scholarly journals Optimal Conditions for Diapause Survival of Aprostocetus fukutai, an Egg Parasitoid for Biological Control of Anoplophora chinensis

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 535
Author(s):  
Xingeng Wang ◽  
Nathalie Ramualde ◽  
Ellen M. Aparicio ◽  
Matteo Maspero ◽  
Jian J. Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Hardwood Trees

Aprostocetus fukutai is a specialist egg parasitoid of the citrus longhorned beetle Anoplophora chinensis, a high-risk invasive pest of hardwood trees. The parasitoid overwinters as diapausing mature larvae within the host egg and emerges in early summer in synchrony with the egg-laying peak of A. chinensis. This study investigated the parasitoid’s diapause survival in parasitized host eggs that either remained in potted trees under semi-natural conditions in southern France or were removed from the wood and held at four different humidities (44, 75, 85–93 and 100% RH) at 11 °C or four different temperature regimes (2, 5, 10 and 12.5 °C) at 100% RH in the laboratory. The temperature regimes reflect overwintering temperatures across the parasitoid’s geographical distribution in its native range. Results show that the parasitoid resumed its development to the adult stage at normal rearing conditions (22 °C, 100% RH, 14L:10D) after 6- or 7-months cold chilling at both the semi-natural and laboratory conditions. It had a low survival rate (36.7%) on potted plants due to desiccation or tree wound defense response. No parasitoids survived at 44% RH, but survival rate increased with humidity, reaching the highest (93.7%) at 100% RH. Survival rate also increased from 21.0% at 2 °C to 82.8% at 12.5 °C. Post-diapause developmental time decreased with increased humidity or temperature. There was no difference in the lifetime fecundity of emerged females from 2 and 12.5 °C. These results suggest that 100% RH and 12.5 °C are the most suitable diapause conditions for laboratory rearing of this parasitoid.

Population fluctuations of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Outdoor Cages in Kenya

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Persson
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Spodoptera Exempta ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
One Year ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis

AbstractSpodoptera exempta (Wlk.) was reared for one year at three locations in Kenya: Msabaha on the coast, Nairobi, and Mbita Point on Lake Victoria. The potential yearly number of generations was 15·8 at Msabaha, 6·6 at Nairobi and 13·1 at Mbita Point. Average developmental time from egg deposition to adult emergence was 23·1, 54·9 and 27·8 days, respectively. The longest, 77·3 days, was recorded in Nairobi and the shortest, 19·4 days, at Msabaha. The survival rate varied little seasonally at the coast but was erratic inland, with some generations failing and others very successful. Larvae offered a choice of maize and stargrass (Cynodon dactylon) showed a preference for stargrass. Survival was higher on stargrass than on maize but the developmental time was longer. Mortality was highest in the larval stage. In all generations and at all locations, death was usually caused by a nuclear polyhedrosis virus. There was a positive relationship between larval mortality and rainfall, and a negative one between larval mortality and sunshine. Mating was restricted to after midnight. Females oviposited and then mated during the same night. Peak egg-laying took place before midnight, with a smaller peak at about 02·00–04·00 h.

Lactobacillus johnsonii CRL1647, isolated from Apis mellifera L. bee-gut, exhibited a beneficial effect on honeybee colonies

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Audisio ◽  
M. Benítez-Ahrendts
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Lactobacillus Johnsonii ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Colony Management ◽  
Bee Colony ◽  
Colony Performance

Lactobacillus johnsonii CRL1647, isolated from the intestinal tract of a honeybee and selected due to its high lactic acid production, was assayed as a monoculture on bee colony performance. It was delivered to the bees on a one litre of 125 g/l sugar-cane syrup with a final concentration of 105 cfu/ml lactobacilli. The bees accepted the new nourishment, which was consumed within 24-48 h and was administered in two independent trials (every 14-15 days for 3 consecutive months in one case, and once a month for 13 consecutive months in the other). From late spring – early summer (2008) the photo-records and statistical analyses revealed significant differences in the open and the operculated brood areas in the treated group compared with the control. This stimulation was observed after the first administration of the lactobacilli and maintained throughout. Also, a higher number of bees were measured in the treated group (54%) and the control (18%) with respect to the initial bees' number. Furthermore, honey storage was higher, 40% and 19%, for the treated and control groups, respectively. From December 2008 to December 2009, a similar situation was observed even though, in this trial, the lactobacilli cells were administered once a month. The in vivo results of this study are promising and indicate that a L. johnsonii CRL1647 supplement to beehives favours mainly open and operculated brood areas, demonstrating a stronger stimulation of egg-laying and will become a natural product which will assist the beekeeper both in colony management and the creation of late nuclei and/or bee packages due to its beneficial effects in the beehive colony.

LIFE HISTORY AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISTHESANCUS PAPUENSIS (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1089-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shepard ◽  
R. E. McWhorter ◽  
E. W. King
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Life History ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
Single Mating

AbstractA reduviid predator, Pristhesancus papuensis Stål, was introduced into South. Carolina from Australia in 1979. Its life history is described. Under laboratory conditions, the average number of eggs per mass was 80. Mean incubation time was 15.6 days at 27 °C. Females deposited an average of 568 eggs in 7.7 masses during their adult lifespan of 124 days. Average male longevity was significantly less (93 days) than that of females (124 days). A preoviposition period of 33.5 days was required, and a single mating was sufficient to insure fertilization during the egg-laying period. Developmental time was determined for each immature stage at 27 °C. Five immature stages and adults are described and illustrated.

scholarly journals Effect of elevated temperature on the population dynamics of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4(SI)) ◽  
pp. 1098-1105
Author(s):  
K. Ashok ◽  
◽  
V. Balasubramani ◽  
J.S. Kennedy ◽  
V. Geethalakshmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Fecundity Rate ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Aim: The present study was conducted to determine the growth, survival, fecundity and mortality rate of Spodoptera frugiperda in maize at elevated temperature. Methodology: Biology and life table experiments were carried out in custom made Open Top Chambers (4m x 4m x 4m size) fitted with SCADA under increasing temperature regimes viz., 32˚C, 33˚C, 34˚C, 35˚C and 36˚C. Each stage of the insects was examined daily and the fertility and life-table parameters were calculated by using TWOSEX-MS chart. Results: The overall developmental time for egg, larva, pupa and adult stages (total lifespan) at different elevated temperatures were in the order of 32˚C > 33˚C > 34˚C > 35˚C > 36˚C. The fecundity rate of S. frugiperda at different elevated temperatures were in the order of 34˚C > 33˚C > 32˚C > 35˚C > 36˚C. Interpretation: The current study confirms that the elevated temperature regimes had a positive correlation with fecundity rate upto 34˚C and negative correlation with the survival rate of S. frugiperda.

scholarly journals Dispersion Patterns and Sample Size Estimates for Egg Masses of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1462-1472
Author(s):  
J Keller ◽  
J Rost ◽  
K Hoover ◽  
J Urban ◽  
H Leach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Sampling Unit ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Dispersion Pattern ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Individual Trees

Abstract The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is a new invasive pest in the United States. To quantify spotted lanternfly population abundance, one must understand this pest’s dispersion pattern, that is, the spatial arrangement of individuals within a population. Spotted lanternflies overwinter in egg masses from late fall to May, making this life stage suitable for population assessments. We measured the dispersion pattern of egg masses at two types of sites: a suburban housing development, where we used individual trees as the sampling unit, and rural woodlots, where we used individual trees and also plots with 5.64 m radius as sampling units. Plots were the same size as those recommended for monitoring the gypsy moth, a well-studied pest with similar egg laying habit to the spotted lanternfly. Egg masses in both sampling units were counted up to a height of 3 m. With trees as the sampling unit, egg masses were aggregated in 12 of 20 rural sampling universes, randomly dispersed at 6, and completely absent at 2. Similar patterns were seen when using the 5.64-m radius rural sampling units and for suburban sampling universes. We calculated sample size requirements for a range of mean densities at a precision of 25 and 30%. Additionally, the vertical distribution of egg masses was characterized on the invasive tree of heaven [Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle], a preferred host for spotted lanternflies. For small trees, there was a positive relationship between number of egg masses in the bottom 3 m of the tree and the total count.

Autoactive peptides act at three distinct receptors to depolarize the bag cell neurons of Aplysia

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Loechner ◽  
L. K. Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Afferent Input ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Bag Cell Neurons ◽  
Electrophysiological Effects

1. In response to brief stimulation of an afferent input the bag cell neurons of Aplysia depolarize by 15-20 mV and generate an afterdischarge that, in vitro, lasts for approximately 30 min. During the discharge these neurons secrete three small peptides [bag cell peptides (BCPs)], Ala-Pro-Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe-Tyr-Ser-Leu (alpha-BCP), Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe-His (beta-BCP), and Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe-Asp (gamma-BCP), that share a common core sequence and that have electrophysiological effects on the bag cell neurons themselves. We have now studied the action of these three peptides on bag cell neurons isolated in culture. All three peptides were found to be capable of producing a depolarization of these cells. 2. The ability of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-BCP to induce a depolarization in isolated bag cell neurons exhibits a seasonal variability. The response to the peptides is maximal from early summer through late fall and parallels the frequency of egg-laying in vivo. 3. The depolarization induced by alpha-, beta-, and gamma-BCP desensitizes with repeated application of peptide. Desensitization of the response to one peptide does not, however, prevent the response to application of one of the other two peptides. This suggests that separate autoreceptor populations exist for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-BCP. 4. As reported previously, desensitization of the depolarizing response to the peptides was also observed after preincubation of intact clusters of bag cell neurons with a high concentration of all three peptides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Intrapuparial Development of Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Its Use in Forensic Entomology

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1623-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Machado da Silva ◽  
Mauricio Osvaldo Moura
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Entomology ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons

Abstract In forensic entomology, the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) estimative is usually based on the oldest immature recovered from a local of death. The time spent by fly immatures in the intrapuparial period comprises more than 50% of their complete life cycles. An accurate estimate of the duration of this period will improve PMImin estimates. The blow fly Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani 1850) was found in six criminal cases in the city of Curitiba. Even though there is data on the morphology of the larval instars and developmental rate of H. semidiaphana, the intrapuparial period has not been investigated. Here, we provide a detailed description of the intrapuparial morphological changes of H. semidiaphana, which might be useful to estimate minimum PMI. Samples of H. semidiaphana in the intrapuparial period were obtained from immatures reared on an artificial diet in incubators adjusted to 25°C or 20°C temperature regimes. Blow fly puparia of H. semidiaphana were fixed at intervals of 3 and 6 h until emergence of the adult. The external morphological traits of sampled immatures were analyzed using light microscopy. Our analysis of the intrapuparial period of H. semidiaphana provided 21 traits from which nine were age informative. These nine characteristics divide the developmental time (144 h at 25°C and 192 h at 20°C) into smaller sections. The developmental data provided, together with the time line allows a practical way to make interspecific comparisons as well as to estimate the age of H. semidiaphana based on the intrapuparial development.

scholarly journals Egg Parasitoids Survey of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Maize and Sorghum in Central Mexico

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannet Jaraleño-Teniente ◽  
J. Refugio Lomeli-Flores ◽  
Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva ◽  
Rafael Bujanos-Muñiz ◽  
Susana E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Chelonus Insularis

Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is the main maize pest in America and was recently detected as an invasive pest in some countries in Asia and Africa. Among its natural enemies presented in Mexico, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is the only egg parasitoid used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs regardless of its effectiveness. A search for natural enemies of S. frugiperda was then carried out to determine whether this parasitoid has been established, and to detect native egg parasitoids or predators associated with this pest. The sentinel technique (egg masses) was used, and then placed in maize and sorghum fields in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner, an egg parasitoid, and Chelonus insularis Cresson egg-larva parasitoid were recovered from field surveys. Among the natural enemies that preyed on eggs of S. frugiperda, we found mites of the genus Balaustium, and Dermaptera of the genus Doru, both species in great abundance. Laboratory tests were performed to compare the potential parasitism of T. atopovirilia against T. pretiosum. T. atopovirilia obtained 70.14% parasitism while T. pretiosum, 29.23%. In field cages, three doses of the parasitoids were tested. Total parasitism did not exceed 8% in any of the two species, but T. atopovirilia parasitized a greater number of hosts using two and three parasitoids per pest egg. Then, the use of Trichogramma species needs to be reevaluated in biological control programs against S. frugiperda.

Comparative Laboratory Rearing of Mecidea major and M. minor (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Scott Bundy ◽  
J. E. McPherson ◽  
Paul F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Eragrostis Lehmanniana ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae

The stink bugs Mecidea major Sailer and M. minor Ruckes were reared from egg to adult under controlled laboratory conditions at 25 ± 0.01 °C, 79.3 ± 0.05% humidity, and a photoperiod of LD 14:10 h, on Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees. The incubation period for M. major eggs averaged 5.67 d, and the five stadia 3.54, 5.56, 4.94, 5.62, and 9.63 d, respectively. The incubation period for M. minor eggs averaged 6.00 d, and the five stadia 3.20, 6.53, 4.48, 5.56, and 8.81 d, respectively. Total developmental time averaged 34.96 and 34.58 d for M. major and M. minor, respectively, and did not differ significantly between sexes within each species. However, it did differ within females between species.

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