scholarly journals Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Profiling Offers Insight into the Sexual Dimorphism of Hepatic Metabolism in Size-Dimorphic Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus)

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
Huapu Chen ◽  
Dongneng Jiang ◽  
Zhiyuan Li ◽  
Yaorong Wang ◽  
Xuewei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Lipase ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism ◽  
Scatophagus Argus ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes Activities ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is an economically important cultured marine fish that exhibits a typical sexual size dimorphism (SSD). SSD has captivated considerable curiosity for farmed fish production; however, up till now the exact underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. As an important digestive and metabolic organ, the liver plays key roles in the regulation of fish growth. It is necessary to elucidate its significance as a downstream component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-liver axis in the formation of SSD. In this study, the liver physiological differences between the sexes were evaluated in S. argus, and the activity of several digestive and metabolic enzymes were affected by sex. Females had higher amylase, protease, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, while males exhibited markedly higher hepatic lipase and antioxidant enzymes activities. A comparative transcriptomics was then performed to characterize the responsive genes. Illumina sequencing generated 272.6 million clean reads, which were assembled into 79,115 unigenes. A total of 259 differentially expressed genes were identified and a few growth-controlling genes such as igf1 and igfbp1 exhibited female-biased expression. Further analyses showed that several GO terms and pathways associated with metabolic process, particularly lipid and energy metabolisms, were significantly enriched. The male liver showed a more active mitochondrial energy metabolism, implicating an increased energy expenditure associated with reproduction. Collectively, the female-biased growth dimorphism of S. argus may be partially attributed to sexually dimorphic metabolism in the liver. These findings would facilitate further understanding of the nature of SSD in teleost fish.

scholarly journals Maternal exercise conveys protection against NAFLD in the offspring via hepatic metabolic programming

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Bae-Gartz ◽  
Philipp Kasper ◽  
Nora Großmann ◽  
Saida Breuer ◽  
Ruth Janoschek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Hepatic Expression ◽  
Maternal Exercise

Abstract Maternal exercise (ME) during pregnancy has been shown to improve metabolic health in offspring and confers protection against the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its underlying mechanism are still poorly understood, and it remains unclear whether protective effects on hepatic metabolism are already seen in the offspring early life. This study aimed at determining the effects of ME during pregnancy on offspring body composition and development of NAFLD while focusing on proteomic-based analysis of the hepatic energy metabolism during developmental organ programming in early life. Under an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD), male offspring of exercised C57BL/6J-mouse dams were protected from body weight gain and NAFLD in adulthood (postnatal day (P) 112). This was associated with a significant activation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and PPAR coactivator-1 alpha (PGC1α) signaling with reduced hepatic lipogenesis and increased hepatic β-oxidation at organ programming peak in early life (P21). Concomitant proteomic analysis revealed a characteristic hepatic expression pattern in offspring as a result of ME with the most prominent impact on Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Thus, ME may offer protection against offspring HFD-induced NAFLD by shaping hepatic proteomics signature and metabolism in early life. The results highlight the potential of exercise during pregnancy for preventing the early origins of NAFLD.

Antibacterial Mechanisms of Orostachys Cartilaginous Cell Cultures: Effect on Cell Permeability and Respiratory Metabolism of Bacillis Subtilis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. X. Liu ◽  
X. L. Jiang ◽  
Y. N. Xu ◽  
X. C. Piao ◽  
Mei-Lan Lian
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Iodoacetic Acid ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Respiratory Metabolism ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Bacillis Subtilis ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Abstract Orostachys cartilaginous of Crassulaceae family is a plant native to the Changbai Mountain area, China. Although O. cartilaginous has various medicinal values, its product development and production are restricted by the insufficient resource available. O. cartilaginous cell cultures possess an efficient antibacterial effect against Bacillis subtilis, but the underlying mechanism is not clear yet. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of extract from bioreactor cultured O. cartilaginous cells (OE) on B. subtilis cell permeability and respiratory metabolism to provide a reference for the further utilization of O. cartilaginous cell cultures. Results showed alkaline phosphatase activity, electrical conductivity, nucleic acid and protein contents in B. subtilis suspensions were significantly increased (p < 0.01) by OE treatment, indicating the occurrence of cell damage or increase in cell permeability. OE inhibited B. subtilis respiration, and the combination groups of OE+iodoacetic acid (IA) and OE+sodium phosphate (SP) showed low superposition rates (approximately 35%), revealing that OE likely affected IA- and SP-represented metabolic pathways. The activities of B. subtilis enzymes, specifically, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase in the Embden-Meyerhof (EMP) pathway and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the pentose phosphate (HMP) pathway, decreased after OE treatment. This result proved that OE inhibited B. subtilis respiration by regulating the EMP and HMP pathways.

scholarly journals Differences in the Hemolytic Behavior of Two Isomers in Ophiopogon japonicus In Vitro and In Vivo and Their Risk Warnings

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Huan-Hua Xu ◽  
Zhen-Hong Jiang ◽  
Yu-Ting Sun ◽  
Li-Zhen Qiu ◽  
Long-Long Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effect ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Proteomics Data ◽  
Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism ◽  
Ophiopogon Japonicus ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients

Ophiopogonin D (OPD) and Ophiopogonin D ′ (OPD ′ ) are two bioactive ingredients in Ophiopogon japonicus. Previously published studies have often focused on the therapeutic effects related to OPD’s antioxidant capacity but underestimated the cytotoxicity-related side effects of OPD ′ , which may result in unpredictable risks. In this study, we reported another side effect of OPD ′ , hemolysis, and what was unexpected was that this side effect also appeared with OPD. Although hemolysis effects for saponins are familiar to researchers, the hemolytic behavior of OPD or OPD ′ and the interactions between these two isomers are unique. Therefore, we investigated the effects of OPD and OPD ′ alone or in combination on the hemolytic behavior in vitro and in vivo and adopted chemical compatibility and proteomics methods to explain the potential mechanism. Meanwhile, to explain the drug-drug interactions (DDIs), molecular modeling was applied to explore the possible common targets. In this study, we reported that OPD ′ caused hemolysis both in vitro and in vivo, while OPD only caused hemolysis in vivo. We clarified the differences and DDIs in the hemolytic behavior of the two isomers. An analysis of the underlying mechanism governing this phenomenon showed that hemolysis caused by OPD or OPD ′ was related to the destruction of the redox balance of erythrocytes. In vivo, in addition to the redox imbalance, the proteomics data demonstrated that lipid metabolic disorders and mitochondrial energy metabolism are extensively involved by hemolysis. We provided a comprehensive description of the hemolysis of two isomers in Ophiopogon japonicus, and risk warnings related to hemolysis were presented. Our research also provided a positive reference for the development and further research of such bioactive components.

G6PD Deficiency Prevalence as a Cause of Neonatal Jaundice in a Neonatal Ward in Dohuk, Iraq

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adil Abozaid Eissa ◽  
Bijar Ali Haji ◽  
Adnan Anwar Al-Doski
Keyword(s):  
G6pd Deficiency ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Abstract Objective The current study initiated to address the effect of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency on the pathogenesis and the severity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NHB). Study Design A total of 100 newborns with moderate to severe indirect hyperbilirubinemia and 50 normal neonates without hyperbilirubinemia had been enrolled in the current case–control study. All enrolled neonates had been tested for ABO and Rh(D) blood grouping, Total serum bilirubin measurement, complete blood count, morphology, reticulocyte counts, direct Coombs' test, and G6PD enzyme assay. Results From all enrolled hyperbilirubinemic neonates, 16% were G6PD deficient and this displays a statistically significant difference in comparison to controls (only 6% were G6PD deficient). Also, significant difference was found in the level of serum indirect bilirubin among G6PD-deficient neonate in comparison to G6PD nondeficient neonates which had contributed significantly to the difference in the duration of phototherapy and hospitalization among deficient neonate. Despite this, no significant difference found in the onset of presentation, reticulocytes count, and age of neonates between the two groups (G6PD-deficient and G6PD nondeficient neonates). Conclusion The current study augments the etiological role of G6PD in the causation and severity of NHB in the region; however, in the absence of significant difference in the reticulocytes and the hemoglobin level, the underlying mechanism cannot be backed to the excess hemolysis alone.

scholarly journals Hydrogen, a Novel Therapeutic Molecule, Regulates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Tian ◽  
Yafang Zhang ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Yunxi Chen ◽  
Weiping Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Molecular hydrogen (H2) is a colorless and odorless gas. Studies have shown that H2 inhalation has the therapeutic effects in many animal studies and clinical trials, and its application is recommended in the novel coronavirus pneumonia treatment guidelines in China recently. H2 has a relatively small molecular mass, which helps it quickly spread and penetrate cell membranes to exert a wide range of biological effects. It may play a role in the treatment and prevention of a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as acute pancreatitis, sepsis, respiratory disease, ischemia reperfusion injury diseases, autoimmunity diseases, etc.. H2 is primarily administered via inhalation, drinking H2-rich water, or injection of H2 saline. It may participate in the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity (mitochondrial energy metabolism), immune system regulation, and cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis) through annihilating excess reactive oxygen species production and modulating nuclear transcription factor. However, the underlying mechanism of H2 has not yet been fully revealed. Owing to its safety and potential efficacy, H2 has a promising potential for clinical use against many diseases. This review will demonstrate the role of H2 in antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects and its underlying mechanism, particularly in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), providing strategies for the medical application of H2 for various diseases.

scholarly journals Enteric reabsorption processes and their impact on drug pharmacokinetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Ibarra ◽  
Iñaki F. Trocóniz ◽  
Pietro Fagiolino
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Distribution Process ◽  
The Impact

AbstractEnteric reabsorption occurs when a drug is secreted into the intestinal lumen and reabsorbed into the systemic circulation. This distribution process is evidenced by multiple peaks in pharmacokinetic profiles. Commonly, hepatobiliary drug secretion is assumed to be the underlying mechanism (enterohepatic reabsorption, EHR), neglecting other possible mechanisms such as gastric secretion (enterogastric reabsorption, EGR). In addition, the impact of drug reabsorption on systemic clearance, volume of distribution and bioavailability has been a subject of long-standing discussions. In this work, we propose semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic models to reflect EHR and EGR and compare their respective impact on primary pharmacokinetic parameters. A simulation-based analysis was carried out considering three drug types with the potential for reabsorption, classified according to their primary route of elimination and their hepatic extraction: (A) hepatic metabolism—low extraction; (B) hepatic metabolism—intermediate/high extraction; (C) renal excretion. Results show that an increase in EHR can significantly reduce the clearance of drugs A and B, increase bioavailability of B drugs, and increase the volume of distribution for all drugs. Conversely, EGR had negligible impact in all pharmacokinetic parameters. Findings provide background to explain and forecast the role that this process can play in pharmacokinetic variability, including drug-drug interactions and disease states.

scholarly journals Sodium Butyrate-Modulated Mitochondrial Function in High-Insulin Induced HepG2 Cell Dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Tingting Zhao ◽  
Junling Gu ◽  
Huixia Zhang ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Wenqian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Mechanism Study ◽  
Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism ◽  
High Insulin ◽  
Diabetic Population ◽  
And Function

The liver plays a pivotal role in maintaining euglycemia. Biogenesis and function of mitochondria within hepatocytes are often the first to be damaged in a diabetic population, and restoring its function is recently believed to be a promising strategy on inhibiting the progression of diabetes. Previously, we demonstrated that the gut microbiota metabolite butyrate could reduce hyperglycemia and modulate the metabolism of glycogen in both db/db mice and HepG2 cells. To further explore the mechanism of butyrate in controlling energy metabolism, we investigated its influence and underlying mechanism on the biogenesis and function of mitochondria within high insulin-induced hepatocytes in this study. We found that butyrate significantly modulated the expression of 54 genes participating in mitochondrial energy metabolism by a PCR array kit, both the content of mitochondrial DNA and production of ATP were enhanced, expressions of histone deacetylases 3 and 4 were inhibited, beta-oxidation of fatty acids was increased, and oxidative stress damage was ameliorated at the same time. A mechanism study showed that expression of GPR43 and its downstream protein beta-arrestin2 was increased on butyrate administration and that activation of Akt was inhibited, while the AMPK-PGC-1alpha signaling pathway and expression of p-GSK3 were enhanced. In conclusion, we found in the present study that butyrate could significantly promote biogenesis and function of mitochondria under high insulin circumstances, and the GPR43-β-arrestin2-AMPK-PGC1-alpha signaling pathway contributed to these effects. Our present findings will bring new insight on the pivotal role of metabolites from microbiota on maintaining euglycemia in diabetic population.

Oxidized and poorly glycosylated band 3 is selectively phosphorylated by Syk kinase to form large membrane clusters in normal and G6PD-deficient red blood cells

2009 ◽  
Vol 418 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Pantaleo ◽  
Emanuela Ferru ◽  
Giuliana Giribaldi ◽  
Franca Mannu ◽  
Franco Carta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Phosphorylation ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Band 3 ◽  
Oxidative Modification ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Anion Exchanger 1 ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
And Control

Oxidative events involving band 3 (Anion Exchanger 1) have been associated with RBC (red blood cell) removal through binding of NAbs (naturally occurring antibodies); however, the underlying mechanism has been only partially characterized. In addition to inducing direct membrane protein oxidative modification, oxidative treatment specifically triggers the phosphorylation of band 3 tyrosine residues. The present study reports that diamide, a thiol group oxidant, induces disulfide cross-linking of poorly glycosylated band 3 and that the oligomerized band 3 fraction is selectively tyrosine phosphorylated both in G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)-deficient and control RBCs. This phenomenon is irreversible in G6PD-deficient RBCs, whereas it is temporarily limited in control RBCs. Diamide treatment caused p72 Syk phosphorylation and translocation to the membrane. Diamide also induced p72 Syk co-immunoprecipitation with aggregated band 3. Moreover, following size-exclusion separation of Triton X-100-extracted membrane proteins, Syk was found only in the high-molecular-mass fraction containing oligomerized/phosphorylated band 3. Src family inhibitors efficiently abrogated band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation, band 3 clustering and NAbs binding to the RBC surface, suggesting a causal relationship between these events. Experiments performed with the non-permeant cross-linker BS3 (bis-sulfosuccinimidyl-suberate) showed that band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation enhances its capability to form large aggregates. The results of the present study suggest that selective tyrosine phosphorylation of oxidized band 3 by Syk may play a role in the recruitment of oxidized band 3 in large membrane aggregates that show a high affinity to NAbs, leading to RBC removal from the circulation.

The Control of Reproduction in Farmed Fish

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Riley ◽  
Christopher Secombes
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Fish Reproduction ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Timing Of Reproduction ◽  
In Captivity

To raise fish successfully in captivity a producer often needs to control and manipulate fish reproduction. A variety of technologies is available to encourage species that do not breed naturally in captivity to alter the timing of reproduction for year-round production, to choose the sex of fish grown and even to prevent sexual maturation for improved fish growth.

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