Sarcopenia and Cognitive Function: Role of Myokines in Muscle Brain Cross-Talk

Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by the progressive degeneration of muscle mass and function, and it is associated with severe complications, which are falls, functional decline, frailty, and mortality. Sarcopenia is associated with cognitive impairment, defined as a decline in one or more cognitive domains as language, memory, reasoning, social cognition, planning, making decisions, and solving problems. Although the exact mechanism relating to sarcopenia and cognitive function has not yet been defined, several studies have shown that skeletal muscle produces and secrete molecules, called myokines, that regulate brain functions, including mood, learning, locomotor activity, and neuronal injury protection, showing the existence of muscle-brain cross-talk. Moreover, studies conducted on physical exercise supported the existence of muscle-brain cross-talk, showing how physical activity, changing myokines' circulating levels, exerts beneficial effects on the brain. The review mainly focuses on describing the role of myokines on brain function and their involvement in cognitive impairment in sarcopenia.

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The serotonergic system and cognitive function

Translational Neuroscience ◽

10.1515/tnsci-2016-0007 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Dubravka Švob Štrac ◽

Nela Pivac ◽

Dorotea Mück-Šeler

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Memory Loss ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Pharmacological Targets ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Cognition Enhancement ◽

And Function ◽

Poor Concentration

AbstractSymptoms of cognitive dysfunction like memory loss, poor concentration, impaired learning and executive functions are characteristic features of both schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognition in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric patients are not completely understood. Studies have focused on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) as one of the possible cognitionrelated biomarkers. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the current literature on the role of the serotonergic (5-HTergic) system in cognitive function, particularly in AD and schizophrenia.The role of the 5-HTergic system in cognition is modulated by the activity and function of 5-HT receptors (5-HTR) classified into seven groups, which differ in structure, action, and localization. Many 5-HTR are located in the regions linked to various cognitive processes. Preclinical studies using animal models of learning and memory, as well as clinicalThe current evidence implies that reduced 5-HT neurotransmission negatively influences cognitive functions and that normalization of 5-HT activity may have beneficial effects, suggesting that 5-HT and 5-HTR represent important pharmacological targets for cognition enhancement and restoration of impaired cognitive performance in neuropsychiatric disorders.

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The Role of Functional Assessment as an Outcome Measure in Antidementia Treatment

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/s0317167100005564 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 34 (S1) ◽

pp. S47-S51 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fadi Massoud

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Functional Assessment ◽

Daily Living ◽

Outcome Measure ◽

Functional Decline ◽

Evaluation Of Performance ◽

Intervention Trials ◽

Assessment Scales

Functional assessment refers to the evaluation of performance in basic activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, professional duties, and hobbies. This assessment is particularly relevant in the evaluation of cognitive impairment. In fact, functional decline represents a core feature of dementia according to the DSM-IV criteria. Clinically, functional deterioration represents a diagnostic marker, can be used to chart the course of the disease, and as a prognostic marker as it contributes significantly to caregiver burden and institutionalization. For all these reasons, functional assessment has been widely used as an outcome measure in intervention trials of Alzheimer disease (AD). Appropriate function assessment scales have been developed for use in clinical trials of AD. Studies have shown that functional decline benefits from pharmacological interventions in AD and some other cognitive syndromes. This benefit translates into a stabilization ranging between 6 to 12 months compared to a gradual deterioration in the placebo group. There is rarely reversibility for IADL's lost. There are no functional scales specifically designed for assessment of subjects with non-AD cognitive impairment. Scales specifically developed for Mild Cognitive Impairment and other dementias are needed.

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New Therapeutic Approaches to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia: The Role of Ginkgo Biloba (EGb 761®)

10.20944/preprints202102.0193.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carlo Tomino ◽

Sara Ilari ◽

Vincenzo Solfrizzi ◽

Valentina Malafoglia ◽

Guglielmo Zilio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Mild Dementia ◽

Dementia Syndrome

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia are a clinically relevant health problem in the elderly and Alzheimer's disease being the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Furthermore, MCI and mild dementia are characterized by a deterioration of cognitive function and their diagnosis is mainly based on cognitive examination and, the prognosis of the disease seems to be an essential reason for the diagnosis, because there is a high risk of cognitive decline in the two syndromes. This review describes the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761®) leaf extract for the treatment of dementia syndrome and EGb761® combination therapy with other medications for symptomatic dementia. Tebonin® is a drug of plant origin based on the active ingredient “Ginkgo biloba”. This drug has shown encouraging results, improving cognitive function, neuropsychiatric disorders and consequent reduction of caregiver stress and maintenance of autonomy in patients with age-related cognitive decline, MCI and mild dementia. Nowadays, there is little evidence to support the efficacy of EGb761® combination therapy with anti-dementia drugs and, therefore, more evidence is needed to evaluate the role of EGb761® in mixed therapy.

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Magnesium, Zinc, and Chromium Nutrition and Athletic Performance

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1139/h2001-038 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 26 (S1) ◽

pp. S13-S22 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Henry C. Lukaski

Keyword(s):

Mineral Elements ◽

Optimal Performance ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Cardiorespiratory Function ◽

Genetic Potential ◽

And Performance ◽

And Function ◽

Study Designs ◽

Advance Knowledge

Magnesium, zinc and chromium are mineral elements required in modest amounts for health and optimal performance. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that magnesium and zinc play significant roles in promoting strength and cardiorespiratory function in healthy persons and athletes. Differences in study designs, however, limit conclusions about recommendations for intakes of magnesium and zinc needed for optimal performance and function. The role of chromium in supporting performance is not well established. There is a compelling need to confirm and extend findings of beneficial effects of magnesium and zinc function and performance of humans. Suggestions for an experimental model and specific topics for research to advance knowledge of mineral nutrition to promote attainment of genetic potential for optimal performance are provided.

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Stress and ageing in yeast

FEMS Yeast Research ◽

10.1093/femsyr/foz085 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ian W Dawes ◽

Gabriel G Perrone

Keyword(s):

Yeast Cell ◽

Cross Talk ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Cellular Responses ◽

Ageing Process ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Early Stress

ABSTRACT There has long been speculation about the role of various stresses in ageing. Some stresses have beneficial effects on ageing—dependent on duration and severity of the stress, others have negative effects and the question arises whether these negative effects are causative of ageing or the result of the ageing process. Cellular responses to many stresses are highly coordinated in a concerted way and hence there is a great deal of cross-talk between different stresses. Here the relevant aspects of the coordination of stress responses and the roles of different stresses on yeast cell ageing are discussed, together with the various functions that are involved. The cellular processes that are involved in alleviating the effects of stress on ageing are considered, together with the possible role of early stress events on subsequent ageing of cells.

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Preoperative Cognitive Impairment and Postoperative Delirium Predict Decline in Activities of Daily Living after Cardiac Surgery—A Prospective, Observational Cohort Study

Geriatrics ◽

10.3390/geriatrics5040069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Ulf Guenther ◽

Falk Hoffmann ◽

Oliver Dewald ◽

Ramy Malek ◽

Kathrin Brimmers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Surgery ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Daily Living ◽

Postoperative Delirium ◽

Functional Decline ◽

Preoperative Assessment ◽

Perioperative Period ◽

Subsequent Treatment ◽

Assessment Tools

Cardiac surgery and subsequent treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU) has been shown to be associated with functional decline, especially in elderly patients. Due to the different assessment tools and assessment periods, it remains yet unclear what parameters determine unfavorable outcomes. This study sought to identify risk factors during the entire perioperative period and focused on the decline in activity of daily living (ADL) half a year after cardiac surgery. Follow-ups of 125 patients were available. It was found that in the majority of patients (60%), the mean ADL declined by 4.9 points (95% CI, −6.4 to −3.5; p < 0.000). In the “No decline” -group, the ADL rose by 3.3 points (2.0 to 4.6; p < 0.001). A multiple regression analysis revealed that preoperative cognitive impairment (MMSE ≤ 26; Exp(B) 2.862 (95%CI, 1.192–6.872); p = 0.019) and duration of postoperative delirium ≥ 2 days (Exp(B) 3.534 (1.094–11.411); p = 0.035) was independently associated with ADL decline half a year after the operation and ICU. Of note, preoperative ADL per se was neither associated with baseline cognitive function nor a risk factor for functional decline. We conclude that the preoperative assessment of cognitive function, rather than functional assessments, should be part of risk stratification when planning complex cardiosurgical procedures.

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Kidney–brain axis inflammatory cross-talk: from bench to bedside

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20160927 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 131 (11) ◽

pp. 1093-1105 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Aline Silva Miranda ◽

Thiago Macedo Cordeiro ◽

Thomas Mucida dos Santos Lacerda Soares ◽

Rodrigo Novaes Ferreira ◽

Ana Cristina Simões e Silva

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cross Talk ◽

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Trophic Factors ◽

Local Formation ◽

Cognitive Changes ◽

Cerebrovascular Lesions ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Pathophysiological Role

Epidemiologic data suggest that individuals at all stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, and dementia. This risk is generally explained by the high prevalence of both symptomatic and subclinical ischemic cerebrovascular lesions. However, other potential mechanisms, including cytokine/chemokine release, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), circulating and local formation of trophic factors and of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) molecules, could also be involved, especially in the absence of obvious cerebrovascular disease. In this review, we discuss experimental and clinical evidence for the role of these mechanisms in kidney–brain cross-talk. In addition, we hypothesize potential pathways for the interactions between kidney and brain and their pathophysiological role in neuropsychiatric and cognitive changes found in patients with CKD. Understanding the pathophysiologic interactions between renal impairment and brain function is important in order to minimize the risk for future cognitive impairment and to develop new strategies for innovative pharmacological treatment.

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Access to Highly Purified Chondroitin Sulfate for Appropriate Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Review

Medicine Access Point of Care ◽

10.5301/maapoc.0000022 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. maapoc.0000022 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xavier Chevalier ◽

Thierry Conrozier

Keyword(s):

Chondroitin Sulfate ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Food Supplements ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan ◽

Appropriate Treatment ◽

And Function ◽

Positive Effect

Current pharmacological therapies for osteoarthritis are symptom-focused and aimed at controlling pain. However, currently approved symptom-modifying agents do not restore the structure and function of damaged joints. Symptomatic slow-acting drugs in osteoarthritis (SySADOAs), including the sulfated glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate, have shown promising beneficial effects on the pain and other symptoms of osteoarthritis, and some may also have a positive effect on cartilage, slowing the progression of joint deterioration in osteoarthritis. A highly-purified, standardized, pharmaceutical-grade preparation of chondroitin sulfate has shown activity in osteoarthritis and has become one of the most prescribed SySADOAs. However, in many countries, formulations of chondroitin sulfate of various sources and purity are available as food supplements or nutraceuticals. As the effects of chondroitin sulfate could vary according to the characteristics of the chondroitin sulfate employed, including source, purity, or structural organization, clinical data from well-designed studies of pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate should not be extrapolated to support clinical efficacy claims of food supplements; nor should results from trials of chondroitin sulfate-containing food supplements be used to draw conclusions about the efficacy of pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate. This article reviews the evidence for the role of highly-purified pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis and examines the efficacy and safety concerns of other formulations of chondroitin sulfate. Highly-purified pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate has mild-to-moderate efficacy in the treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis, with clinically meaningful efficacy.

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Dietary Polyphenols as Modulators of Brain Functions: Biological Actions and Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Their Beneficial Effects

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2012/914273 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 169

Author(s):

David Vauzour

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Inflammatory Stress ◽

Dietary Polyphenols ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Age Related ◽

Neuroprotective Actions ◽

Protective Signaling

Accumulating evidence suggests that diet and lifestyle can play an important role in delaying the onset or halting the progression of age-related health disorders and to improve cognitive function. In particular, polyphenols have been reported to exert their neuroprotective actions through the potential to protect neurons against injury induced by neurotoxins, an ability to suppress neuroinflammation, and the potential to promote memory, learning, and cognitive function. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the biology of polyphenols, they are still mistakenly regarded as simply acting as antioxidants. However, recent evidence suggests that their beneficial effects involve decreases in oxidative/inflammatory stress signaling, increases in protective signaling and neurohormetic effects leading to the expression of genes that encode antioxidant enzymes, phase-2 enzymes, neurotrophic factors, and cytoprotective proteins. Specific examples of such pathways include the sirtuin-FoxO pathway, the NF-κB pathway, and the Nrf-2/ARE pathway. Together, these processes act to maintain brain homeostasis and play important roles in neuronal stress adaptation and thus polyphenols have the potential to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative pathologies.

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Short-term resistance exercise inhibits neuroinflammation and attenuates neuropathological changes in 3xTg Alzheimer’s disease mice

Journal of Neuroinflammation ◽

10.1186/s12974-019-1653-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yan Liu ◽

John Man Tak Chu ◽

Tim Yan ◽

Yan Zhang ◽

Ying Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

The Elderly ◽

Short Term ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

Beneficial Effects

Abstract Background Both human and animal studies have shown beneficial effects of physical exercise on brain health but most tend to be based on aerobic rather than resistance type regimes. Resistance exercise has the advantage of improving both muscular and cardiovascular function, both of which can benefit the frail and the elderly. However, the neuroprotective effects of resistance training in cognitive impairment are not well characterized. Methods We evaluated whether short-term resistant training could improve cognitive function and pathological changes in mice with pre-existing cognitive impairment. Nine-month-old 3xTg mouse underwent a resistance training protocol of climbing up a 1-m ladder with a progressively heavier weight loading. Results Compared with sedentary counterparts, resistance training improved cognitive performance and reduced neuropathological and neuroinflammatory changes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of mice. In line with these results, inhibition of pro-inflammatory intracellular pathways was also demonstrated. Conclusions Short-term resistance training improved cognitive function in 3xTg mice, and conferred beneficial effects on neuroinflammation, amyloid and tau pathology, as well as synaptic plasticity. Resistance training may represent an alternative exercise strategy for delaying disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease.

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