked that muscle cells secrete a complex extracellular matrix network. The extracellular matrix modulates muscle development by acting as a substrate for muscle cell migration, growth factor regulation, signal transduction of information from the extracellular matrix to the intrinsic cellular environment, and provides a cellular structural architecture framework necessary for tissue function. This paper reviews extracellular matrix regulation of muscle growth with a focus on secreted proteoglycans, cell surface proteoglycans, growth factors and cytokines, and the dynamic nature of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix, because of its impact on the regulation of muscle cell proliferation and differentiation during myogenesis.

Muscle regeneration during hindlimb unloading results in a reduction in muscle size after reloading

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Mozdziak ◽  
P. M. Pulvermacher ◽  
E. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hindlimb Unloading ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Unit Size ◽  
Muscle Weight

The hindlimb-unloading model was used to study the ability of muscle injured in a weightless environment to recover after reloading. Satellite cell mitotic activity and DNA unit size were determined in injured and intact soleus muscles from hindlimb-unloaded and age-matched weight-bearing rats at the conclusion of 28 days of hindlimb unloading, 2 wk after reloading, and 9 wk after reloading. The body weights of hindlimb-unloaded rats were significantly ( P < 0.05) less than those of weight-bearing rats at the conclusion of hindlimb unloading, but they were the same ( P > 0.05) as those of weight-bearing rats 2 and 9 wk after reloading. The soleus muscle weight, soleus muscle weight-to-body weight ratio, myofiber diameter, number of nuclei per millimeter, and DNA unit size were significantly ( P< 0.05) smaller for the injured soleus muscles from hindlimb-unloaded rats than for the soleus muscles from weight-bearing rats at each recovery time. Satellite cell mitotic activity was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in the injured soleus muscles from hindlimb-unloaded rats than from weight-bearing rats 2 wk after reloading, but it was the same ( P > 0.05) as in the injured soleus muscles from weight-bearing rats 9 wk after reloading. The injured soleus muscles from hindlimb-unloaded rats failed to achieve weight-bearing muscle size 9 wk after reloading, because incomplete compensation for the decrease in myonuclear accretion and DNA unit size expansion occurred during the unloading period.

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