scholarly journals Study of Selected Physical-Mechanical Properties of Corn Grains Important from the Point of View of Mechanical Processing Systems Designing

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467
Author(s):  
Weronika Kruszelnicka
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Rupture Energy ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grains

Mechanical properties of corn grains are of key importance in a design of processing machines whose energy demand depends on these properties. The aim of this study is to determine the selected mechanical properties of corn grains and the rupture energy. The research problem was formulated as questions: (1) How much force and energy is needed to induce a rupture of corn grain maintaining good quality of the product of processing (mixing, grinding transport)? (2) Can empirical distributions of the studied physical-mechanical properties be described by means of probability distributions provided by the literature? (3) Is there a relationship between the corn grain size and the selected mechanical properties, as well as rupture energy? In order to achieve the goals, the selected physical properties (size, volume) of corn grains have been distinguished and a static compression test has been carried out on an Instron 5966 testing machine. The results indicate a significant scatter of the results in terms of size, grain shape, forces, energy, and deformation corresponding to the point of inflection, bioyiled point, and rupture point. It has also been indicated that empirical distributions of the analyzed properties can be described by means of distributions known from the literature, e.g., gamma, Weibull or lognormal distributions. It has been confirmed that mechanical properties such as force, energy, and stress that cause rupture depend on the grain size, more precisely, the grain thickness—there are negative relations between thickness and force, energy and stress in relation to the point of inflection, bioyiled point, and rupture point.

scholarly journals Development of Al–Mg–Si alloy performance by addition of grain refiner Al–5Ti–1B alloy

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 003685042110294
Author(s):  
Khaled Abd El-Aziz ◽  
Emad M Ahmed ◽  
Abdulaziz H Alghtani ◽  
Bassem F Felemban ◽  
Hafiz T Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Dendritic Structure ◽  
Grain Refiner ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Alloy Addition

Aluminum alloys are the most essential part of all shaped castings manufactured, mainly in the automotive, food industry, and structural applications. There is little consensus as to the precise relationship between grain size after grain refinement and corrosion resistance; conflicting conclusions have been published showing that reduced grain size can decrease or increase corrosion resistance. The effect of Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner (GR alloy) with different percentages on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy (Al–Mg–Si) was studied. The average grain size is determined according to the E112ASTM standard. The compressive test specimens were made as per ASTM: E8/E8M-16 standard to get their compressive properties. The bulk hardness using Vickers hardness testing machine at a load of 50 g. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out in 3.5 % NaCl solution using Autolab Potentiostat/Galvanostat (PGSTAT 30).The grain size of the Al–Mg–Si alloy was reduced from 82 to 46 µm by the addition of GR alloy. The morphology of α-Al dendrites changes from coarse dendritic structure to fine equiaxed grains due to the addition of GR alloy and segregation of Ti, which controls the growth of primary α-Al. In addition, the mechanical properties of the Al–Mg–Si alloy were improved by GR alloy addition. GR alloy addition to Al–Mg–Si alloy produced fine-grained structure and better hardness and compressive strength. The addition of GR alloy did not reveal any marked improvements in the corrosion properties of Al–Mg–Si alloy.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF STORAGE DURATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BELLO EGGPLANT FRUIT UNDER QUASI COMPRESSION LOADING

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-320
Author(s):  
Umurhurhu Benjamin ◽  
Uguru Hilary
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Compression Loading ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Rupture Energy

The mechanical properties of eggplant fruit (cv. Bello) harvested at physiological maturity stage were evaluated in three storage periods (3d, 6d and 9d). These mechanical parameters (rupture force, rupture energy and deformation at rupture point) were measured under quasi compression loading, using the Universal Testing Machine (Testometric model). The fruit’s toughness and rupture power were calculated from the data obtained from the rupture energy and deformation at rupture point. Results obtained showed that mechanical properties of the Bello eggplant fruit exhibited strong dependence on the storage period. The results showed that as the Bello fruit stored longer, its rupture force and rupture energy decreased from 812 N to 411 N, and 5.58 Nm to 3.11 Nm respectively. While the rupture power decreased from 1.095 W to 0.353 W. On the contrary, the toughness and deformation at rupture increased from 0.270 mJ/mm3 to 0.403 mJ/mm3, and 16.99 mm to 25.22mm respectively during the 9 days storage period. The knowledge of the mechanical properties of fruits is important for their harvest and post-harvest operations, therefore, information obtained from this study will be useful in the design and development of machines for the mechanization of eggplant production.

scholarly journals Mechanical behaviour of Ostrich’s eggshell at compression

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šárka Nedomová ◽  
Jaroslav Buchar ◽  
Jana Strnková
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Fracture Behaviour ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Compression Force ◽  
Static Stiffness ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Deformation And Fracture ◽  
Rupture Energy ◽  
Chicken Eggs

The deformation and fracture behaviour of Ostrich’s eggs at the static compression has been investigated. The mechanical properties of egg to compression were determined in terms of average rupture force, specific deformation and rupture energy along X and Z axes. Exact description of the eggshell counter shape has been used for the verification of a common accepted theory of the compression of bodies of convex form. The eggshell strength seems to be an unique function of the static stiffness. The greatest amount of force required to break the eggs was required when eggs were loaded along the X axis and the least compression force was required along the Z axis. The specific deformation and rupture energy required for the eggs tested was lower along the X axis than the Z axis. The highest measure of firmness in the eggs tested was found to be along their X axis. Young’s modulus of the elasticity, E, has been also evaluated. Its value is independent on the direction of the egg compression. The value of E is approximately two times higher that of the chicken eggs.

Dynamic Mechanical Properties of CNTs/MoSi2 Composite Material

2010 ◽  
Vol 105-106 ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Guang Ping Zou ◽  
Zhong Liang Chang ◽  
Ying Jie Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Composite Material ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Waveform Shaping ◽  
Mosi2 Composite

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are good reinforcement of composite materials, through add appropriate amount of carbon nanotubes to MoSi2 can be improve the strength and toughness of MoSi2. In this paper, the material of CNTs/MoSi2 was made through vacuum hot pressing technology. And the split hopkison press bar (SHPB) technology was used for testing the dynamic mechanical properties of CNTs/MoSi2 composite material which has different proportion of CNTs. In the SHPB experiment, in order to get better waveforms, the waveform shaping technology was used for improving the waveform quality, and also the strain gauge technology was used for testing the real strain of the specimen in the dynamic loading process. Through calculating, the dynamic stress-strain curves which under different high strain rate are given. At the same time, the strength, deformation and other test results are analyzed, and also compared them with the static compression experiment results of the CNTs/MoSi2 specimen which is tested by the electronic universal testing machine, and then obtained the dynamic performance of CNTs/MoSi2 composite material.

Effect of Cooling Speed on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni Solder Alloy

2018 ◽  
Vol 934 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Phairote Sungkhaphaitoon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Solder Alloy ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Solder Alloys ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cooling Speed

To study the effect of cooling speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni solder alloy, molten alloys were cooled at two different rates, using water-cooling and mold-cooling. The mechanical properties of the obtained alloys were analyzed with a universal testing machine (UTM) and by Vickers microhardness testing (HV). The microstructures were characterized using an optical microscope (OM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).The melting point was ascertained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The cooling rate of the water-cooled system (0.28 o C/s) was faster than the cooling rate of the mold-cooled system (0.05 °C/s). The grain size of the alloy produced by the faster cooling rate was finer than that of the alloy obtained from the slower cooling rate. This finer grain size gave the alloy superior ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness but inferior ductility (%EL). The microstructure of both Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni solder alloys exhibited three phases of β-Sn, Cu6Sn5 and (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 intermetallic compounds. The melting point and undercooling of the solder alloys was 233.8 °C and 35.7 °C, respectively.

Effects of RE on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Electrodeposited Copper Foil

2010 ◽  
Vol 150-151 ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
Tian He ◽  
Guang Bin Yi ◽  
Fen Min Cai ◽  
Wen Yi Peng ◽  
Xiang Jie Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Copper Foil ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Microcomputer Control ◽  
Method Effects

Electrodeposited copper foil was prepared by direct current electrodeposited method. Effects of different RE additions including 0, 3mg/L, 6mg/L and 9mg/L on the morphology, roughness, and mechanical properties of electrodeposited copper foil are investigated at high current density and high flow rate by SEM (scanning electron microscope), roughness measuring instrument, microcomputer control electronic universal testing machine and high temperature drawing machine. The results reveal that with increasing in RE content, the grain size in the copper foil is refined with more homogeneous distribution and denser, mechanical properties can be improved also. The desirable grain size in the copper foil with maximum value of the mechanical properties and the roughness can be obtained with approximately 6 mg/L RE content.

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Pure Titanium by Dynamic Plastic Deformation

2010 ◽  
Vol 667-669 ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Li Sun ◽  
Jing Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Area Fraction ◽  
Static Deformation ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Microstructures And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Plastic Deformation

Dynamic plastic deformation of commercially pure titanium in the temperature range of -100-18°C at the strain rates of 3.0×102-2.5×103, as well as at quasi-static compression were carried out by a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar technique and conventional compression testing machine respectively. The formation of deformation twins plays a key role on the accommodation of a large amount of strain produced by plastic deformation. Grain orientation has a great influence on the formation of twins. Temperature has smaller effects than strain rate on the evolutions of the microstructures and mechanical properties. The area fraction of twins and their intersections increase with the increasing strain rate and the deformation strain, resulting in refined microstructures and higher hardness values. Strain rate also leads to the change of twin shape (type). While more lenticular twins are observed in samples after quasi-static deformation, there are lots of needle-like twins with straight and long boundaries in samples processed via dynamic plastic deformation. This may imply that different twin systems operate at different strain rate. For the needle-like twins in samples after dynamic plastic deformation, the twin area fraction approaches saturation beyond the true strain of about 0.13, which is significant turning point for twinning rate. This saturated trend is not observed in quasi-static deformation.

scholarly journals Effects of Modified Al2O3-Decorated Ionic Liquid on the Mechanical Properties and Impact Resistance of a Polyurethane Elastomer

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4712
Author(s):  
Fan Hu ◽  
Jun Gao ◽  
Biao Zhang ◽  
Fugang Qi ◽  
Nie Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Material ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Compressive Yield Strength ◽  
Polyurethane Elastomer ◽  
Dynamic Impact ◽  
Static Compression

In this work, a new composite material with excellent dynamic impact resistance and outstanding quasi-static mechanical properties was synthesized. The composite material is composed of a polyurethane elastomer and a novel nano-polymer. The nano-polymer was composed of silane coupling agent-modified alumina microspheres and functionalized ionic liquids by double bond polymerization. The universal testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar were used to characterize the compression behavior, strength and energy absorption of the composite materials under static and dynamic conditions. Additionally, the comprehensive mechanical properties of polyurethane elastomer with different nano-polymer loadings (0.5–2.5 wt.%) were studied. The results show that whether it was static compression or dynamic impact, the polyurethane elastomer with 1% nano-polymer had the best performance. For the composite material with the best properties, its compressive yield strength under the static compression was about 61.13% higher than that of the pure polyurethane elastomer, and its energy absorption of dynamic impacts was also increased by about 15.53%. Moreover, the shape memory effect was very good (shape recovery is approximately 95%), and the microscopic damage degree was relatively small. This shows that the composite material with the best properties can withstand high compression loads and high-speed impacts. The developed composite material is a promising one for materials science and engineering, especially for protection against compression and impacts.

The Combined Effect of Grain Size and Strain Rate on the Mechanical Behavior in Ultra-High Purity Aluminum

2011 ◽  
Vol 179-180 ◽  
pp. 662-667
Author(s):  
Yong Gang Wang ◽  
Chun Lei Wang ◽  
Hong Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Flow Stress ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Hydraulic Testing ◽  
Petch Relation ◽  
Split Hopkinson

The effect of grain size on the mechanical properties in ultra-high pure aluminum had been investigated as a function of strain rate. Specimens with average grain diameter sizes of 243, 678 and 1070 m were compressed and elongated at quasi-static and high strain rates by a computer controlled servo-hydraulic testing machine and a Split Hopkinson Pressure (Tension) Bar (SHPB and SHTB). The mechanical properties were found to vary significantly with grain size, and strain rate. The relationship between flow stress and grain size can be expressed by a Hall - Petch relation with the different slope for both compressive tests and tensile tests. The influence of strain rate on the slope of the Hall - Petch relation is such that in compression, the slope does not change much, but in tension, there is an increase in the slope value. The strain hardening rate was seen to increase with increasing strain rate. The strain rate dependence of flow stress is obvious, and is seen to be more significant for the smallest grain size specimens. The 3D fractographs illustrated that the numbers of the dimples decrease with the increase of the grain size.

Effect of Cr on Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Mg Alloys

2015 ◽  
Vol 789-790 ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aakash Kumar ◽  
Gaurav Sharma ◽  
Chandrabalan Sasikumar ◽  
Shahrukh Shamim ◽  
Himkar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Stir Casting ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Mg Alloys ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Second Phase

Grain growth of Aluminium alloys at high temperature reduces their strength significantly. Therefore it is essential to control the grain growth by suitable techniques. The effect of Cr on refining the grain structure of Al alloys is investigated in the present work. Cr is added into Al-Si-Mg alloy by stir casting techniques. Subsequently the alloys were subjected to annealing at 500oC for 1 hour to study the grain growth behavior of these alloys. An optical microscope is used to analyze the grain size and microstructure. The mechanical properties of these alloys were studied using a universal testing machine. The Cr additions were varied between 0.5 to 4 weight percent. The Cr addition had shown a significant effect in refining the grain size of Al-Si-Mg alloys. The average grain diameter after annealing was found to be about 151 μm in unalloyed samples while, the 2 wt % Cr added samples showed about 92 μm. The second phase particles, Al7Cr found precipitated along the grain boundaries apart from Al2Si and Mg2Si. However Cr additions more than 2% does not show significant role in refining the grain size. Cr also improved the mechanical properties such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and fracture toughness moderately.

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